Based on the Smit-Suhl formula,we propose a universal approach for solving the magnon-magnon coupling problem in bilayer coupled systems(e.g.,antiferromagnets).This method requires only the energy expression,enabling ...Based on the Smit-Suhl formula,we propose a universal approach for solving the magnon-magnon coupling problem in bilayer coupled systems(e.g.,antiferromagnets).This method requires only the energy expression,enabling the automatic derivation of analytical expressions for the eigenmatrix elements via symbolic computation,eliminating the need for tedious manual calculations.Using this approach,we investigate the impact of magnetic hysteresis on magnon-magnon coupling in a system with interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction(DMI).The magnetic hysteresis leads to an asymmetric magnetic field dependence of the resonance frequency and alters the number of degeneracy points between the pure optical and acoustic modes.Moreover,it can result in the coupling strength at the gap of the f–H phase diagram being nearly vanishing,contrary to the conventionally expected maximum.These results deepen the understanding of the effect of interlayer DMI on magnon–magnon coupling and the proposed universal method significantly streamlines the solving process of magnon–magnon coupling problems.展开更多
Background:Diabetic foot,a severe complication of diabetes,is characterized by chronic refractory wounds.Sanhuang Oil,a topical herbal formula,demonstrates significant therapeutic effects including antibacterial,anti-...Background:Diabetic foot,a severe complication of diabetes,is characterized by chronic refractory wounds.Sanhuang Oil,a topical herbal formula,demonstrates significant therapeutic effects including antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and immunomodulatory activities.However,its active constituents and mechanisms of action against diabetic foot remain to be elucidated.Methods:In this study,the chemical constituents of Sanhuang Oil were identified using UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS.Subsequently,the mechanism by which Sanhuang Oil promotes diabetic foot ulcer healing was predicted by integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking.Additionally,diabetic mouse model was established in ICR mice using a combination of a high-fat diet(HFD)and streptozotocin(STZ)chemical induction.A full-thickness skin defect was created on the dorsum of the mice.Wound healing and the healing rate were observed following Sanhuang Oil intervention.The mechanism underlying Sanhuang Oil’s promotion of diabetic ulcer healing was further investigated using transcriptomics and histopathological examination(H&E staining).Results:A total of 97 active ingredients were identified from Sanhuang Oil.Network pharmacology analysis predicted 543 common targets,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis identified 203 relevant pathways.Molecular docking further confirmed high binding affinity(binding energy≤−5.0 kcal/mol)between specific active components in Sanhuang Oil(e.g.,coptisine,phellodendrine,baicalein)and key targets associated with diabetic foot ulcers(e.g.,EGFR,AKT1,STAT3).In vivo experimental results demonstrated that the wound healing rate was significantly higher in Sanhuang Oil-treated groups compared to the model group(P<0.001).HE staining revealed that the high-dose Sanhuang Oil group exhibited more pronounced epithelial tissue coverage over the wound,reduced inflammatory cell infiltration,and increased collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation.transcriptomic analysis identified Pdk4,Ttn,Csrp3,Actn2,Myoz2,Tnnc2,Myod1,Myog,Myot,and Myf6 as key regulatory proteins involved in promoting wound healing.Conclusion:Sanhuang Oil promotes wound healing in diabetic ulcer mice,potentially by mitigating inflammation and regulating key targets such as Pdk4 to enhance fibroblast function.These findings provide novel insights into the multi-target,multi-pathway mechanism of Sanhuang Oil for treating diabetic foot ulcers.展开更多
Lithium-oxygen(Li-O2)batteries are perceived as a promising breakthrough in sustainable electrochemical energy storage,utilizing ambient air as an energy source,eliminating the need for costly cathode materials,and of...Lithium-oxygen(Li-O2)batteries are perceived as a promising breakthrough in sustainable electrochemical energy storage,utilizing ambient air as an energy source,eliminating the need for costly cathode materials,and offering the highest theoretical energy density(~3.5 k Wh kg^(-1))among discussed candidates.Contributing to the poor cycle life of currently reported Li-O_(2)cells is singlet oxygen(1O_(2))formation,inducing parasitic reactions,degrading key components,and severely deteriorating cell performance.Here,we harness the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect of chiral cobalt oxide nanosheets(Co_(3)O_(4)NSs)as cathode materials to suppress 1O_(2)in Li-O_(2)batteries for the first time.Operando photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals a 3.7-fold and 3.23-fold reduction in 1O_(2)during discharge and charge,respectively,compared to conventional carbon paperbased cells,consistent with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry results,which indicate a near-theoretical charge-to-O_(2)ratio(2.04 e-/O_(2)).Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that chirality induces a peak shift near the Fermi level,enhancing Co 3d-O 2p hybridization,stabilizing reaction intermediates,and lowering activation barriers for Li_(2)O_(2)formation and decomposition.These findings establish a new strategy for improving the stability and energy efficiency of sustainable Li-O_(2)batteries,abridging the current gap to commercialization.展开更多
