Gordon Life Science Institute is the first Internet Research Institute ever established in the world. It is a non-profit institute. Those scientists who really dedicate themselves to science and loving science more th...Gordon Life Science Institute is the first Internet Research Institute ever established in the world. It is a non-profit institute. Those scientists who really dedicate themselves to science and loving science more than anything else can become its member. In the friendly door-opened Institute, they can maximize their time and energy to engage in their scientific creativity. They have also believed that science would be more truthful and wonderful if scientists do not have to spend a lot of time on funding application, and that great scientific findings and creations in history were often made by those who were least supported or funded but driven by interesting imagination and curiosity. Recollected in this review article is its establishing and developing processes, as well as its philosophy and accomplishments. Particularly, its productive and by-productive outcomes have covered the following five very hot topics in bioinformatics and drug development: 1) PseAAC and PseKNC;2) Disported key theory;3) Wenxiang diagram;4) Multi-label system prediction;5) 5-steps rule. Their impacts on the proteomics and genomics as well as drug development are substantially and awesome.展开更多
The impacts of coronavirus to our planet <span>are</span><span "=""><span> unprecedented;</span><i><span>i.e.</span></i><span>, </span>&...The impacts of coronavirus to our planet <span>are</span><span "=""><span> unprecedented;</span><i><span>i.e.</span></i><span>, </span></span><span>they are</span><span> going to eliminate the entire mankind. Driven by such horrible situation, some philosophical viewpoints have naturally happened. Whether the “World End” must come? If yes, when? During this waiting period, the best way to do science is via the Internet Institute, such as “Gordon Life Science Institute”, and the results thus achieved will be most rewarding.</span>展开更多
Established in 2004, Gordon Life Science Institute is the first Internet Research Institute in the world. It is a non-profit institute, a gift to science. Those scientists, who are really loving science more than anyt...Established in 2004, Gordon Life Science Institute is the first Internet Research Institute in the world. It is a non-profit institute, a gift to science. Those scientists, who are really loving science more than anything else and have shown fantastic creativity in science, can become the membership of such Institute. Their driving force is not funding but firmly belief that scientists will do much better science if they do not have to spend a lot of time for funding application, and that great scientific findings in history were often discovered by those who were without funding at all but driven by profound imagination and curiosity. Summarized in this review are also the accomplishments of the Gordon Life Science Institute and its future perspective.展开更多
In this review paper, the remarkable impacts of the first Internet Institute, the Gordon Life Science Institute, as well as its profound and far-reaching influence have been systematically and comprehensively presented.
The year 2024 marked the 40th anniversary of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),as well as the centenary of the Chinese Meteorological Society(CMS).The inaugural issue of AAS was published in 1984,initially being s...The year 2024 marked the 40th anniversary of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),as well as the centenary of the Chinese Meteorological Society(CMS).The inaugural issue of AAS was published in 1984,initially being sponsored primarily by Chinese National Committee for the International Association of Meteorological and Atmospheric Sciences(IAMAS)and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In 2006,Springer became AAS’s international publisher.Then,in 2015,the CMS joined in sponsoring AAS,and in the same year,AAS also became an affiliated journal of the IAMAS.These milestone events helped broaden the reach of AAS,culminating in the journal establishing itself as a truly international journal supporting the advancement of the atmospheric sciences.展开更多
Downregulation of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 is a key step for inducing retinal Müller cell activation and interaction with other glial cells,which is involved in retinal ganglion cell apopt...Downregulation of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 is a key step for inducing retinal Müller cell activation and interaction with other glial cells,which is involved in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma.Modulation of Kir4.1 expression in Müller cells may therefore be a potential strategy for attenuating retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma.In this study,we identified seven predicted phosphorylation sites in Kir4.1 and constructed lentiviral expression systems expressing Kir4.1 mutated at each site to prevent phosphorylation.Following this,we treated Müller glial cells in vitro and in vivo with the m Glu R I agonist DHPG to induce Kir4.1 or Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression.We found that both Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression inhibited activation of Müller glial cells.Subsequently,we established a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension by injecting microbeads into the anterior chamber and overexpressed Kir4.1 or Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp in the eye,and observed similar results in Müller cells in vivo as those seen in vitro.Both Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression inhibited Müller cell activation,regulated the balance of Bax/Bcl-2,and reduced the m RNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors,including interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α.Furthermore,we investigated the regulatory effects of Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression on the release of pro-inflammatory factors in a co-culture system of Müller glial cells and microglia.In this co-culture system,we observed elevated adenosine triphosphate concentrations in activated Müller cells,increased levels of translocator protein(a marker of microglial activation),and elevated interleukin-1βm RNA and protein levels in microglia induced by activated Müller cells.These changes could be reversed by Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression in Müller cells.Kir4.1 overexpression,but not Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression,reduced the number of proliferative and migratory microglia induced by activated Müller cells.Collectively,these results suggest that the tyrosine residue at position nine in Kir4.1 may serve as a functional modulation site in the retina in an experimental model of glaucoma.Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression attenuated Müller cell activation,reduced ATP/P2X receptor–mediated interactions between glial cells,inhibited microglial activation,and decreased the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory factors,consequently ameliorating retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma.展开更多
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.,a globally distributed wood-boring pest,significantly threatens poplar(Populus spp.)and willow(Salix spp.)trees.Entomopathogenic fungi(EPFs),particularly Beauveria bassiana(Bals.-Criv.)Vuilla...Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.,a globally distributed wood-boring pest,significantly threatens poplar(Populus spp.)and willow(Salix spp.)trees.Entomopathogenic fungi(EPFs),particularly Beauveria bassiana(Bals.-Criv.)Vuilla,play a crucial role in integrated pest management because of their broad-spectrum insecticidal properties.This study clarifies the pathogenic mechanisms of B.bassiana CFCC81428 treatment and its oil-based formulation against male and female C.lapathi adults,alongside their impacts on cumulative mortality,enzyme activity and nutrient metabolism.The results indicated that the oil-based formulation significantly enhanced B.bassiana pathogenicity,achieving cumulative mortality rates of 91.7%and 83.8%for male and female adults,respectively,with LT50 values of 7.9 and 8.7 d,markedly outperforming the B.bassiana treatment.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the oil-based formulation improved spore adhesion to the insects'cuticle,accelerated spore germination and hyphal growth,and significantly improved cuticular penetration efficiency.Within the host,the activities of detoxification enzymes(GST and CarE)were upregulated,whereas the activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were suppressed.Superoxide dismutase activity remained elevated throughout most of the observation time points.Polyphenol oxidase activity significantly increased between 24 and120 h postinfection,indicating its critical role in preventing B.bassiana invasion.The infection also triggered substantial shifts in the host's nutrient metabolism,with time-dependent changes observed in carbohydrates,free fatty acids,and soluble proteins.The oil-based formulation exacerbated the depletion of these nutrients,ultimately leading to metabolic collapse.This study indicates that the oil-based formulation optimizes spore germination conditions and accelerates infection,thereby significantly increasing B.bassiana pathogenicity in C.lapathi males,whereas female adults exhibited stronger physiological and metabolic responses,providing new insights for the application of B.bassiana in the biological control of pests.展开更多
