Characterization of vegetation effect on soil response is essential for comprehending site-specific hydrological processes.Traditional research often relies on sensors or remote sensing data to examine the hydrologica...Characterization of vegetation effect on soil response is essential for comprehending site-specific hydrological processes.Traditional research often relies on sensors or remote sensing data to examine the hydrological properties of vegetation zones,yet these methods are limited by either measurement sparsity or spatial inaccuracy.Therefore,this paper is the first to propose a data-driven approach that incorporates high-temporal-resolution electrical resistivity tomography(ERT)to quantify soil hydrological response.Time-lapse ERT is deployed on a vegetated slope site in Foshan,China,during a discontinuous rainfall induced by Typhoon Haikui.A total of 97 ERT measurements were collected with an average time interval of 2.7 hours.The Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM)is applied to quantify the level of response and objectively classify impact zones based on features extracted directly from the ERT data.The resistivity-moisture content correlation is established based on on-site sensor data to characterize infiltration and evapotranspiration across wet-dry conditions.The findings are compared with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),a common indicator for vegetation quantification,to reveal potential spatial errors in remote sensing data.In addition,this study provides discussions on the potential applications and future directions.This paper showcases significant spatio-temporal advantages over existing studies,providing a more detailed and accurate characterization of superficial soil hydrological response.展开更多
Challenges in stratigraphic modeling arise from underground uncertainty.While borehole exploration is reliable,it remains sparse due to economic and site constraints.Electrical resistivity tomography(ERT)as a cost-eff...Challenges in stratigraphic modeling arise from underground uncertainty.While borehole exploration is reliable,it remains sparse due to economic and site constraints.Electrical resistivity tomography(ERT)as a cost-effective geophysical technique can acquire high-density data;however,uncertainty and nonuniqueness inherent in ERT impede its usage for stratigraphy identification.This paper integrates ERT and onsite observations for the first time to propose a novel method for characterizing stratigraphic profiles.The method consists of two steps:(1)ERT for prior knowledge:ERT data are processed by soft clustering using the Gaussian mixture model,followed by probability smoothing to quantify its depthdependent uncertainty;and(2)Observations for calibration:a spatial sequential Bayesian updating(SSBU)algorithm is developed to update the prior knowledge based on likelihoods derived from onsite observations,namely topsoil and boreholes.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through its application to a real slope site in Foshan,China.Comparative analysis with advanced borehole-driven methods highlights the superiority of incorporating ERT data in stratigraphic modeling,in terms of prediction accuracy at borehole locations and sensitivity to borehole data.Informed by ERT,reduced sensitivity to boreholes provides a fundamental solution to the longstanding challenge of sparse measurements.The paper further discusses the impact of ERT uncertainty on the proposed model using time-lapse measurements,the impact of model resolution,and applicability in engineering projects.This study,as a breakthrough in stratigraphic modeling,bridges gaps in combining geophysical and geotechnical data to address measurement sparsity and paves the way for more economical geotechnical exploration.展开更多
An aviation hydraulic axial piston pump＇s degradation fiom comprehensive wear is a typical gradual failure model. Accurate wear prediction is difficult as random and uncertain char- acteristics must be factored into ...An aviation hydraulic axial piston pump＇s degradation fiom comprehensive wear is a typical gradual failure model. Accurate wear prediction is difficult as random and uncertain char- acteristics must be factored into the estimation. The internal wear status of the axial piston pump is characterized by the return oil flow based on fault mechanism analysis of the main frictional pairs in the pump. The performance degradation model is described by the Wiener process to predict the remaining useful life （RUL） of the pump. Maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） is performed by utilizing the expectation maximization （EM） algorithm to estimate the initial parameters of the Wiener process while recursive estimation is conducted utilizing the Kalman filter method to estimate the drift coefficient of the Wiener process. The RUL of the pump is then calculated accord- ing to the performance degradation model based on the Wiener process. Experimental results indi- cate that the return oil flow is a suitable characteristic for reflecting the internal wear status of the axial piston pump, and thus the Wiener process-based method may effectively predicate the RUL of the pump.展开更多
Commercial aircraft family design can reduce development costs, shorten development cycles, and expand the market coverage of aircraft. Commercial aircraft family development has become one of the most important featu...Commercial aircraft family design can reduce development costs, shorten development cycles, and expand the market coverage of aircraft. Commercial aircraft family development has become one of the most important features of modern aircraft design. This paper explores the effects of commonality on different aircraft models in a commercial aircraft family. The existing product commonality indexes are summarized and their limitations in the application to aircraft design are discussed. Then a new component commonality index is proposed based on the component decomposition structure. A model for calculating the aircraft program value is established,which considers development costs, manufacturing costs, sale price, operation costs and residual costs. The effects of aircraft commonality on time and economic costs of both development and manufacturing, and on sale price, are analyzed and quantified. The commonality evaluation strategy is obtained, which features comprehensive consideration of the aircraft program value and time costs. The break-even analysis of aircraft is proceeded on the basis of costs and price data. By using a real option method, the strategy considers the uncertainty of the aircraft program and the flexibility of the manufacturer. This strategy proves to be rational and applicable to aircraft design based on the calculation of three examples and the analysis of parameter sensitivity.展开更多
A derivative of thiazole（AAT） has been explored as a sensing material for preparation a selective Lu（III） PVC-based membrane sensor.The proposed sensor exhibits a Nernstian response over a wide concentration range...A derivative of thiazole（AAT） has been explored as a sensing material for preparation a selective Lu（III） PVC-based membrane sensor.The proposed sensor exhibits a Nernstian response over a wide concentration range from 1.0×10^（-6） to 1.0×10^（-1） mol/L of Lu（Ⅲ） and the detection limit is 5.7×10^（-7） mol/L.The sensor response is independent of pH of the solution in the range 3.2-8.8 and possesses the advantages of fast response time（～6） and in particular,good selectivity to the lutetium ions with regard to most common metal ions,and especially all lanthanide ions.展开更多