The relationship between the length of the solar cycle, a good indicator of long-term change in solar activity, and natural disasters (drought, flood, and strong earthquakes) in China during the last 108 yearsis analy...The relationship between the length of the solar cycle, a good indicator of long-term change in solar activity, and natural disasters (drought, flood, and strong earthquakes) in China during the last 108 yearsis analyzed. The results suggest that the length of solar cycle may be a useful indicator for drought/flood and strong earthquakes. When the solar activity strengthens, we see the length of the solar cycle shorten and more floods occur in South China and frequent strong earthquakes happen in the Tibetan Plateau, but the droughts in East China as well as the strong earthquakes in Taiwan and at the western boundary of China are very few. The opposite frequencies occur when the solar activity weakens. The current study indicates that the solar activity may play an important role in the climate extremes and behavior in the lithosphere.展开更多
Specimens of materials for prospective use in chambers of nuclear fusion reactors with inertial plasma confinement,namely,W,ODS steels,Eurofer 97 steel,a number of ceramics,etc.,have been irradiated by dense plasma fo...Specimens of materials for prospective use in chambers of nuclear fusion reactors with inertial plasma confinement,namely,W,ODS steels,Eurofer 97 steel,a number of ceramics,etc.,have been irradiated by dense plasma focus devices and a laser in the Q-switchedmode of operation with a wide range of parameters,including some that noticeably exceeded those expected in reactors.By means of 1-ns laser interferometry and neutron measurements,the characteristics of plasma streams and fast ion beams,as well as the dynamics of their interaction with solid-state targets,have been investigated.3D profilometry,optical and scanning electron microscopy,atomic emission spectroscopy,X-ray elemental and structural analyses,and precise weighing of specimens before and after irradiation have provided data on the roughening threshold and the susceptibility to damage of the materials under investigation.Analysis of the results,together with numerical modeling,has revealed the important role of shock waves in the damage processes.It has been shown that a so-called integral damage factor may be used only within restricted ranges of the irradiation parameters.It has also been found that in the irradiation regime with well-developed gasdynamic motion of secondary plasma,the overall amount of radiation energy is spent preferentially either on removing large masses of cool matter from the material surface or on heating a small amount of plasma to high temperature(and,consequently,imparting to it a high velocity),depending on the power flux density and characteristics of the pulsed irradiation.展开更多
The gas sources in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin(Tano Basin)are seldom reported and remain controversial due to multiple sets of potential source rocks and poorly documented geochemical characteristics of natural g...The gas sources in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin(Tano Basin)are seldom reported and remain controversial due to multiple sets of potential source rocks and poorly documented geochemical characteristics of natural gases.The marine source rock potential from the Upper Albian to Turonian as well as the molecular composition and the stable carbon isotope composition of natural gases in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin were studied in detail to investigate the origins of natural gases.The total organic carbon(TOC),hydrogen index(HI),and generation potential(S_(1)+S_(2))of source rocks indicate that both sapropelic source rocks and humic source rocks developed during the late Albian,whereas sapropelic source rocks developed during the Cenomanian and the Turonian.The normal order ofδ^(13)CH_(4)<δ^(13)C_(2)H6<δ^(13)C_(3)H_(8)(δ^(13)C_(1)<δ^(13)C_(2)<δ^(13)C_(3)),the relationship between C_(2)/C_(3)molar ratio andδ^(13)C_(2)-δ^(13)C_(3),and the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versus C_(1)/(C_(2)+C_(3))collectively show that the natural gases are thermogenic due to the primary cracking of kerogen,including the typical oil-associated gases from Well D-1,the mixed oil-associated gases and coal-derived gases from Well G-1 and Well L-1.Based on the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versusδ^(13)C_(2)and the established relationship betweenδ^(13)C_(1)and equivalent vitrinite reflectance(Ro),we proposed that the natural gases are in a mature stage(Ro generally varies from 1.0%to 1.3%).Combined with results of basin modelling and oil-to-source correlation,the transitional to marine source rocks during the late Albian were thought to have made a great contribution to the natural gases.Our study will make a better understanding on petroleum system in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin.展开更多