Peripheral artery disease(PAD)remains a significant global health issue,with current treatments primarily focused on relieving symptoms and addressingmacrovascular issues.However,critical immunoinflammatory mechanisms...Peripheral artery disease(PAD)remains a significant global health issue,with current treatments primarily focused on relieving symptoms and addressingmacrovascular issues.However,critical immunoinflammatory mechanisms are often overlooked.Recent evidence suggests that monocyte phenotypic plasticity plays a central role in PAD development,affecting atherogenesis,plaque progression,ischemia-reperfusion injury,and chronic ischemic remodeling.This narrative review aims to summarize the latest advances(2023-2025)in understanding monocyte diversity,functional states,and their changes throughout different stages of PAD.We discuss both established and emerging biomarkers,such as circulating monocyte subset proportions,functional assays,immune checkpoint expression,and multi-omics signatures,highlighting their potential for prognosis and the challenges in translating them to clinical practice.We also present a stage-specific approach to mapping out potential therapies,linking monocyte phenotypes to molecular targets and possible interventions.Additionally,we address regulatory,economic,and implementation considerations for applying these findings in a clinical setting.The goal of this review is to facilitate the development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to improve limb and cardiovascular outcomes in PAD by combining mechanistic understanding with therapeutic innovation.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of Catalpa ovata fruit extract(COFE)on muscle growth and exercise performance in C2C12 myoblasts and mice.Me t h o d s:Cel l viabi l i ty was determined through a 3-(4,5-dimethylthi...Objective:To investigate the effect of Catalpa ovata fruit extract(COFE)on muscle growth and exercise performance in C2C12 myoblasts and mice.Me t h o d s:Cel l viabi l i ty was determined through a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Myogenic differentiation was observed using Giemsa staining.COFE was administered to mice orally at 50 and 200 mg/kg for 10 weeks.Muscular strength was evaluated using the whole-limb grip strength assay.The expression levels of myogenesis-and energy metabolism-related proteins in vitro and in vivo were determined using Western blotting.Results:COFE significantly improved myoblast-to-myotube differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts.It also increased the expression of myogenesis determination protein 1 and myogenin compared with the control group.Moreover,the expression levels of glucose transporter type 4(Glut4)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PGC-1α)were significantly elevated in the presence of COFE in C2C12 myoblasts.COFE also markedly increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase,which regulates Glut4 and PGC-1αexpression levels in C2C12 myoblasts.Mice treated with COFE showed improved grip strength.Myogenesis-and energy metabolism-related protein levels in muscle tissue were significantly increased in COFE-administered mice.Conclusions:COFE treatment improves exercise performance by controlling myogenesis and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle.COFE has the potential to be used as an effective natural agent for enhancing muscular strength.展开更多
Diabetic retinopathy is a prominent cause of blindness in adults,with early retinal ganglion cell loss contributing to visual dysfunction or blindness.In the brain,defects inγ-aminobutyric acid synaptic transmission ...Diabetic retinopathy is a prominent cause of blindness in adults,with early retinal ganglion cell loss contributing to visual dysfunction or blindness.In the brain,defects inγ-aminobutyric acid synaptic transmission are associated with pathophysiological and neurodegenerative disorders,whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 has demonstrated neuroprotective effects.However,it is not yet clear whether diabetes causes alterations in inhibitory input to retinal ganglion cells and whether and how glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina through regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission to retinal ganglion cells.In the present study,we used the patch-clamp technique to recordγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetes model rats.We found that early diabetes(4 weeks of hyperglycemia)decreased the frequency of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells without altering their amplitude,suggesting a reduction in the spontaneous release ofγ-aminobutyric acid to retinal ganglion cells.Topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops over a period of 2 weeks effectively countered the hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of GABAergic mIPSC frequency,subsequently enhancing the survival of retinal ganglion cells.Concurrently,the protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on retinal ganglion cells in diabetic rats were eliminated by topical administration of exendin-9-39,a specific glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist,or SR95531,a specific antagonist of theγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor.Furthermore,extracellular perfusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 was found to elevate the frequencies of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in both ON-and OFF-type retinal ganglion cells.This elevation was shown to be mediated by activation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+/protein kinase C signaling pathway downstream of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation.Moreover,multielectrode array recordings revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 functionally augmented the photoresponses of ON-type retinal ganglion cells.Optomotor response tests demonstrated that diabetic rats exhibited reductions in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity that were significantly ameliorated by topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1.These results suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 facilitates the release ofγ-aminobutyric acid onto retinal ganglion cells through the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor,leading to the de-excitation of retinal ganglion cell circuits and the inhibition of excitotoxic processes associated with diabetic retinopathy.Collectively,our findings indicate that theγ-aminobutyric acid system has potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating early-stage diabetic retinopathy.Furthermore,the topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops represents a non-invasive and effective treatment approach for managing early-stage diabetic retinopathy.展开更多
The brain atlas,or parcellation-delineating spatial partitions,organizes the brain's structure and function[1].The spatial arrangements of highly heterogeneous landscapes represent specialized functional regions f...The brain atlas,or parcellation-delineating spatial partitions,organizes the brain's structure and function[1].The spatial arrangements of highly heterogeneous landscapes represent specialized functional regions for investigating their interactions.Early efforts to parcellate the mammalian brain,using histological cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture,as well as recent in vivo magnetic resonance imaging(MRl)[2,3],have primarily involved cortical areas,subcortical structures,and cerebellar nuclei.Human brain parcellations primarily focus on grey matter(GM),which purposefully excludes white matter(WM),hindering the development of next-generation brain atlases.展开更多