The swelling process of bentonite is vital for judging the time required for completing the swelling,estimating the engineering safety,and organizing the construction plan.Many factors affect the swelling process,and ...The swelling process of bentonite is vital for judging the time required for completing the swelling,estimating the engineering safety,and organizing the construction plan.Many factors affect the swelling process,and the underlying mechanisms still require to be clearly explained.In this paper,the swelling process of commercial bentonite in different molar concentrations of salt solution was studied by the one-dimensional free swelling test and constant volume swelling pressure test.The curves of swelling over time were fitted using a hyperbolic model,and two parameters were extracted to reflect the swelling rate and the final swelling strain or swelling pressure quantitatively,respectively.The test results show that the final swelling strain or swelling pressure is determined by the swelling ability of the bentonite,while the swelling rate is influenced by the coupled effect of the swelling ability and permeability of soil.The mechanisms of different factors affecting the swelling process of bentonite are summarized as the effects on the permeability and swelling ability of the soil by considering the change process of pore structure during swelling.The proposed mechanism explanation can also reasonably explain the effect of initial water content in the existing literature.The influencing mechanism of the swelling process revealed in this paper from the perspective of pore structure provides a reasonable theoretical basis for analyzing the swelling process of bentonite.展开更多
Deagglomeration of cohesive particles in combination with coarse carrier is a key requirement for inhaled formulations.The aim of the project was to propose a mathematical approach to understand aerosolization behavio...Deagglomeration of cohesive particles in combination with coarse carrier is a key requirement for inhaled formulations.The aim of the project was to propose a mathematical approach to understand aerosolization behaviour of micronized particles alone and in formulation with carriers.Salbutamol sulphate and salmeterol xinafoate were blended separately with fine lactose(ratio 1:4)and fine and coarse lactose(1:4:63.5).Laser diffraction was employed to characterize the powder median particle size.The deagglomeration of micronized materials followed an asymptotic monoexponential relationship.When the coarse lactose was added,the relationship fitted a bi-exponential equation showing an easily and a poorly dispersed fraction.Using model hydrophobic and hydrophilic APIs,this study has demonstrated the utility of an analytical approach that can parameterize deagglomeration behaviour of carrier-free and carrier-based inhalation formulations.The analytical approach provides the ability to systematically study the effect of material,formulation and processing factors on deagglomeration behaviour.展开更多
The d-band centers of catalysts have exhibited excellent performance in various reactions.Among them,the enhanced catalytic reaction is considered a crucial way to power dynamics and reduce the“shuttle”effect in pol...The d-band centers of catalysts have exhibited excellent performance in various reactions.Among them,the enhanced catalytic reaction is considered a crucial way to power dynamics and reduce the“shuttle”effect in polysulfide conversions of lithium-sulfur batteries.Here,we report two-dimensional-shaped tungsten borides(WB)nanosheets with d-band centers,where the d orbits of W atoms on the(001)facets show greatly promoting the electrocatalytic sulfur reduction reaction.As-prepared WB-based Li-S cells exhibit excellent electrochemical performance for Li-ion storage.Especially,it delivers superior capacities of 7.7 mAh/cm^(2) under the 8.0 mg/cm^(2) sulfur loading,which is far superior to most other electrode catalysts.This study provides insights into the d-band centers as a promising catalyst of twodimensional boride materials.展开更多
Natural hydrogels have emerged as a pivotal innovation in wound care,offering a unique combination of high absorbency,biocompatibility,and versatility.However,due to the complexity of wound healing,the physiological s...Natural hydrogels have emerged as a pivotal innovation in wound care,offering a unique combination of high absorbency,biocompatibility,and versatility.However,due to the complexity of wound healing,the physiological state of the wound varies dynamically,and the mechanism of natural hydrogels that boost wound healing is still unclear.In this review,we firstly provide a comprehensive introduction to the bio-logical process of wound healing,emphasizing the critical stages and factors affecting healing.This work concludes the composition and properties of natural hydrogels,including collagen,gelatin,hyaluronic acid,chitosan,alginates,cellulose,and fibroin,highlighting their biocompatibility and biodegradability.The focus shifts to the various crosslinking strategies employed to enhance the structural integrity and functionality of natural hydrogels.This review further investigates the biological effects of natural hydro-gels in wound healing,detailing their antibacterial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,adhesive,and hemo-static functions.Furthermore,we propose the challenges and future perspectives of natural hydrogels in practical applications.This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current state and poten-tial future advancements in natural hydrogel dressings for wound care,highlighting their critical role in addressing complex and hard-to-heal wounds.展开更多
In a fast-paced career,employees are facing more and more pressure,and job burnout caused by long-term work pressure has become the main reason for many employees to leave.If the job burnout can’t be effectively reso...In a fast-paced career,employees are facing more and more pressure,and job burnout caused by long-term work pressure has become the main reason for many employees to leave.If the job burnout can’t be effectively resolved,it will have a great impact on personal future development and the good running of the enterprise.Starting from the perspective of organizational psychology,this study investigates 200 employees on their psychological contracts and job burnouts to discover the relationship between them that people are most concerned about at the moment,so as to propose some reasonable suggestions to improve the employee job burnout and enhance the mutual identification between employee and the company.The research results show that job burnout and psychological contract show a critically negative correlation;the stronger the psychological contract,the lower the probability of employee job burnout.In addition,the establishment of a strong psychological contract between the company and the employee can effectively reduce the employee’s job burnout,thereby ensuring the mutual benefit of the employee and the company.展开更多