The number of secondary feathers varies among orders of birds with some orders exhibiting a positive relationship with ulna length,whereas in other orders secondary number is invariant.This difference has implications...The number of secondary feathers varies among orders of birds with some orders exhibiting a positive relationship with ulna length,whereas in other orders secondary number is invariant.This difference has implications for scaling of the width of the feather vane within orders.In those species where the number of secondary remiges is invariant with ulna length,vane width should scale isometrically with ulna size to maintain an aerodynamic flight surface.Where feather count increases with increasing ulna length then vane width should exhibit negative allometry.Vane length should also correlate with ulna length,irrespective of the number of feathers.Data were compiled from an online library of images for the vane length and the width of the vane at 50%of the vane length for the fifth secondary feather for 209 bird species from 24 different orders.The results supported the hypotheses that vane width is a function of ulna size,and the number of secondary feathers as associated with different orders.Vane length was unaffected by the number of secondaries but varied between orders.The results suggest that birds have solved the problem of maintaining the aerodynamic surface of the proximal wing in two ways.Hence as ulna length increases the first solution involves more feathers that exhibit negative allometry for vane width,or in the second where feather count doesn't change,the vane width simply scales isometrically.The implications for the mechanical properties of the vane,and how it affects wing function,have not yet been explored in a range of birds.展开更多
Powered fight in birds is reliant on feathers forming an aerodynamic surface that resists air pressures.Many basic aspects of feather functionality are unknown,which hampers our understanding of wing function in birds...Powered fight in birds is reliant on feathers forming an aerodynamic surface that resists air pressures.Many basic aspects of feather functionality are unknown,which hampers our understanding of wing function in birds.This study measured the dimensions of primary and secondaryfight feathers of 19 species of parrots.The maximum force the feathers could withstand from below was also measured to mimic the pressuresexperienced during a downstroke.The analysis tested whether:(1)feather dimensions differed along the wing and among secondary and primary remiges;(2)the force that feathers could withstand varied among the remiges;and(3)there would be isometric relationships with bodymass for feather characteristics.The results show that body mass signifcantly affected vane width,rachis thickness,maximum force,and ultimate bending moment,but the relationship for feather length only approached signifcance.Many of the proximal secondary feathers showedsignifcantly lower values relative to the frst primary,whereas for distal primaries the values were greater.There were isometric relationships forforce measurements of primary and secondary feathers with body mass,but there was positive allometry for feather lengths and vane widths.The forces feathers can withstand vary along the wing may be a proxy for the aerodynamic properties of the feathers in situ.Broader taxonomicstudies that explore these topics are required for other species representing a range of different orders.A better understanding of the functionality of feathers will improve our understanding of how avian fight works particularly considering the variety in fight style and wing shape in birds.展开更多
Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental ch...Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental characteristics have been linked to at least one field measure of breeding performance.However,within study populations,different parental traits,such as clutch size,first-egg date,egg size,nest architecture,plumage colour,adult morphometry,or song performance,are often weakly correlated across female and/or male breeders.Furthermore,many of these studies have been conducted outside the theoretical framework of the'Individual Optimisation Hypothesis' of clutch size(IOH).IOH predicts that:(i) females with larger clutches will have larger broods at hatching and fledging compared to those with smaller clutches;and(ii) clutch size,which is adaptively adjusted to the parents' ability to rear nestlings,should always maximize the percentage of eggs producing fledglings so that variation in clutch size becomes disconnected from variation in breeding success.In this paper,we present the first detailed review of implications of IOH for parental characters other than clutch size.Our review covered 188 non-experimental studies and 1074 statistical results that examined how parental traits influence breeding success in Western Palearctic Great Tits(Parus major),Blue Tits(Cyanistes spp.),and flycatchers(Ficedula spp.).Clutch size explained one third of the variation in brood size at hatching and fledging within study populations.However,most parental characteristics associated weakly with the number of hatchlings or fledglings,likely because they did not correlate with clutch size.Overall,parental traits were poorly correlated with the proportion of hatchlings and fledglings per egg.We discuss why intraspecific variation in phenotype-associated breeder traits is often disconnected from interindividual differences in breeding success,and highlight the importance of underexplored research problems in avian breeding biology.展开更多