Unlike animals, plants cannot move away from unfavorable environments. Instead, they must continuously adjust their growth to external conditions. When the environment is favorable, plants sustain vigorous growth. Con...Unlike animals, plants cannot move away from unfavorable environments. Instead, they must continuously adjust their growth to external conditions. When the environment is favorable, plants sustain vigorous growth. Conversely, when challenged by drought, salinity, temperature extremes, or other stresses, they must rapidly suppress growth to conserve energy and minimize damage. This capacity to switch growth on or off in response to external cues represents one of the most successful adaptive strategies that enables plants to thrive worldwide. A central mediator of this growth suppression is the phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA). Abscisic acid plays pivotal roles in stomata closure, germination inhibition, and root development modulation, thereby orchestrating defense responses under abiotic stresses(e.g., Chen et al., 2020, for a review). For this reason, ABA is often referred to as the“stress hormone” of plants. However,growth arrest is only half of the story. Once environmental conditions improve, plants must promptly resume growth to recover and compete effectively. For survival, the decision of whether“to grow or not to grow” is critical, and yet, the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to toggle this switch have long remained elusive.展开更多
With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure,ensuring road safety through timely and accurate highway inspection has become increasingly critical.Traditional manual inspection methods are not only time-...With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure,ensuring road safety through timely and accurate highway inspection has become increasingly critical.Traditional manual inspection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive,but they also struggle to provide consistent,high-precision detection and realtime monitoring of pavement surface defects.To overcome these limitations,we propose an Automatic Recognition of PavementDefect(ARPD)algorithm,which leverages unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based aerial imagery to automate the inspection process.The ARPD framework incorporates a backbone network based on the Selective State Space Model(S3M),which is designed to capture long-range temporal dependencies.This enables effective modeling of dynamic correlations among redundant and often repetitive structures commonly found in road imagery.Furthermore,a neck structure based on Semantics and Detail Infusion(SDI)is introduced to guide cross-scale feature fusion.The SDI module enhances the integration of low-level spatial details with high-level semantic cues,thereby improving feature expressiveness and defect localization accuracy.Experimental evaluations demonstrate that theARPDalgorithm achieves a mean average precision(mAP)of 86.1%on a custom-labeled pavement defect dataset,outperforming the state-of-the-art YOLOv11 segmentation model.The algorithm also maintains strong generalization ability on public datasets.These results confirm that ARPD is well-suited for diverse real-world applications in intelligent,large-scale highway defect monitoring and maintenance planning.展开更多
Chinese civilization has continuously developed and formed on the foundation of China’s unique natural environment.Its formation process and cultural characteristics are intimately and intricately linked to the histo...Chinese civilization has continuously developed and formed on the foundation of China’s unique natural environment.Its formation process and cultural characteristics are intimately and intricately linked to the historical evolution of the natural environment,including changes in climate,hydrological systems,and land use.Currently,academic scholarship on the historical evolution of Chinese civilization is predominantly based on the findings of the humanities;the influence of natural environmental change has not been systematically and scientifically considered in unveiling the formation and development of the civilization.Adopting a perspective of deep interdisciplinary integration between the natural sciences and humanities,this study synthesizes existing research on the historical changes in natural geographical elements,such as the climate and environment,since the Holocene.It systematically reviews evidence from disciplines such as archaeology and historical geography,comprehensively analyzes the natural environmental factors within the spatiotemporal process of the formation of Chinese civilization,and reveals the significance of the human-environment relationship in shaping its evolution.Based on this systematic review,the study presents three main scientific findings:(1)The uniqueness of China’s geographical environment laid the foundation for the endogenous nature and the fundamental pattern of“unity in diversity”of Chinese civilization.(2)Climate change facilitated the early origins of Chinese civilization and subsequently drove ethnic exchange and integration throughout its historical development.(3)Throughout historical periods,the primary strategy of the human-environment relationship was human adaptation;yet,the influence of human agency on the natural world progressively increased.In conclusion,there is an urgent need to conduct systematic and scientific research on Chinese civilization from the perspective of the human-environment relationship.Through in-depth interdisciplinary exchange and collaboration between the fields of geography,climatology,history,and archaeology,we can deepen our understanding of the historical development of Chinese civilization and provide historical lessons and insights for addressing contemporary environmental challenges.展开更多
Nanophase iron particles(np-Fe^(0))have multiple formation mechanisms in lunar soil,which are mostly related to meteorite and micro meteorite impacts.Thermal modification of the impact is critical.Metal oxides have un...Nanophase iron particles(np-Fe^(0))have multiple formation mechanisms in lunar soil,which are mostly related to meteorite and micro meteorite impacts.Thermal modification of the impact is critical.Metal oxides have unique chemical and physical properties that allow np-Fe^(0) to form at a lower initial reaction temperature.Through the insitu heating experiment of ilmenite in the Chang'e-5 sample,it was found that ilmenite can form np-Fe^(0) at 400℃under high vacuum(10-6 Pa).This fills in the missing information on the lowest measured temperature at which ilmenite forms np-Fe^(0).At 400-800℃,only np-Fe^(0) and vesicles were formed without new Ti-rich minerals.At the same time,thermodynamic calculations showed that decomposition of ilmenite occurs in two stages.The experiments correspond to the initial stage of ilmenite thermal decomposition under high vacuum.The study explains the thermal decomposition reaction of ilmenite in a vacuum environment,provides a reference for the minimum measured temperature required for the formation of np-Fe^(0),and further improves the formation mechanism of np-Fe^(0).展开更多
As one of the major volatile components in extraterrestrial materials,nitrogen(N_(2))isotopes serve not only as tracers for the formation and evolution of the solar system,but also play a critical role in assessing pl...As one of the major volatile components in extraterrestrial materials,nitrogen(N_(2))isotopes serve not only as tracers for the formation and evolution of the solar system,but also play a critical role in assessing planetary habitability and the search for extraterrestrial life.The integrated measurement of N_(2)and argon(Ar)isotopes by using noble gas mass spectrometry represents a state-of-the-art technique for such investigations.To support the growing demands of planetary science research in China,we have developed a high-efficiency,high-precision method for the integrated analysis of N_(2)and Ar isotopes.This was achieved by enhancing gas extraction and purification systems and integrating them with a static noble gas mass spectrometer.This method enables integrated N_(2)-Ar isotope measurements on submilligram samples,significantly improving sample utilization and reducing the impact of sample heterogeneity on volatile analysis.The system integrates CO_(2)laser heating,a modular two-stage Zr-Al getter pump,and a CuO furnace-based purification process,effectively reducing background levels(N_(2)blank as low as 0.35×10^(−6)cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure[ccSTP]).Analytical precision is ensured through calibration with atmospheric air and CO corrections.To validate the reliability of the method,we performed N_(2)-Ar isotope analyses on the Allende carbonaceous chondrite,one of the most extensively studied meteorites internationally.The measured N_(2)concentrations range from 19.2 to 29.8 ppm,withδ15N values between−44.8‰and−33.0‰.Concentrations of 40Ar,36Ar,and 38Ar are(12.5-21.1)×10^(−6)ccSTP/g,(90.9-150.3)×10^(−9)ccSTP/g,and(19.2-30.7)×10^(−9)ccSTP/g,respectively.These values correspond to cosmic-ray exposure ages of 4.5-5.7 Ma,consistent with previous reports.Step-heating experiments further reveal distinct release patterns of N and Ar isotopes,as well as their associations with specific mineral phases in the meteorite.In summary,the combined N_(2)-Ar isotopic system offers significant advantages for tracing volatile sources in extraterrestrial materials and will provide essential analytical support for upcoming Chinese planetary missions,such as Tianwen-2.展开更多