In this paper,we consider the following stochastic differential equation for(X_(t))_(t)≥0 on R^(d)and its Euler-Maruyama(EM)approximation(Y_(tn)_(n)∈Z^(+)):dX_(t)=b(X_(t))dt+σ(X_(t))dB_(t),Y_(t)_(n+1)=Y_)(t)_(n_(+1...In this paper,we consider the following stochastic differential equation for(X_(t))_(t)≥0 on R^(d)and its Euler-Maruyama(EM)approximation(Y_(tn)_(n)∈Z^(+)):dX_(t)=b(X_(t))dt+σ(X_(t))dB_(t),Y_(t)_(n+1)=Y_)(t)_(n_(+1ηn+1b(Y_(t)_(n)+σ(Y_(t)_(n)(B_(t)_(n)+1-B_(t)_(n),where b:R^(d)↦R^(d),σ:R^(d)→R^(d)×d are measurable,Bt is the d-dimensional Brownian motion,t_(0):=0,and t_(n):=∑_(k=1)^(n)η_(k)for constantsη_(k)>0 satisfying lim_(k)→∞η_(k)=0 and∑_(k=1)^(∞)ηk=∞.We investigate the convergence rates of Y_(t_(n))under both additive and multiplicative noise settings for different smoothness levels of b.When the noise is additive and partial dissipation conditions hold,we obtain explicit convergence rates of W_(p)(L(Y_(t_(n))),L(X_(t_(n))))+W_(p)(L(Y_(t_(n)))),μ)→0 as n→∞,where W_(p) is the Lp-Wasserstein distance for p∈[0,1],L(ξ)denotes the distribution ofξ,andμis the unique invariant probability measure of(X_(t))_(t)≥0.When the noise is multiplicative and global dissipation conditions hold,the convergence rate of Wp(L(Y_(t_(n))),L(X_(t_(n))))for p≥2 is studied.Compared with the existing results where b is usually C^(1) or C^(2) smooth,our estimates apply to Hölder continuous drift and clearly demonstrate the dependence of the convergence rate on the smoothness of b.展开更多
In this paper,the unconditionally energy-stable and orthonormalitypreserving iterative scheme proposed in[X.Wang et al.(2024),J.Comput.Phys.,498:112670]is extended both theoretically and numerically,including(i)the ex...In this paper,the unconditionally energy-stable and orthonormalitypreserving iterative scheme proposed in[X.Wang et al.(2024),J.Comput.Phys.,498:112670]is extended both theoretically and numerically,including(i)the exchangecorrelation energy is introduced into the model for a more comprehensive description of the quantum system,utilizing the local density approximation used by the National Institution of Science and Technology Standard Reference Database;(ii)both the unconditional energy-stability and orthonormality-preservation are attained in the newly derived scheme;(iii)a C0 tetrahedral spectral element method is adopted for the quality spatial discretization,of which a quality initial condition can be designed using low order one for effectively accelerating the simulation.A series of numerical experiments validate the effectiveness of our method,encompassing various atoms and molecules.All the computations successfully reveal the anticipated spectral accuracy and the exponential error dependence to the cubic root of the degree of freedom number.Moreover,the efficiency of the extended framework is discussed in detail on updating schemes.展开更多
The advent of the artificial intelligence(AI)age offers substantial potentials for predicting regional gross domestic product(GDP)growth and transportation dynamics.This article presents an in-depth overview of the AI...The advent of the artificial intelligence(AI)age offers substantial potentials for predicting regional gross domestic product(GDP)growth and transportation dynamics.This article presents an in-depth overview of the AI and empirical modeling techniques used in this area,emphasizing the significant possibilities that AI presents and discussing potential obstacles.The use of AI is essential in managing complicated data,allowing for effective analysis of detailed regional economic trends.This capacity will be essential for making economic policies and plans that respond to each region’s specific needs and capabilities.This paper first explores the relationship and impact of different modes of transportation and regional economic growth.Subsequently,various empirical models and methodological frameworks,including the factors employed for studied economic analysis were comprehensively discussed and summarized.In the last part,the discussion focuses on the potential role of AI to revolutionize regional economic research using different AI approaches.This includes its capacity to handle vast and intricate databases,its ability to forecast future patterns using historical and current data,and its assistance in advanced decision making.The present study enhances our awareness of how AI is revolutionizing the field of regional economic growth study,shedding light on both its current application and future possibilities.This study contributes to the advancement of AI predictive models in decision making for predicting regional economic growth across the globe.展开更多
The structural design of wave energy harvesting devices play a crucial role in complex marine environments.To enhance output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)in small-amplitude wave environments,this pa...The structural design of wave energy harvesting devices play a crucial role in complex marine environments.To enhance output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)in small-amplitude wave environments,this paper proposes a floating design method that utilizes wave energy converter(WEC)combined with elastic support coupled TENG based on boat design concepts.Using hydrodynamic model,the study investigates various types of WEC structures,resulting in maximum energy generation for the TENG.Additionally,the coupled TENG designed with elastic support demonstrates excellent performance in various experiments.The results indicate that the power density of the coupled TENG can reach 13 W/m^(3).Wave testing confirms that various floating structures significant differences in TENG output performance,and the boat-type float notably enhances the performance of TENG.The boat-type TENG exhibits an increase of 155%in open-circuit voltage,414%in short-circuit current,and 218%in transferred charge for the interpolated electrodes,compared to the lowest square-type TENG.This work presents a novel approach for WEC design and improving energy conversion efficiency in large-scale ocean wave energy collection and accelerates the industrialization process of TENG in the field of marine engineering.展开更多
Efficient and precise traffic flow prediction is highly important in effective traffic management.This research presents a novel prediction model that integrates highway spatial changes and flow-related information(sp...Efficient and precise traffic flow prediction is highly important in effective traffic management.This research presents a novel prediction model that integrates highway spatial changes and flow-related information(speed and vehicle composition).The highway is divided into segments,using key reference points like tunnels,toll stations and ramps.An adaptive graph convolutional network is employed to capture relationships between these segments.The network automatically adjusts adjacency matrix weights,facilitating the extraction of spatial flow features.Incorporating flow-related information,a multi-task module attention fusion network is introduced.The main task is traffic flow prediction,with average travel speed and vehicle composition as auxiliary tasks.This approach enhances feature acquisition and improves prediction accuracy.In experiments using Fuzhou–Jingtan Expressway data,the model significantly enhances prediction accuracy by at least 55%.Ablation experiments validate the effectiveness of the designed modules,improving the model’s accuracy from 20%to 45%.展开更多