Pulsed laser deposition(PLD),as an advanced synthesis technology with unparalleled control over thin films,has evolved into a universal platform for optoelectronic materials engineering.Its unique advantages including...Pulsed laser deposition(PLD),as an advanced synthesis technology with unparalleled control over thin films,has evolved into a universal platform for optoelectronic materials engineering.Its unique advantages including precise stoichiometric transfer,heterogeneous structure preparation and in-situ monitoring enable the design of opto-electrocatalysts with controllable active sites.Traditional methods struggle to pinpoint active sites in hydrogen technologies such as fuel cells and water electrolysis,impeding catalyst customization and mechanistic understanding.Nevertheless,PLD remains underused here despite its outstanding performances in targeted photo-assisted electrocatalysts design.This review systematically explores the breakthrough achievements and provides detailed insights into photo-enhanced water electrolysis and fuel cells based on PLD.Beginning with the fundamentals of epitaxial film growth and film classification,particularly emphasis the related in situ optical analysis techniques.It subsequently highlights recent advances in electro-oxidation and reduction reactions of H_(2)and O_(2),demonstrating the control capabilities of PLD in precisely correlating the structure and activity at the atomic level.Finally,the review concludes by proposing scalable fabrication strategies and performance optimization frameworks to bridge fundamental insights with industrial-scale optoelectronic integration systems.展开更多
During times of war, it is rare to find a government willing and able to require the military to fund and support environmental impact studies. In the 1960s, many United States scientists expressed concerns about the ...During times of war, it is rare to find a government willing and able to require the military to fund and support environmental impact studies. In the 1960s, many United States scientists expressed concerns about the use of herbicides during the Vietnam War. This protest was led by Dr. Arthur Galston and eventually included scientists with the National Academy of Science. By 1970, the Department of Defense (DoD) was ordered to permit the scientists to visit South Vietnam during the war to document these impacts. In all 1500 scientist days were spent in South Vietnam. In addition, the US government and military funded research studies on the impact of herbicides on animals. The goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and the war. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how it is possible for a country to fund and carry out scientific studies during the conduct of a war rather than decades later. The environmental impact study findings often lack boots on the ground validation and can be inaccurate or misleading in some situations. The United States (US) and other countries, including Russia and Ukraine, need to learn the historical lessons from the US use of herbicides, containing dioxin TCDD and/or arsenic (As), as chemical weapons during the Vietnam War.展开更多
Objective To investigate hypertension(HTN)trends,key risk factors,and gender disparities in rural China,and to propose targeted strategies for improving HTN control in resource-limited settings.Methods This longitudin...Objective To investigate hypertension(HTN)trends,key risk factors,and gender disparities in rural China,and to propose targeted strategies for improving HTN control in resource-limited settings.Methods This longitudinal study used data from the Henan Rural Cohort Study,including baseline(2015–2017;n=39,224)and follow-up(2018–2022;n=28,621)participants.HTN was defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg,self-reported diagnosis,or use of antihypertensive medication.Severity was classified using a 7-tier blood pressure(BP)staging system(optimal,normal,high normal,and HTN stages 1–4).A generalized linear mixed-effects model(GLMM)identified associated risk factors.Results HTN prevalence increased modestly from 32.7%(95%CI:32.2–33.2)to 33.9%(95%CI:33.3%–34.4%).Awareness and treatment improved from 20.1%to 25.3%,and from 18.8%to 24.4%,respectively,but control rates remained low(6.2%to 12.3%).After adjustment,women had a 1.53-fold higher HTN risk than men(OR=1.53,95%CI:1.43–1.63),revealing gender-specific trends.Key risk factors included alcohol use(OR=1.37,95%CI:1.27–1.47)and overweight status(OR=1.76,95%CI:1.66–1.86).BP staging showed an increase in optimal BP(42.3%to 45.8%),but stagnant management of advanced HTN stages.Conclusion Hypertension in rural China is shaped by behavioral risk factors and healthcare access gaps.Gender-sensitive,community-based interventions,including task-shifting models,are necessary to mitigate the growing burden of hypertension.展开更多