Styrene epoxidation is a crucial reaction in the chemical industry.However,low Faradaic efficiency(FE)and product selectivity severely limit the efficiency of(photo)electrocatalytic styrene epoxidation processes.This ...Styrene epoxidation is a crucial reaction in the chemical industry.However,low Faradaic efficiency(FE)and product selectivity severely limit the efficiency of(photo)electrocatalytic styrene epoxidation processes.This study designs an efficient photothermal catalytic system based on an Au/NiCo_(2)O_(4)photoanode,which achieves the product selectivity of 98%and FE of 96%for bromide-mediated styrene epoxidation when the styrene conversion reaches 94%,surpassing most current reports on photoelectrocatalytic styrene epoxidation.A comprehensive mechanistic study reveals that the photothermal effect of the Au/NiCo_(2)O_(4)photoanode enhances local temperature,which facilitates bromine species mass transfer,reduces reaction activation energy and accelerates the oxidation kinetics of Br^(-).This study elucidates the photothermal-driven reaction mechanism of styrene epoxidation,providing guidelines for designing efficient and stable photothermal catalytic technologies.展开更多
Metal-support interaction(MSI) is crucial for fine-tuning the active-site structure of supported catalysts and enhancing performance.Here,we present an ammonia-directed reactive gas-metal-support interaction(RGMSI),in...Metal-support interaction(MSI) is crucial for fine-tuning the active-site structure of supported catalysts and enhancing performance.Here,we present an ammonia-directed reactive gas-metal-support interaction(RGMSI),in which NH_(3) reduces ZnO and assembles an anti-perovskite Ni_(3)ZnN structure with interstitial nitrogen,significantly boosting hydrogenation efficiency.Nitrogen incorporation expands the lattice parameter,increasing the(111) lattice spacing from 2.04Å in Ni to 2.18Å in Ni_(3)ZnN,with an extended Ni-Ni interatomic distance from 2.49Å to 2.65Å.Additionally,Ni-N coordination shifts the d-band center downward and induces electron deficiency in Ni via charge transfer.These modifications optimize reactant adsorption on the tailored Ni_(3)ZnN structure compared to Ni,leading to a remarkable increase in 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation selectivity from 30.0 % to 92.9 %,along with an enhanced TOF from 0.067 s^(-1) to 0.079 s^(-1).These findings highlight RGMSI as a versatile and effective strategy for designing supported metal catalysts,offering new insights into selective hydrogenation catalysis.展开更多
The pseudo-two-dimensional(P2D)model plays an important role in exploring physicochemical mechanisms,predicting the state of health,and improving the fast charge capability for Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the fast ...The pseudo-two-dimensional(P2D)model plays an important role in exploring physicochemical mechanisms,predicting the state of health,and improving the fast charge capability for Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the fast charge leads to the lithium concentration gradient in the solid and electrolyte phases and the non-uniform electrochemical reaction at the solid/electrolyte interface.In order to decouple charge transfer reactions in LIBs under dynamic conditions,understanding the spatio-temporal resolution of the P2D model is urgently required.Till now,the study of this aspect is still insufficient.This work studies the spatio-temporal resolution for dynamic/static electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(DEIS/SEIS)on multiple scales.In detail,DEIS and SEIS with spatio-temporal resolutions are used to decouple charge transfer reactions in LIBs based on the numerical solution of the P2D model in the frequency domain.The calculated results indicate that decoupling solid diffusion requires a high spatial resolution along the r-direction in particles,decoupling electrolyte diffusion and interfacial transfer reaction requires a high spatial resolution along the x-direction,and decoupling charge transfer reactions in LIBs at an extremely low state of charge(SOC)requires an extremely high temporal resolution along the t-direction.Finally,the optimal range of spatio-temporal resolutions for DEIS/SEIS is derived,and the method to decouple charge transfer reactions with spatio-temporal resolutions is developed.展开更多
As a water layer with significantly reduced dissolved oxygen(DO)in the ocean,the oxygen minimum zone(OMZ)plays a crucial role in regulating marine organism distribution,global material cycles,and climate change.Based ...As a water layer with significantly reduced dissolved oxygen(DO)in the ocean,the oxygen minimum zone(OMZ)plays a crucial role in regulating marine organism distribution,global material cycles,and climate change.Based on a systematic review of recent studies on OMZ,this paper summarizes the DO thresholds,structural characteristics,distribution patterns,formation and maintenance mechanisms,and driving factors of OMZ in the ocean in the context of global change.The DO thresholds of OMZ typically range from 20 to 100μmol L^(-1).Specifically,the threshold is mostly 20μmol L^(-1) in regions with intense OMZ,such as the Eastern Pacific and Northern Indian Oceans,while it is mostly 100μmol L^(-1) in regions with mild OMZ,including the Western Pacific and Atlantic.In terms of structure,the OMZ is mainly composed of three parts:the upper oxycline,the lower oxycline,and the OMZ core.Significant differences exist in the horizontal and vertical distributions of OMZ across different regions.OMZ is mainly concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions,with the widest distribution in the eastern tropical North Pacific.The upper boundary of OMZ is shallower(50-150 m)in significantly affected regions,whereas it is below 200 m in less affected regions.The formation of OMZ is governed by the continuous consumption of DO in the ocean interior,and the water exchange restriction caused by seawater stratification,whereas the maintenance of the hypoxic state of OMZ relies on two positive feedbacks:increased microbial oxygen consumption due to reduced animal feeding,and increased oxygen consumption by anaerobic metabolic products.In the context of global change,rising temperature is the main driver of OMZ expansion,reducing O_(2) solubility,increasing respiration and decomposition rates,and enhancing seawater stratification.Additionally,the structure and evolution of OMZ is also profoundly affected by ocean circulation such as thermohaline circulation,wind-driven circulation,and upwelling,as well as changes in wind stress,mesoscale eddies and freshwater flux.Future research should focus on establishing OMZ gradient thresholds and classification criteria based on the law of deoxygenation,improving the systematic understanding of the temporal and spatial variations of OMZ,and continuously strengthening studies on OMZ in the Western Pacific.展开更多
文摘Gordon Life Science Institute is the first Internet Research Institute ever established in the world. It is a non-profit institute. Those scientists who really dedicate themselves to science and loving science more than anything else can become its member. In the friendly door-opened Institute, they can maximize their time and energy to engage in their scientific creativity. They have also believed that science would be more truthful and wonderful if scientists do not have to spend a lot of time on funding application, and that great scientific findings and creations in history were often made by those who were least supported or funded but driven by interesting imagination and curiosity. Recollected in this review article is its establishing and developing processes, as well as its philosophy and accomplishments. Particularly, its productive and by-productive outcomes have covered the following five very hot topics in bioinformatics and drug development: 1) PseAAC and PseKNC;2) Disported key theory;3) Wenxiang diagram;4) Multi-label system prediction;5) 5-steps rule. Their impacts on the proteomics and genomics as well as drug development are substantially and awesome.