Accurate estimation of lithium-ion battery state of charge(SOC)is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of electric vehicles(EVs).However,both data-driven and model-driven SOC estimation methods face significan...Accurate estimation of lithium-ion battery state of charge(SOC)is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of electric vehicles(EVs).However,both data-driven and model-driven SOC estimation methods face significant challenges under battery aging,which alters internal resistance and electrochemical properties,especially across complex aging trajectories.Most existing deep learning and model-based approaches operate in an open-loop manner,lacking mechanisms for uncertainty quantification,accuracy prediction,or adaptive correction—leading to uncontrolled estimation errors during aging.To address this,we propose an innovative closed-loop SOC estimation framework that integrates active learning with uncertainty-aware correction into deep learning networks,enabling real-time feedback on SOC prediction confidence levels without the need for additional sensors or reference data.Specifically,we quantify the performance degradation of mainstream data-driven methods,including long short-term memory(LSTM)networks and Gaussian process regression(GPR),under complex aging paths.We demonstrate that our model-disagreement-based active learning correction strategy maintains robustness throughout the battery lifecycle.Experimental results show that with only four active retraining sessions over the full aging process,our method reduces average SOC estimation error to below 1.5%,and maximum cycle-based average error to below 2%.This work establishes a path toward uncertaintyinformed,lifecycle-resilient,and data-efficient SOC estimation,marking a significant advancement in battery management systems for real-world EV applications.展开更多
Transarterial radioembolization(TARE)is a widely utilized therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),however,the clinical implementation is constrained by the stringent preparation conditions of radioembol...Transarterial radioembolization(TARE)is a widely utilized therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),however,the clinical implementation is constrained by the stringent preparation conditions of radioembolization agents.Herein,we incorporated the superstable homogeneous iodinated formulation technology(SHIFT),simultaneously utilizing an enhanced solvent form in a carbon dioxide supercritical fluid environment,to encapsulate radionuclides(such as^(131)I,^(177)Lu,or^(18)F)with lipiodol for the preparation of radiolipiodol.The resulting radiolipiodol exhibited exceptional stability and ultra-high labeling efficiency(≥99%)and displayed notable intratumoral radionuclide retention and in vivo stability more than 2 weeks following locoregional injection in subcutaneous tumors in mice and orthotopic liver tumors in rats and rabbits.Given these encouraging findings,^(18)F was authorized as a radiotracer in radiolipiodol for clinical trials in HCC patients,and showed a favorable tumor accumulation,with a tumor-to-liver uptake ratio of≥50 and minimal radionuclide leakage,confirming the feasibility of SHIFT for TARE applications.In the context of transforming from preclinical to clinical screening,the preparation of radiolipiodol by SHIFT represents an innovative physical strategy for radionuclide encapsulation.Hence,this work offers a reliable and efficient approach for TARE in HCC,showing considerable promise for clinical application(ChiCTR2400087731).展开更多
The study on the fingering phenomenon has been playing an important role in understanding the mechanism of the fluid flow through the porous media.In this paper,a numerical method consisting of the Crank-Nicolson sche...The study on the fingering phenomenon has been playing an important role in understanding the mechanism of the fluid flow through the porous media.In this paper,a numerical method consisting of the Crank-Nicolson scheme for the temporal discretization and the finite element method for the spatial discretization is proposed for the relaxation non-equilibrium Richards equation in simulating the fingering phenomenon.Towards the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical simulations,a predictor-corrector process is used for resolving the nonlinearity of the equation,and an h-adaptive mesh method is introduced for accurately resolving the solution around the wetting front region,in which a heuristic a posteriori error indicator is designed for the purpose.In numerical simulations,a traveling wave solution of the governing equation is derived for checking the numerical convergence of the proposed method.The effectiveness of the h-adaptive method is also successfully demonstrated by numerical experiments.Finally the mechanism on generating fingers is discussed by numerically studying several examples.展开更多
In this paper,based on the imaginary time gradient flow model in the density functional theory,a scalar auxiliary variable(SAV)method is developed for the ground state calculation of a given electronic structure syste...In this paper,based on the imaginary time gradient flow model in the density functional theory,a scalar auxiliary variable(SAV)method is developed for the ground state calculation of a given electronic structure system.To handle the orthonormality constraint on those wave functions,two kinds of penalty terms are introduced in designing the modified energy functional in SAV,i.e.,one for the norm preserving of each wave function,another for the orthogonality between each pair of different wave functions.A numerical method consisting of a designed scheme and a linear finite element method is used for the discretization.Theoretically,the desired unconditional decay of modified energy can be obtained from our method,while computationally,both the original energy and modified energy decay behaviors can be observed successfully from a number of numerical experiments.More importantly,numerical results show that the orthonormality among those wave functions can be automatically preserved,without explicitly preserving orthogonalization operations.This implies the potential of our method in large-scale simulations in density functional theory.展开更多
Leveraging seawater toilet flushing system in Hong Kong,China,a Seawater-based Urine Phosphorus Recovery(SUPR)process that integrates ureolysis and phosphorus(P)recovery was proposed in our earlier work.In this study,...Leveraging seawater toilet flushing system in Hong Kong,China,a Seawater-based Urine Phosphorus Recovery(SUPR)process that integrates ureolysis and phosphorus(P)recovery was proposed in our earlier work.In this study,a thermodynamic model was applied to evaluate the effects of ureolysis and the seawater-to-urine mixing ratio(S/U ratio)on P precipitation in the SUPR system.The results suggested that effective P recovery was thermodynamically feasible across a wide range of S/U ratios,with elevated pH levels resulting from ureolysis being critical for P precipitation.Furthermore,a SUPR reactor was developed to validate this process.When the hydraulic retention time(HRT)exceeded 3 h and the S/U ratio was lower than 3:1,more than 98%of P could be recovered without urine storage,chemical dosage,or external mixing.Further decrease in the HRT and increase in S/U ratio caused flushing out of fine precipitates,resulting in a relatively low P recovery efficiency.However,this could be advantageous when downstream urine nitrification is implemented,as dilution of urine can alleviate the inhibitory effects of free ammonia and free nitrous acid,as well as overcome the P limitation problem,thus facilitating urine nitrification.Consequently,there is a trade-off between optimizing P recovery and nitrification efficiencies.展开更多
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC3001003)Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2022A0505030019)Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File nos.0056/2023/RIB2,001/2024/SKL).