Drugs and pesticide residues in broiler feed can compromise the therapeutic and production benefits of antibiotic(ANT)application and affect gene expression.In this study,we analyzed the expression of 13 key pancreati...Drugs and pesticide residues in broiler feed can compromise the therapeutic and production benefits of antibiotic(ANT)application and affect gene expression.In this study,we analyzed the expression of 13 key pancreatic genes and blood physiology parameters after administering one maximum residue limit of herbicide glyphosate(GLY),two ANTs,and one anticoccidial drug(AD).A total of 260 Ross 308 broilers aged 1-40 d were divided into the following four groups of 65 birds each:control group,which was fed the main diet(MD),and three experimental groups,which were fed MD supplemented with GLY,GLY+ANTs(enrofloxacin and colistin methanesulfonate),and GLY+AD(ammonium maduramicin),respectively.The results showed that the addition of GLY,GLY+ANTs,and GLY+AD caused significant changes in the expression of several genes of physiological and economic importance.In particular,genes related to inflammation and apoptosis(interleukin 6(IL6),prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2),and caspase 6(CASP6))were downregulated by up to 99.1%,and those related to antioxidant protection(catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)and peroxiredoxin 6(PRDX6))by up to 98.6%,compared to controls.There was also a significant decline in the values of immunological characteristics in the blood serum observed in the experimental groups,and certain changes in gene expression were concordant with changes in the functioning of the pancreas and blood.The changes revealed in gene expression and blood indices in response to GLY,ANTs,and AD provide insights into the possible mechanisms of action of these agents at the molecular level.Specifically,these changes may be indicative of physiological mechanisms to overcome the negative effects of GLY,GLY+ANTs,and GLY+AD in broilers.展开更多
Gilia capitata Sims(Polemoniaceae)is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed in western North America and cultivated as an ornamental flower.The detailed chemical composition and pharmacological properties of th...Gilia capitata Sims(Polemoniaceae)is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed in western North America and cultivated as an ornamental flower.The detailed chemical composition and pharmacological properties of this plant have not been previously reported.This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of aqueous-ethanolic extracts derived from different plant parts(herb,flowers,stems,roots,and fruits).HPLC analysis identified 12 phenolic compounds and 16 amino acids in the aqueous-ethanolic extracts obtained from these plant parts.The biological effects of the extracts were evaluated in vitro,including cytotoxicity,anti-inflammatory response,andwound-healing potential.The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring their effect on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes.Phagocytic activity was assessed using the neutral red uptake assay.HaCaT cell proliferation and migration were assessed to evaluate the wound-healing potential.Morphological changes in both cell lines were examined microscopically.Moreover,neurobehavioral effects were studied in vivo.The herb extracts significantly enhanced locomotor activity while preserving exploratory behaviour,suggesting a stimulating effect.G.capitata flower extracts caused a decrease in both locomotor and exploratory behaviour,demonstrating a moderate sedative effect.Fruit extracts significantly suppressed locomotor and exploratory activity,indicating a strong sedative effect.These findings indicated that G.capitata contains bioactive compounds with diverse pharmaceutical effects depending on the specific plant part and may have potential applications in medicine and pharmacology pending further research.展开更多
The unsteady magnetohydrodynamical(MHD)free convection flow of an incompressible,electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid within a vertical cylindrical geometry is investigated,incorporating the effects of thermal rad...The unsteady magnetohydrodynamical(MHD)free convection flow of an incompressible,electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid within a vertical cylindrical geometry is investigated,incorporating the effects of thermal radiation,viscous dissipation,and internal heat generation.The system is subjected to a time-periodic boundary temperature condition.The Laplace and finite Hankel transforms are used to derive the exact solutions for the velocity and temperature distributions.The effects of various key physical parameters,including the Richardson number,the Eckert number,the radiation parameter,the heat source parameter,and the nanoparticle volume fraction,are considered.The numerical results reveal that increasing the volume fraction significantly enhances the thermal conductivity and temperature,while the magnetic field intensity and viscous dissipation strongly influence the fluid motion and heat transport.Additionally,the pulsating boundary conditions produce distinct oscillatory behaviors in both the velocity and temperature fields.These findings provide important insights into optimizing the heat transfer performance in cylindrical systems such as electronic cooling modules and energy storage devices operating under dynamic thermal conditions.展开更多