文摘The impacts of coronavirus to our planet <span>are</span><span "=""><span> unprecedented;</span><i><span>i.e.</span></i><span>, </span></span><span>they are</span><span> going to eliminate the entire mankind. Driven by such horrible situation, some philosophical viewpoints have naturally happened. Whether the “World End” must come? If yes, when? During this waiting period, the best way to do science is via the Internet Institute, such as “Gordon Life Science Institute”, and the results thus achieved will be most rewarding.</span>
文摘Established in 2004, Gordon Life Science Institute is the first Internet Research Institute in the world. It is a non-profit institute, a gift to science. Those scientists, who are really loving science more than anything else and have shown fantastic creativity in science, can become the membership of such Institute. Their driving force is not funding but firmly belief that scientists will do much better science if they do not have to spend a lot of time for funding application, and that great scientific findings in history were often discovered by those who were without funding at all but driven by profound imagination and curiosity. Summarized in this review are also the accomplishments of the Gordon Life Science Institute and its future perspective.
文摘In this review paper, the remarkable impacts of the first Internet Institute, the Gordon Life Science Institute, as well as its profound and far-reaching influence have been systematically and comprehensively presented.
文摘The year 2024 marked the 40th anniversary of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),as well as the centenary of the Chinese Meteorological Society(CMS).The inaugural issue of AAS was published in 1984,initially being sponsored primarily by Chinese National Committee for the International Association of Meteorological and Atmospheric Sciences(IAMAS)and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In 2006,Springer became AAS’s international publisher.Then,in 2015,the CMS joined in sponsoring AAS,and in the same year,AAS also became an affiliated journal of the IAMAS.These milestone events helped broaden the reach of AAS,culminating in the journal establishing itself as a truly international journal supporting the advancement of the atmospheric sciences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271043(to ZW)and 82171047(to YM)the both Science and Technology Major Project of Shanghai,No.2018SHZDZX01 and ZJLabShanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology(to ZW)。
文摘Downregulation of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 is a key step for inducing retinal Müller cell activation and interaction with other glial cells,which is involved in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma.Modulation of Kir4.1 expression in Müller cells may therefore be a potential strategy for attenuating retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma.In this study,we identified seven predicted phosphorylation sites in Kir4.1 and constructed lentiviral expression systems expressing Kir4.1 mutated at each site to prevent phosphorylation.Following this,we treated Müller glial cells in vitro and in vivo with the m Glu R I agonist DHPG to induce Kir4.1 or Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression.We found that both Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression inhibited activation of Müller glial cells.Subsequently,we established a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension by injecting microbeads into the anterior chamber and overexpressed Kir4.1 or Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp in the eye,and observed similar results in Müller cells in vivo as those seen in vitro.Both Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression inhibited Müller cell activation,regulated the balance of Bax/Bcl-2,and reduced the m RNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors,including interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α.Furthermore,we investigated the regulatory effects of Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression on the release of pro-inflammatory factors in a co-culture system of Müller glial cells and microglia.In this co-culture system,we observed elevated adenosine triphosphate concentrations in activated Müller cells,increased levels of translocator protein(a marker of microglial activation),and elevated interleukin-1βm RNA and protein levels in microglia induced by activated Müller cells.These changes could be reversed by Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression in Müller cells.Kir4.1 overexpression,but not Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression,reduced the number of proliferative and migratory microglia induced by activated Müller cells.Collectively,these results suggest that the tyrosine residue at position nine in Kir4.1 may serve as a functional modulation site in the retina in an experimental model of glaucoma.Kir4.1 and Kir4.1 Tyr^(9)Asp overexpression attenuated Müller cell activation,reduced ATP/P2X receptor–mediated interactions between glial cells,inhibited microglial activation,and decreased the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory factors,consequently ameliorating retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma.
基金supported by the“Applied Technology Research and Development Project of Heilongjiang Province(GA20B401-2)”“The Key Research and Development Project of Heilongjiang Province(2023ZX02B05)”。
文摘Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.,a globally distributed wood-boring pest,significantly threatens poplar(Populus spp.)and willow(Salix spp.)trees.Entomopathogenic fungi(EPFs),particularly Beauveria bassiana(Bals.-Criv.)Vuilla,play a crucial role in integrated pest management because of their broad-spectrum insecticidal properties.This study clarifies the pathogenic mechanisms of B.bassiana CFCC81428 treatment and its oil-based formulation against male and female C.lapathi adults,alongside their impacts on cumulative mortality,enzyme activity and nutrient metabolism.The results indicated that the oil-based formulation significantly enhanced B.bassiana pathogenicity,achieving cumulative mortality rates of 91.7%and 83.8%for male and female adults,respectively,with LT50 values of 7.9 and 8.7 d,markedly outperforming the B.bassiana treatment.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the oil-based formulation improved spore adhesion to the insects'cuticle,accelerated spore germination and hyphal growth,and significantly improved cuticular penetration efficiency.Within the host,the activities of detoxification enzymes(GST and CarE)were upregulated,whereas the activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were suppressed.Superoxide dismutase activity remained elevated throughout most of the observation time points.Polyphenol oxidase activity significantly increased between 24 and120 h postinfection,indicating its critical role in preventing B.bassiana invasion.The infection also triggered substantial shifts in the host's nutrient metabolism,with time-dependent changes observed in carbohydrates,free fatty acids,and soluble proteins.The oil-based formulation exacerbated the depletion of these nutrients,ultimately leading to metabolic collapse.This study indicates that the oil-based formulation optimizes spore germination conditions and accelerates infection,thereby significantly increasing B.bassiana pathogenicity in C.lapathi males,whereas female adults exhibited stronger physiological and metabolic responses,providing new insights for the application of B.bassiana in the biological control of pests.