文摘Characterization of vegetation effect on soil response is essential for comprehending site-specific hydrological processes.Traditional research often relies on sensors or remote sensing data to examine the hydrological properties of vegetation zones,yet these methods are limited by either measurement sparsity or spatial inaccuracy.Therefore,this paper is the first to propose a data-driven approach that incorporates high-temporal-resolution electrical resistivity tomography(ERT)to quantify soil hydrological response.Time-lapse ERT is deployed on a vegetated slope site in Foshan,China,during a discontinuous rainfall induced by Typhoon Haikui.A total of 97 ERT measurements were collected with an average time interval of 2.7 hours.The Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM)is applied to quantify the level of response and objectively classify impact zones based on features extracted directly from the ERT data.The resistivity-moisture content correlation is established based on on-site sensor data to characterize infiltration and evapotranspiration across wet-dry conditions.The findings are compared with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),a common indicator for vegetation quantification,to reveal potential spatial errors in remote sensing data.In addition,this study provides discussions on the potential applications and future directions.This paper showcases significant spatio-temporal advantages over existing studies,providing a more detailed and accurate characterization of superficial soil hydrological response.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3001003)Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File No.0056/2023/RIB2)Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant No.2022A0505030019).
文摘Challenges in stratigraphic modeling arise from underground uncertainty.While borehole exploration is reliable,it remains sparse due to economic and site constraints.Electrical resistivity tomography(ERT)as a cost-effective geophysical technique can acquire high-density data;however,uncertainty and nonuniqueness inherent in ERT impede its usage for stratigraphy identification.This paper integrates ERT and onsite observations for the first time to propose a novel method for characterizing stratigraphic profiles.The method consists of two steps:(1)ERT for prior knowledge:ERT data are processed by soft clustering using the Gaussian mixture model,followed by probability smoothing to quantify its depthdependent uncertainty;and(2)Observations for calibration:a spatial sequential Bayesian updating(SSBU)algorithm is developed to update the prior knowledge based on likelihoods derived from onsite observations,namely topsoil and boreholes.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through its application to a real slope site in Foshan,China.Comparative analysis with advanced borehole-driven methods highlights the superiority of incorporating ERT data in stratigraphic modeling,in terms of prediction accuracy at borehole locations and sensitivity to borehole data.Informed by ERT,reduced sensitivity to boreholes provides a fundamental solution to the longstanding challenge of sparse measurements.The paper further discusses the impact of ERT uncertainty on the proposed model using time-lapse measurements,the impact of model resolution,and applicability in engineering projects.This study,as a breakthrough in stratigraphic modeling,bridges gaps in combining geophysical and geotechnical data to address measurement sparsity and paves the way for more economical geotechnical exploration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51305011)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB046402)the 111 Project of China
文摘An aviation hydraulic axial piston pump＇s degradation fiom comprehensive wear is a typical gradual failure model. Accurate wear prediction is difficult as random and uncertain char- acteristics must be factored into the estimation. The internal wear status of the axial piston pump is characterized by the return oil flow based on fault mechanism analysis of the main frictional pairs in the pump. The performance degradation model is described by the Wiener process to predict the remaining useful life （RUL） of the pump. Maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） is performed by utilizing the expectation maximization （EM） algorithm to estimate the initial parameters of the Wiener process while recursive estimation is conducted utilizing the Kalman filter method to estimate the drift coefficient of the Wiener process. The RUL of the pump is then calculated accord- ing to the performance degradation model based on the Wiener process. Experimental results indi- cate that the return oil flow is a suitable characteristic for reflecting the internal wear status of the axial piston pump, and thus the Wiener process-based method may effectively predicate the RUL of the pump.
文摘Commercial aircraft family design can reduce development costs, shorten development cycles, and expand the market coverage of aircraft. Commercial aircraft family development has become one of the most important features of modern aircraft design. This paper explores the effects of commonality on different aircraft models in a commercial aircraft family. The existing product commonality indexes are summarized and their limitations in the application to aircraft design are discussed. Then a new component commonality index is proposed based on the component decomposition structure. A model for calculating the aircraft program value is established,which considers development costs, manufacturing costs, sale price, operation costs and residual costs. The effects of aircraft commonality on time and economic costs of both development and manufacturing, and on sale price, are analyzed and quantified. The commonality evaluation strategy is obtained, which features comprehensive consideration of the aircraft program value and time costs. The break-even analysis of aircraft is proceeded on the basis of costs and price data. By using a real option method, the strategy considers the uncertainty of the aircraft program and the flexibility of the manufacturer. This strategy proves to be rational and applicable to aircraft design based on the calculation of three examples and the analysis of parameter sensitivity.
基金NFCRS,Nuclear Science&Technology Research Institute(Tehran,Iran)for their financial support
文摘A derivative of thiazole（AAT） has been explored as a sensing material for preparation a selective Lu（III） PVC-based membrane sensor.The proposed sensor exhibits a Nernstian response over a wide concentration range from 1.0×10^（-6） to 1.0×10^（-1） mol/L of Lu（Ⅲ） and the detection limit is 5.7×10^（-7） mol/L.The sensor response is independent of pH of the solution in the range 3.2-8.8 and possesses the advantages of fast response time（～6） and in particular,good selectivity to the lutetium ions with regard to most common metal ions,and especially all lanthanide ions.