The early stages of crystallization and occurrence of surface wrinkling were investigated using poly(butadiene)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)with an ordered lamellar structure.Direct evidence has demonstrated that surfa...The early stages of crystallization and occurrence of surface wrinkling were investigated using poly(butadiene)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)with an ordered lamellar structure.Direct evidence has demonstrated that surface wrinkling precedes nucleation and crystal growth.This study examined the relationship between surface wrinkling,nucleation,and the formation of crystalline supramolecular structures using atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray scattering measurements.Surface wrinkling is attributed to curving induced by accumulated stresses,including residual stress from the sample preparation and thermal stress during cooling.These stresses cause large-scale material flow and corresponding changes in the molecular conformations,potentially reducing the nucleation barrier.This hypothesis is supported by the rapid crystal growth observed following the spread of surface wrinkles.Additionally,the surface curving of the polymer thin film creates local minima of the free energy,facilitating nucleation.The nuclei subsequently grow into crystalline supramolecular structures by incorporating polymer molecules from the melt.This mechanism highlights the role of localized structural inhomogeneity in the early stages of crystallization and provides new insights into structure formation processes.展开更多
The Arno River Basin(Central Italy)is affected by a considerable anthropogenic pressure due to the presence of large cities and widespread industrial and agricultural practices.In this work,26 water samples from the A...The Arno River Basin(Central Italy)is affected by a considerable anthropogenic pressure due to the presence of large cities and widespread industrial and agricultural practices.In this work,26 water samples from the Arno River and its main tributaries were analyzed to assess the water pollution status.The geochemical composition of the Arno River changes from the source(dominated by a Ca-HCO_(3) facies)to the mouth(where a Na-Cl(SO4)chemistry prevails)with an increasing quality deterioration,as suggested by the Chemical Water Quality Index,due to anthropogenic contributions and seawater intrusion before flowing into the Ligurian Sea.The Ombrone and Usciana tributaries introduce anthropogenic pollutants into the Arno River,whilst Elsa tributary supplies significant contents of geogenic sulfate.The concentrations of dissolved nitrate and nitrite(up to 63 and 9 mg/L,respectively)and the respective isotopic values of𝛿15N and𝛿18O were also determined to understand origin and fate of the N-species in the Arno River Basin surface waters.The combined application of𝛿15N-NO_(3) and𝛿18O-NO_(3) and N-source apportionment modelling allowed the identification of soil organic nitrogen and sewage and domestic wastes as primary sources for dissolved NO_(3)-.The𝛿15N-NO_(2) and𝛿18O-NO_(2) values suggest that the nitrification process affects the ARB waters,thus controlling the abundances and proportion of the N-species.Our work indicates that additional efforts are needed to improve management strategies to reduce the release of nitrogenated species to the surface waters of the Arno River Basin,since little progress has been made from the early 2000s.展开更多
In order to elucidate the role of antioxidant responses in salinity tolerance in rice genotypes under salt stress, experiments were conducted using four rice varieties, including salt-sensitive BRRI dhan 28 and three ...In order to elucidate the role of antioxidant responses in salinity tolerance in rice genotypes under salt stress, experiments were conducted using four rice varieties, including salt-sensitive BRRI dhan 28 and three salt-tolerant varieties BRRI dhan 47, BINA dhan 8 and BINA dhan 10. Thirty-day-old rice seedlings were transplanted into pots. At the active tillering stage(35 d after transplanting), plants were exposed to different salinity levels(0, 20, 40 and 60 mmol/L NaCl). Salt stress caused a significant reduction in growth for all the rice genotypes. Growth reduction was higher in the salt-sensitive genotype than in the salt-tolerant ones, and BINA dhan 10 showed higher salt tolerance in all measured physiological parameters. The reduction in shoot and root biomass was found to be minimal in BINA dhan 10. Chlorophyll content significantly decreased under salt stress except for BINA dhan 10. Proline content significantly increased in salt-tolerant rice genotypes with increased salt concentration, and the highest proline content was obtained from BINA dhan 10 under salt stress. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities significantly decreased in salt-sensitive genotype whereas significantly increased in salt-tolerant ones with increasing salt concentration. However, salt stress significantly decreased guaiacol peroxidase activity in all the rice genotypes irrespective of salt tolerance. K^+/Na^+ ratio also significantly decreased in shoots and roots of all the rice genotypes. The salt-tolerant genotype BINA dhan 10 maintained higher levels of chlorophyll and proline contents as well as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities under salt stress, thus, this might be the underlying mechanism for salt tolerance.展开更多