文摘Peripheral artery disease(PAD)remains a significant global health issue,with current treatments primarily focused on relieving symptoms and addressingmacrovascular issues.However,critical immunoinflammatory mechanisms are often overlooked.Recent evidence suggests that monocyte phenotypic plasticity plays a central role in PAD development,affecting atherogenesis,plaque progression,ischemia-reperfusion injury,and chronic ischemic remodeling.This narrative review aims to summarize the latest advances(2023-2025)in understanding monocyte diversity,functional states,and their changes throughout different stages of PAD.We discuss both established and emerging biomarkers,such as circulating monocyte subset proportions,functional assays,immune checkpoint expression,and multi-omics signatures,highlighting their potential for prognosis and the challenges in translating them to clinical practice.We also present a stage-specific approach to mapping out potential therapies,linking monocyte phenotypes to molecular targets and possible interventions.Additionally,we address regulatory,economic,and implementation considerations for applying these findings in a clinical setting.The goal of this review is to facilitate the development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to improve limb and cardiovascular outcomes in PAD by combining mechanistic understanding with therapeutic innovation.
基金supported by Project to Make Multi-Ministerial National Biological Research Resources More Advanced Program,Korea Environment Industry&Technology Institute,and funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(grant number RS-2023-00230403).
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of Catalpa ovata fruit extract(COFE)on muscle growth and exercise performance in C2C12 myoblasts and mice.Me t h o d s:Cel l viabi l i ty was determined through a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Myogenic differentiation was observed using Giemsa staining.COFE was administered to mice orally at 50 and 200 mg/kg for 10 weeks.Muscular strength was evaluated using the whole-limb grip strength assay.The expression levels of myogenesis-and energy metabolism-related proteins in vitro and in vivo were determined using Western blotting.Results:COFE significantly improved myoblast-to-myotube differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts.It also increased the expression of myogenesis determination protein 1 and myogenin compared with the control group.Moreover,the expression levels of glucose transporter type 4(Glut4)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PGC-1α)were significantly elevated in the presence of COFE in C2C12 myoblasts.COFE also markedly increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase,which regulates Glut4 and PGC-1αexpression levels in C2C12 myoblasts.Mice treated with COFE showed improved grip strength.Myogenesis-and energy metabolism-related protein levels in muscle tissue were significantly increased in COFE-administered mice.Conclusions:COFE treatment improves exercise performance by controlling myogenesis and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle.COFE has the potential to be used as an effective natural agent for enhancing muscular strength.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32070989(to YMZ),31872766(to YMZ),81790640(to XLY),and 82070993(to SJW)the grant from Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen,No.SZSM202011015(to XLY)。
文摘Diabetic retinopathy is a prominent cause of blindness in adults,with early retinal ganglion cell loss contributing to visual dysfunction or blindness.In the brain,defects inγ-aminobutyric acid synaptic transmission are associated with pathophysiological and neurodegenerative disorders,whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 has demonstrated neuroprotective effects.However,it is not yet clear whether diabetes causes alterations in inhibitory input to retinal ganglion cells and whether and how glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina through regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission to retinal ganglion cells.In the present study,we used the patch-clamp technique to recordγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetes model rats.We found that early diabetes(4 weeks of hyperglycemia)decreased the frequency of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells without altering their amplitude,suggesting a reduction in the spontaneous release ofγ-aminobutyric acid to retinal ganglion cells.Topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops over a period of 2 weeks effectively countered the hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of GABAergic mIPSC frequency,subsequently enhancing the survival of retinal ganglion cells.Concurrently,the protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on retinal ganglion cells in diabetic rats were eliminated by topical administration of exendin-9-39,a specific glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist,or SR95531,a specific antagonist of theγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor.Furthermore,extracellular perfusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 was found to elevate the frequencies of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in both ON-and OFF-type retinal ganglion cells.This elevation was shown to be mediated by activation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+/protein kinase C signaling pathway downstream of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation.Moreover,multielectrode array recordings revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 functionally augmented the photoresponses of ON-type retinal ganglion cells.Optomotor response tests demonstrated that diabetic rats exhibited reductions in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity that were significantly ameliorated by topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1.These results suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 facilitates the release ofγ-aminobutyric acid onto retinal ganglion cells through the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor,leading to the de-excitation of retinal ganglion cell circuits and the inhibition of excitotoxic processes associated with diabetic retinopathy.Collectively,our findings indicate that theγ-aminobutyric acid system has potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating early-stage diabetic retinopathy.Furthermore,the topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops represents a non-invasive and effective treatment approach for managing early-stage diabetic retinopathy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62473082,82202250,82121003,62036003,and 62333003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZYGX2022YGRH008 and ZYGX2024XJ054)the Medical-Engineering Cooperation Funds from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(ZYGX2021YGLH201).
文摘The brain atlas,or parcellation-delineating spatial partitions,organizes the brain's structure and function[1].The spatial arrangements of highly heterogeneous landscapes represent specialized functional regions for investigating their interactions.Early efforts to parcellate the mammalian brain,using histological cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture,as well as recent in vivo magnetic resonance imaging(MRl)[2,3],have primarily involved cortical areas,subcortical structures,and cerebellar nuclei.Human brain parcellations primarily focus on grey matter(GM),which purposefully excludes white matter(WM),hindering the development of next-generation brain atlases.
基金supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS KAKENHI)[Grant numbers JP22H02294 to M.M.,JP22K05365 and JP23K18058 to S.K.]by the commissioned research fund provided by F-REI(JPFR25020105)to S.K。
文摘Unlike animals, plants cannot move away from unfavorable environments. Instead, they must continuously adjust their growth to external conditions. When the environment is favorable, plants sustain vigorous growth. Conversely, when challenged by drought, salinity, temperature extremes, or other stresses, they must rapidly suppress growth to conserve energy and minimize damage. This capacity to switch growth on or off in response to external cues represents one of the most successful adaptive strategies that enables plants to thrive worldwide. A central mediator of this growth suppression is the phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA). Abscisic acid plays pivotal roles in stomata closure, germination inhibition, and root development modulation, thereby orchestrating defense responses under abiotic stresses(e.g., Chen et al., 2020, for a review). For this reason, ABA is often referred to as the“stress hormone” of plants. However,growth arrest is only half of the story. Once environmental conditions improve, plants must promptly resume growth to recover and compete effectively. For survival, the decision of whether“to grow or not to grow” is critical, and yet, the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to toggle this switch have long remained elusive.