文摘The swelling process of bentonite is vital for judging the time required for completing the swelling,estimating the engineering safety,and organizing the construction plan.Many factors affect the swelling process,and the underlying mechanisms still require to be clearly explained.In this paper,the swelling process of commercial bentonite in different molar concentrations of salt solution was studied by the one-dimensional free swelling test and constant volume swelling pressure test.The curves of swelling over time were fitted using a hyperbolic model,and two parameters were extracted to reflect the swelling rate and the final swelling strain or swelling pressure quantitatively,respectively.The test results show that the final swelling strain or swelling pressure is determined by the swelling ability of the bentonite,while the swelling rate is influenced by the coupled effect of the swelling ability and permeability of soil.The mechanisms of different factors affecting the swelling process of bentonite are summarized as the effects on the permeability and swelling ability of the soil by considering the change process of pore structure during swelling.The proposed mechanism explanation can also reasonably explain the effect of initial water content in the existing literature.The influencing mechanism of the swelling process revealed in this paper from the perspective of pore structure provides a reasonable theoretical basis for analyzing the swelling process of bentonite.
文摘Deagglomeration of cohesive particles in combination with coarse carrier is a key requirement for inhaled formulations.The aim of the project was to propose a mathematical approach to understand aerosolization behaviour of micronized particles alone and in formulation with carriers.Salbutamol sulphate and salmeterol xinafoate were blended separately with fine lactose(ratio 1:4)and fine and coarse lactose(1:4:63.5).Laser diffraction was employed to characterize the powder median particle size.The deagglomeration of micronized materials followed an asymptotic monoexponential relationship.When the coarse lactose was added,the relationship fitted a bi-exponential equation showing an easily and a poorly dispersed fraction.Using model hydrophobic and hydrophilic APIs,this study has demonstrated the utility of an analytical approach that can parameterize deagglomeration behaviour of carrier-free and carrier-based inhalation formulations.The analytical approach provides the ability to systematically study the effect of material,formulation and processing factors on deagglomeration behaviour.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61904080,22205101)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20190670)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(No.19KJB530008)the Macao Young Scholars Program(No.AM2020005)the High-Performance Computing Cluster(HPCC)of Information and Communication Technology Office(ICTO)at University of Macao,Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(Nos.0191/2017/A3,0041/2019/A1,0046/2019/AFJ,0021/2019/AIR)University of Macao(Nos.MYRG2017-00216-FST and MYRG2018-00192-IAPME),FDCT Funding Scheme for Postdoctoral Researchers(No.0026/APD/2021)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the UEA funding,and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515110994).
文摘The d-band centers of catalysts have exhibited excellent performance in various reactions.Among them,the enhanced catalytic reaction is considered a crucial way to power dynamics and reduce the“shuttle”effect in polysulfide conversions of lithium-sulfur batteries.Here,we report two-dimensional-shaped tungsten borides(WB)nanosheets with d-band centers,where the d orbits of W atoms on the(001)facets show greatly promoting the electrocatalytic sulfur reduction reaction.As-prepared WB-based Li-S cells exhibit excellent electrochemical performance for Li-ion storage.Especially,it delivers superior capacities of 7.7 mAh/cm^(2) under the 8.0 mg/cm^(2) sulfur loading,which is far superior to most other electrode catalysts.This study provides insights into the d-band centers as a promising catalyst of twodimensional boride materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52203146,81925019,U1705281,and U22A20333)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20720200019)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University,China(No.NCET-13-0502)。
文摘Natural hydrogels have emerged as a pivotal innovation in wound care,offering a unique combination of high absorbency,biocompatibility,and versatility.However,due to the complexity of wound healing,the physiological state of the wound varies dynamically,and the mechanism of natural hydrogels that boost wound healing is still unclear.In this review,we firstly provide a comprehensive introduction to the bio-logical process of wound healing,emphasizing the critical stages and factors affecting healing.This work concludes the composition and properties of natural hydrogels,including collagen,gelatin,hyaluronic acid,chitosan,alginates,cellulose,and fibroin,highlighting their biocompatibility and biodegradability.The focus shifts to the various crosslinking strategies employed to enhance the structural integrity and functionality of natural hydrogels.This review further investigates the biological effects of natural hydro-gels in wound healing,detailing their antibacterial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,adhesive,and hemo-static functions.Furthermore,we propose the challenges and future perspectives of natural hydrogels in practical applications.This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current state and poten-tial future advancements in natural hydrogel dressings for wound care,highlighting their critical role in addressing complex and hard-to-heal wounds.
文摘In a fast-paced career,employees are facing more and more pressure,and job burnout caused by long-term work pressure has become the main reason for many employees to leave.If the job burnout can’t be effectively resolved,it will have a great impact on personal future development and the good running of the enterprise.Starting from the perspective of organizational psychology,this study investigates 200 employees on their psychological contracts and job burnouts to discover the relationship between them that people are most concerned about at the moment,so as to propose some reasonable suggestions to improve the employee job burnout and enhance the mutual identification between employee and the company.The research results show that job burnout and psychological contract show a critically negative correlation;the stronger the psychological contract,the lower the probability of employee job burnout.In addition,the establishment of a strong psychological contract between the company and the employee can effectively reduce the employee’s job burnout,thereby ensuring the mutual benefit of the employee and the company.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1006000 and 2020YFA0712900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11921001)+2 种基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12071499)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao(Grant No.S.A.R.FDCT 0074/2023/RIA2)the University of Macao(Grant Nos.MYRG2020-00039-FST and MYRG-GRG2023-00088-FST).
文摘In this paper,we consider the following stochastic differential equation for(X_(t))_(t)≥0 on R^(d)and its Euler-Maruyama(EM)approximation(Y_(tn)_(n)∈Z^(+)):dX_(t)=b(X_(t))dt+σ(X_(t))dB_(t),Y_(t)_(n+1)=Y_)(t)_(n_(+1ηn+1b(Y_(t)_(n)+σ(Y_(t)_(n)(B_(t)_(n)+1-B_(t)_(n),where b:R^(d)↦R^(d),σ:R^(d)→R^(d)×d are measurable,Bt is the d-dimensional Brownian motion,t_(0):=0,and t_(n):=∑_(k=1)^(n)η_(k)for constantsη_(k)>0 satisfying lim_(k)→∞η_(k)=0 and∑_(k=1)^(∞)ηk=∞.We investigate the convergence rates of Y_(t_(n))under both additive and multiplicative noise settings for different smoothness levels of b.When the noise is additive and partial dissipation conditions hold,we obtain explicit convergence rates of W_(p)(L(Y_(t_(n))),L(X_(t_(n))))+W_(p)(L(Y_(t_(n)))),μ)→0 as n→∞,where W_(p) is the Lp-Wasserstein distance for p∈[0,1],L(ξ)denotes the distribution ofξ,andμis the unique invariant probability measure of(X_(t))_(t)≥0.When the noise is multiplicative and global dissipation conditions hold,the convergence rate of Wp(L(Y_(t_(n))),L(X_(t_(n))))for p≥2 is studied.Compared with the existing results where b is usually C^(1) or C^(2) smooth,our estimates apply to Hölder continuous drift and clearly demonstrate the dependence of the convergence rate on the smoothness of b.
基金the Boya postdoctoral fellowship from Peking University and the support fromthe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M740107)the Natural Science Starting Project of SWPU(No.2024QHZ030)+2 种基金the support from The Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(No.0068/2024/RIA1)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11922120)MYRG of University of Macao(No.MYRG-CRG2024-00042-FST).
文摘In this paper,the unconditionally energy-stable and orthonormalitypreserving iterative scheme proposed in[X.Wang et al.(2024),J.Comput.Phys.,498:112670]is extended both theoretically and numerically,including(i)the exchangecorrelation energy is introduced into the model for a more comprehensive description of the quantum system,utilizing the local density approximation used by the National Institution of Science and Technology Standard Reference Database;(ii)both the unconditional energy-stability and orthonormality-preservation are attained in the newly derived scheme;(iii)a C0 tetrahedral spectral element method is adopted for the quality spatial discretization,of which a quality initial condition can be designed using low order one for effectively accelerating the simulation.A series of numerical experiments validate the effectiveness of our method,encompassing various atoms and molecules.All the computations successfully reveal the anticipated spectral accuracy and the exponential error dependence to the cubic root of the degree of freedom number.Moreover,the efficiency of the extended framework is discussed in detail on updating schemes.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFE0202400)the Fujian Province Highway Open Course Subject Funding Project(No.MGSKFKT202203)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesTongji University Innovative Research Team Grant for Humanities and Social Sciences.
文摘The advent of the artificial intelligence(AI)age offers substantial potentials for predicting regional gross domestic product(GDP)growth and transportation dynamics.This article presents an in-depth overview of the AI and empirical modeling techniques used in this area,emphasizing the significant possibilities that AI presents and discussing potential obstacles.The use of AI is essential in managing complicated data,allowing for effective analysis of detailed regional economic trends.This capacity will be essential for making economic policies and plans that respond to each region’s specific needs and capabilities.This paper first explores the relationship and impact of different modes of transportation and regional economic growth.Subsequently,various empirical models and methodological frameworks,including the factors employed for studied economic analysis were comprehensively discussed and summarized.In the last part,the discussion focuses on the potential role of AI to revolutionize regional economic research using different AI approaches.This includes its capacity to handle vast and intricate databases,its ability to forecast future patterns using historical and current data,and its assistance in advanced decision making.The present study enhances our awareness of how AI is revolutionizing the field of regional economic growth study,shedding light on both its current application and future possibilities.This study contributes to the advancement of AI predictive models in decision making for predicting regional economic growth across the globe.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Fund(No.2023M734086).
文摘The structural design of wave energy harvesting devices play a crucial role in complex marine environments.To enhance output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)in small-amplitude wave environments,this paper proposes a floating design method that utilizes wave energy converter(WEC)combined with elastic support coupled TENG based on boat design concepts.Using hydrodynamic model,the study investigates various types of WEC structures,resulting in maximum energy generation for the TENG.Additionally,the coupled TENG designed with elastic support demonstrates excellent performance in various experiments.The results indicate that the power density of the coupled TENG can reach 13 W/m^(3).Wave testing confirms that various floating structures significant differences in TENG output performance,and the boat-type float notably enhances the performance of TENG.The boat-type TENG exhibits an increase of 155%in open-circuit voltage,414%in short-circuit current,and 218%in transferred charge for the interpolated electrodes,compared to the lowest square-type TENG.This work presents a novel approach for WEC design and improving energy conversion efficiency in large-scale ocean wave energy collection and accelerates the industrialization process of TENG in the field of marine engineering.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2022ZD0115501)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0604905).
文摘Efficient and precise traffic flow prediction is highly important in effective traffic management.This research presents a novel prediction model that integrates highway spatial changes and flow-related information(speed and vehicle composition).The highway is divided into segments,using key reference points like tunnels,toll stations and ramps.An adaptive graph convolutional network is employed to capture relationships between these segments.The network automatically adjusts adjacency matrix weights,facilitating the extraction of spatial flow features.Incorporating flow-related information,a multi-task module attention fusion network is introduced.The main task is traffic flow prediction,with average travel speed and vehicle composition as auxiliary tasks.This approach enhances feature acquisition and improves prediction accuracy.In experiments using Fuzhou–Jingtan Expressway data,the model significantly enhances prediction accuracy by at least 55%.Ablation experiments validate the effectiveness of the designed modules,improving the model’s accuracy from 20%to 45%.
基金funding support by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0208000)the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics and Thermal Environment Simulation for Ground Vehicles(Grant No.23DZ2229029)+1 种基金the Shanghai Automotive Wind Tunnel Technical Service Platform(Grant No.19DZ2290400)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.N.M.gratefully acknowledges the support of the Interna-tional Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research,sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology.
文摘Accurate estimation of lithium-ion battery state of charge(SOC)is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of electric vehicles(EVs).However,both data-driven and model-driven SOC estimation methods face significant challenges under battery aging,which alters internal resistance and electrochemical properties,especially across complex aging trajectories.Most existing deep learning and model-based approaches operate in an open-loop manner,lacking mechanisms for uncertainty quantification,accuracy prediction,or adaptive correction—leading to uncontrolled estimation errors during aging.To address this,we propose an innovative closed-loop SOC estimation framework that integrates active learning with uncertainty-aware correction into deep learning networks,enabling real-time feedback on SOC prediction confidence levels without the need for additional sensors or reference data.Specifically,we quantify the performance degradation of mainstream data-driven methods,including long short-term memory(LSTM)networks and Gaussian process regression(GPR),under complex aging paths.We demonstrate that our model-disagreement-based active learning correction strategy maintains robustness throughout the battery lifecycle.Experimental results show that with only four active retraining sessions over the full aging process,our method reduces average SOC estimation error to below 1.5%,and maximum cycle-based average error to below 2%.This work establishes a path toward uncertaintyinformed,lifecycle-resilient,and data-efficient SOC estimation,marking a significant advancement in battery management systems for real-world EV applications.