基金supported in part by the Technical Service for the Development and Application of an Intelligent Visual Management Platformfor Expressway Construction Progress Based on BIM Technology(grant NO.JKYZLX-2023-09)in partby the Technical Service for the Development of an Early Warning Model in the Research and Application of Key Technologies for Tunnel Operation Safety Monitoring and Early Warning Based on Digital Twin(grant NO.JK-S02-ZNGS-202412-JISHU-FA-0035)sponsored by Yunnan Transportation Science Research Institute Co.,Ltd.
文摘With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure,ensuring road safety through timely and accurate highway inspection has become increasingly critical.Traditional manual inspection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive,but they also struggle to provide consistent,high-precision detection and realtime monitoring of pavement surface defects.To overcome these limitations,we propose an Automatic Recognition of PavementDefect(ARPD)algorithm,which leverages unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based aerial imagery to automate the inspection process.The ARPD framework incorporates a backbone network based on the Selective State Space Model(S3M),which is designed to capture long-range temporal dependencies.This enables effective modeling of dynamic correlations among redundant and often repetitive structures commonly found in road imagery.Furthermore,a neck structure based on Semantics and Detail Infusion(SDI)is introduced to guide cross-scale feature fusion.The SDI module enhances the integration of low-level spatial details with high-level semantic cues,thereby improving feature expressiveness and defect localization accuracy.Experimental evaluations demonstrate that theARPDalgorithm achieves a mean average precision(mAP)of 86.1%on a custom-labeled pavement defect dataset,outperforming the state-of-the-art YOLOv11 segmentation model.The algorithm also maintains strong generalization ability on public datasets.These results confirm that ARPD is well-suited for diverse real-world applications in intelligent,large-scale highway defect monitoring and maintenance planning.
基金supported by the Consultation and Evaluation Project of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2022-DX05-B-021).
文摘Chinese civilization has continuously developed and formed on the foundation of China’s unique natural environment.Its formation process and cultural characteristics are intimately and intricately linked to the historical evolution of the natural environment,including changes in climate,hydrological systems,and land use.Currently,academic scholarship on the historical evolution of Chinese civilization is predominantly based on the findings of the humanities;the influence of natural environmental change has not been systematically and scientifically considered in unveiling the formation and development of the civilization.Adopting a perspective of deep interdisciplinary integration between the natural sciences and humanities,this study synthesizes existing research on the historical changes in natural geographical elements,such as the climate and environment,since the Holocene.It systematically reviews evidence from disciplines such as archaeology and historical geography,comprehensively analyzes the natural environmental factors within the spatiotemporal process of the formation of Chinese civilization,and reveals the significance of the human-environment relationship in shaping its evolution.Based on this systematic review,the study presents three main scientific findings:(1)The uniqueness of China’s geographical environment laid the foundation for the endogenous nature and the fundamental pattern of“unity in diversity”of Chinese civilization.(2)Climate change facilitated the early origins of Chinese civilization and subsequently drove ethnic exchange and integration throughout its historical development.(3)Throughout historical periods,the primary strategy of the human-environment relationship was human adaptation;yet,the influence of human agency on the natural world progressively increased.In conclusion,there is an urgent need to conduct systematic and scientific research on Chinese civilization from the perspective of the human-environment relationship.Through in-depth interdisciplinary exchange and collaboration between the fields of geography,climatology,history,and archaeology,we can deepen our understanding of the historical development of Chinese civilization and provide historical lessons and insights for addressing contemporary environmental challenges.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42441804,42403043,42273042,42303041,and U24A2008)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS awards+5 种基金"From 0 to 1"Original Exploration Cultivation Project,Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.DHSZZ2023.3)Bureau of Frontier Sciences and Basic Research,CAS,(Grant No.QYJ-2025-0103)Guizhou Provincial Foundation for Excellent Scholars Program(Grant No.GCC[2023]088)Provincial Key Research and Development(R&D)Plan Projects of Heilongjiang(Grant No.2024ZXDXB52)The Innovation and Development Fund of Science and Technology of Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of SciencesGuizhou Province Basic Research Program Project(QKHJC-ZK[2023]-General 473)。
文摘Nanophase iron particles(np-Fe^(0))have multiple formation mechanisms in lunar soil,which are mostly related to meteorite and micro meteorite impacts.Thermal modification of the impact is critical.Metal oxides have unique chemical and physical properties that allow np-Fe^(0) to form at a lower initial reaction temperature.Through the insitu heating experiment of ilmenite in the Chang'e-5 sample,it was found that ilmenite can form np-Fe^(0) at 400℃under high vacuum(10-6 Pa).This fills in the missing information on the lowest measured temperature at which ilmenite forms np-Fe^(0).At 400-800℃,only np-Fe^(0) and vesicles were formed without new Ti-rich minerals.At the same time,thermodynamic calculations showed that decomposition of ilmenite occurs in two stages.The experiments correspond to the initial stage of ilmenite thermal decomposition under high vacuum.The study explains the thermal decomposition reaction of ilmenite in a vacuum environment,provides a reference for the minimum measured temperature required for the formation of np-Fe^(0),and further improves the formation mechanism of np-Fe^(0).
基金supported by the Bureau of Frontier Sciences and Basic Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYJ-2025-0103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42441834,42241105,42441825,and 42203048)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.IGGCAS-202401).