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(No.2023YFB3810000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.82402501,81925019,81801817,82360360,U22A20333 and U24A20525)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(No.2023GXNSFAA026023,China)Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Projects(No.2023ZYZX1090,China)Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau basic research platform project(No.23JCYJPT0043,China)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,(Nos.2023MD734156 and 2024M763915).
文摘Transarterial radioembolization(TARE)is a widely utilized therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),however,the clinical implementation is constrained by the stringent preparation conditions of radioembolization agents.Herein,we incorporated the superstable homogeneous iodinated formulation technology(SHIFT),simultaneously utilizing an enhanced solvent form in a carbon dioxide supercritical fluid environment,to encapsulate radionuclides(such as^(131)I,^(177)Lu,or^(18)F)with lipiodol for the preparation of radiolipiodol.The resulting radiolipiodol exhibited exceptional stability and ultra-high labeling efficiency(≥99%)and displayed notable intratumoral radionuclide retention and in vivo stability more than 2 weeks following locoregional injection in subcutaneous tumors in mice and orthotopic liver tumors in rats and rabbits.Given these encouraging findings,^(18)F was authorized as a radiotracer in radiolipiodol for clinical trials in HCC patients,and showed a favorable tumor accumulation,with a tumor-to-liver uptake ratio of≥50 and minimal radionuclide leakage,confirming the feasibility of SHIFT for TARE applications.In the context of transforming from preclinical to clinical screening,the preparation of radiolipiodol by SHIFT represents an innovative physical strategy for radionuclide encapsulation.Hence,this work offers a reliable and efficient approach for TARE in HCC,showing considerable promise for clinical application(ChiCTR2400087731).
基金supported by FDCT of Macao SAR(FDCT 029/2016/A1),MYRG of University of Macao(MYRG2017-00189-FST,MYRG2019-00154-FST)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11922120,11871489,and 11401608)Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province.
文摘The study on the fingering phenomenon has been playing an important role in understanding the mechanism of the fluid flow through the porous media.In this paper,a numerical method consisting of the Crank-Nicolson scheme for the temporal discretization and the finite element method for the spatial discretization is proposed for the relaxation non-equilibrium Richards equation in simulating the fingering phenomenon.Towards the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical simulations,a predictor-corrector process is used for resolving the nonlinearity of the equation,and an h-adaptive mesh method is introduced for accurately resolving the solution around the wetting front region,in which a heuristic a posteriori error indicator is designed for the purpose.In numerical simulations,a traveling wave solution of the governing equation is derived for checking the numerical convergence of the proposed method.The effectiveness of the h-adaptive method is also successfully demonstrated by numerical experiments.Finally the mechanism on generating fingers is discussed by numerically studying several examples.
基金The first author would like to thank the support from the UM-Funded PhD Assistantship from University of MacaoThe second author was partially supported by Macao Young Scholar Program(AM201919)+5 种基金excellent youth project of Hunan Education Department(19B543)Hunan National Applied Mathematics Center of Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2020ZYT003)The third author would like to thank financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11922120,11871489)FDCT of Macao SAR(Grant No.0082/2020/A2)University of Macao(Grant No.MYRG2020-00265-FST)Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Data-Driven Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Applications(Grant No.2020B1212030001).
文摘In this paper,based on the imaginary time gradient flow model in the density functional theory,a scalar auxiliary variable(SAV)method is developed for the ground state calculation of a given electronic structure system.To handle the orthonormality constraint on those wave functions,two kinds of penalty terms are introduced in designing the modified energy functional in SAV,i.e.,one for the norm preserving of each wave function,another for the orthogonality between each pair of different wave functions.A numerical method consisting of a designed scheme and a linear finite element method is used for the discretization.Theoretically,the desired unconditional decay of modified energy can be obtained from our method,while computationally,both the original energy and modified energy decay behaviors can be observed successfully from a number of numerical experiments.More importantly,numerical results show that the orthonormality among those wave functions can be automatically preserved,without explicitly preserving orthogonalization operations.This implies the potential of our method in large-scale simulations in density functional theory.
基金supported by the Excellent Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52222008)the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR,China(No.0026/2022/A1)+2 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(No.EF2023-00072-FST)the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(No.T21-604/19-R)the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission,China(No.ITC-CNERC14EG03).
文摘Leveraging seawater toilet flushing system in Hong Kong,China,a Seawater-based Urine Phosphorus Recovery(SUPR)process that integrates ureolysis and phosphorus(P)recovery was proposed in our earlier work.In this study,a thermodynamic model was applied to evaluate the effects of ureolysis and the seawater-to-urine mixing ratio(S/U ratio)on P precipitation in the SUPR system.The results suggested that effective P recovery was thermodynamically feasible across a wide range of S/U ratios,with elevated pH levels resulting from ureolysis being critical for P precipitation.Furthermore,a SUPR reactor was developed to validate this process.When the hydraulic retention time(HRT)exceeded 3 h and the S/U ratio was lower than 3:1,more than 98%of P could be recovered without urine storage,chemical dosage,or external mixing.Further decrease in the HRT and increase in S/U ratio caused flushing out of fine precipitates,resulting in a relatively low P recovery efficiency.However,this could be advantageous when downstream urine nitrification is implemented,as dilution of urine can alleviate the inhibitory effects of free ammonia and free nitrous acid,as well as overcome the P limitation problem,thus facilitating urine nitrification.Consequently,there is a trade-off between optimizing P recovery and nitrification efficiencies.