文摘As one of the major volatile components in extraterrestrial materials,nitrogen(N_(2))isotopes serve not only as tracers for the formation and evolution of the solar system,but also play a critical role in assessing planetary habitability and the search for extraterrestrial life.The integrated measurement of N_(2)and argon(Ar)isotopes by using noble gas mass spectrometry represents a state-of-the-art technique for such investigations.To support the growing demands of planetary science research in China,we have developed a high-efficiency,high-precision method for the integrated analysis of N_(2)and Ar isotopes.This was achieved by enhancing gas extraction and purification systems and integrating them with a static noble gas mass spectrometer.This method enables integrated N_(2)-Ar isotope measurements on submilligram samples,significantly improving sample utilization and reducing the impact of sample heterogeneity on volatile analysis.The system integrates CO_(2)laser heating,a modular two-stage Zr-Al getter pump,and a CuO furnace-based purification process,effectively reducing background levels(N_(2)blank as low as 0.35×10^(−6)cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure[ccSTP]).Analytical precision is ensured through calibration with atmospheric air and CO corrections.To validate the reliability of the method,we performed N_(2)-Ar isotope analyses on the Allende carbonaceous chondrite,one of the most extensively studied meteorites internationally.The measured N_(2)concentrations range from 19.2 to 29.8 ppm,withδ15N values between−44.8‰and−33.0‰.Concentrations of 40Ar,36Ar,and 38Ar are(12.5-21.1)×10^(−6)ccSTP/g,(90.9-150.3)×10^(−9)ccSTP/g,and(19.2-30.7)×10^(−9)ccSTP/g,respectively.These values correspond to cosmic-ray exposure ages of 4.5-5.7 Ma,consistent with previous reports.Step-heating experiments further reveal distinct release patterns of N and Ar isotopes,as well as their associations with specific mineral phases in the meteorite.In summary,the combined N_(2)-Ar isotopic system offers significant advantages for tracing volatile sources in extraterrestrial materials and will provide essential analytical support for upcoming Chinese planetary missions,such as Tianwen-2.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1505000)。
文摘Styrene epoxidation is a crucial reaction in the chemical industry.However,low Faradaic efficiency(FE)and product selectivity severely limit the efficiency of(photo)electrocatalytic styrene epoxidation processes.This study designs an efficient photothermal catalytic system based on an Au/NiCo_(2)O_(4)photoanode,which achieves the product selectivity of 98%and FE of 96%for bromide-mediated styrene epoxidation when the styrene conversion reaches 94%,surpassing most current reports on photoelectrocatalytic styrene epoxidation.A comprehensive mechanistic study reveals that the photothermal effect of the Au/NiCo_(2)O_(4)photoanode enhances local temperature,which facilitates bromine species mass transfer,reduces reaction activation energy and accelerates the oxidation kinetics of Br^(-).This study elucidates the photothermal-driven reaction mechanism of styrene epoxidation,providing guidelines for designing efficient and stable photothermal catalytic technologies.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22072164,22472180,22002173)Energy Revolution S&T Program of Yulin Innovation Institute of Clean Energy (No.E411030705)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (No.2022-MS004)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2020M680999)the Research Fund of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science。
文摘Metal-support interaction(MSI) is crucial for fine-tuning the active-site structure of supported catalysts and enhancing performance.Here,we present an ammonia-directed reactive gas-metal-support interaction(RGMSI),in which NH_(3) reduces ZnO and assembles an anti-perovskite Ni_(3)ZnN structure with interstitial nitrogen,significantly boosting hydrogenation efficiency.Nitrogen incorporation expands the lattice parameter,increasing the(111) lattice spacing from 2.04Å in Ni to 2.18Å in Ni_(3)ZnN,with an extended Ni-Ni interatomic distance from 2.49Å to 2.65Å.Additionally,Ni-N coordination shifts the d-band center downward and induces electron deficiency in Ni via charge transfer.These modifications optimize reactant adsorption on the tailored Ni_(3)ZnN structure compared to Ni,leading to a remarkable increase in 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation selectivity from 30.0 % to 92.9 %,along with an enhanced TOF from 0.067 s^(-1) to 0.079 s^(-1).These findings highlight RGMSI as a versatile and effective strategy for designing supported metal catalysts,offering new insights into selective hydrogenation catalysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22479092 and 22078190)。
文摘The pseudo-two-dimensional(P2D)model plays an important role in exploring physicochemical mechanisms,predicting the state of health,and improving the fast charge capability for Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the fast charge leads to the lithium concentration gradient in the solid and electrolyte phases and the non-uniform electrochemical reaction at the solid/electrolyte interface.In order to decouple charge transfer reactions in LIBs under dynamic conditions,understanding the spatio-temporal resolution of the P2D model is urgently required.Till now,the study of this aspect is still insufficient.This work studies the spatio-temporal resolution for dynamic/static electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(DEIS/SEIS)on multiple scales.In detail,DEIS and SEIS with spatio-temporal resolutions are used to decouple charge transfer reactions in LIBs based on the numerical solution of the P2D model in the frequency domain.The calculated results indicate that decoupling solid diffusion requires a high spatial resolution along the r-direction in particles,decoupling electrolyte diffusion and interfacial transfer reaction requires a high spatial resolution along the x-direction,and decoupling charge transfer reactions in LIBs at an extremely low state of charge(SOC)requires an extremely high temporal resolution along the t-direction.Finally,the optimal range of spatio-temporal resolutions for DEIS/SEIS is derived,and the method to decouple charge transfer reactions with spatio-temporal resolutions is developed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42206135,42476204)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2025MS664,ZR2025MS611,ZR2022QD019).
文摘As a water layer with significantly reduced dissolved oxygen(DO)in the ocean,the oxygen minimum zone(OMZ)plays a crucial role in regulating marine organism distribution,global material cycles,and climate change.Based on a systematic review of recent studies on OMZ,this paper summarizes the DO thresholds,structural characteristics,distribution patterns,formation and maintenance mechanisms,and driving factors of OMZ in the ocean in the context of global change.The DO thresholds of OMZ typically range from 20 to 100μmol L^(-1).Specifically,the threshold is mostly 20μmol L^(-1) in regions with intense OMZ,such as the Eastern Pacific and Northern Indian Oceans,while it is mostly 100μmol L^(-1) in regions with mild OMZ,including the Western Pacific and Atlantic.In terms of structure,the OMZ is mainly composed of three parts:the upper oxycline,the lower oxycline,and the OMZ core.Significant differences exist in the horizontal and vertical distributions of OMZ across different regions.OMZ is mainly concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions,with the widest distribution in the eastern tropical North Pacific.The upper boundary of OMZ is shallower(50-150 m)in significantly affected regions,whereas it is below 200 m in less affected regions.The formation of OMZ is governed by the continuous consumption of DO in the ocean interior,and the water exchange restriction caused by seawater stratification,whereas the maintenance of the hypoxic state of OMZ relies on two positive feedbacks:increased microbial oxygen consumption due to reduced animal feeding,and increased oxygen consumption by anaerobic metabolic products.In the context of global change,rising temperature is the main driver of OMZ expansion,reducing O_(2) solubility,increasing respiration and decomposition rates,and enhancing seawater stratification.Additionally,the structure and evolution of OMZ is also profoundly affected by ocean circulation such as thermohaline circulation,wind-driven circulation,and upwelling,as well as changes in wind stress,mesoscale eddies and freshwater flux.Future research should focus on establishing OMZ gradient thresholds and classification criteria based on the law of deoxygenation,improving the systematic understanding of the temporal and spatial variations of OMZ,and continuously strengthening studies on OMZ in the Western Pacific.