In this paper, we show that supercritical fluids have a greater significance in the generation of pegmatites,and for ore-forming processes related to granites than is usually assumed. We show that the supercritical me...In this paper, we show that supercritical fluids have a greater significance in the generation of pegmatites,and for ore-forming processes related to granites than is usually assumed. We show that the supercritical melt or fluid is a silicate phase in which volatiles; principally H_2O are completely miscible in all proportions at magmatic temperatures and pressures. This phase evolves from felsic melts and changes into hydrothermal fluids, and its unique properties are particularly important in sequestering and concentrating low abundance elements, such as metals. In our past research, we have focused on processes observed at upper crustal levels, however extensive work by us and other researchers have demonstrated that supercritical melt/fluids should be abundant in melting zones at deep-crustal levels too. We propose that these fluids may provide a connecting link between lower and upper crustal magmas,and a highly efficient transport mechanism for usually melt incompatible elements. In this paper, we explore the unique features of this fluid which allow the partitioning of variouselements and compounds, potentially up to extreme levels,and may explain various features both of mineralization and the magmas that produced them.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (MOST)(Grant No.2022YFA1402800)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Presidents International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI)(Grant No.2025PG0006)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)(Grant Nos.51831012,12274437,and 52161160334)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (Grant No.YSBR-084)the CAS Youth Interdisciplinary Teamthe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2025M773402)。
文摘Based on the Smit-Suhl formula,we propose a universal approach for solving the magnon-magnon coupling problem in bilayer coupled systems(e.g.,antiferromagnets).This method requires only the energy expression,enabling the automatic derivation of analytical expressions for the eigenmatrix elements via symbolic computation,eliminating the need for tedious manual calculations.Using this approach,we investigate the impact of magnetic hysteresis on magnon-magnon coupling in a system with interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction(DMI).The magnetic hysteresis leads to an asymmetric magnetic field dependence of the resonance frequency and alters the number of degeneracy points between the pure optical and acoustic modes.Moreover,it can result in the coupling strength at the gap of the f–H phase diagram being nearly vanishing,contrary to the conventionally expected maximum.These results deepen the understanding of the effect of interlayer DMI on magnon–magnon coupling and the proposed universal method significantly streamlines the solving process of magnon–magnon coupling problems.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(D20232101)Shandong Second Medical University 2024 Affiliated Hospital(Teaching Hospital)Scientific Research Development Fund Project(2024FYQ026)+3 种基金the innovative Research Programme of Xiangyang No.1 People’s Hospital(XYY2023ZY01)Faculty Development Grants of Xiangyang No.1 People’s Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine(XYY2023D05)Joint supported by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and Xiangyang of China(2025AFD091)Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZY2025D019).
文摘Background:Diabetic foot,a severe complication of diabetes,is characterized by chronic refractory wounds.Sanhuang Oil,a topical herbal formula,demonstrates significant therapeutic effects including antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and immunomodulatory activities.However,its active constituents and mechanisms of action against diabetic foot remain to be elucidated.Methods:In this study,the chemical constituents of Sanhuang Oil were identified using UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS.Subsequently,the mechanism by which Sanhuang Oil promotes diabetic foot ulcer healing was predicted by integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking.Additionally,diabetic mouse model was established in ICR mice using a combination of a high-fat diet(HFD)and streptozotocin(STZ)chemical induction.A full-thickness skin defect was created on the dorsum of the mice.Wound healing and the healing rate were observed following Sanhuang Oil intervention.The mechanism underlying Sanhuang Oil’s promotion of diabetic ulcer healing was further investigated using transcriptomics and histopathological examination(H&E staining).Results:A total of 97 active ingredients were identified from Sanhuang Oil.Network pharmacology analysis predicted 543 common targets,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis identified 203 relevant pathways.Molecular docking further confirmed high binding affinity(binding energy≤−5.0 kcal/mol)between specific active components in Sanhuang Oil(e.g.,coptisine,phellodendrine,baicalein)and key targets associated with diabetic foot ulcers(e.g.,EGFR,AKT1,STAT3).In vivo experimental results demonstrated that the wound healing rate was significantly higher in Sanhuang Oil-treated groups compared to the model group(P<0.001).HE staining revealed that the high-dose Sanhuang Oil group exhibited more pronounced epithelial tissue coverage over the wound,reduced inflammatory cell infiltration,and increased collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation.transcriptomic analysis identified Pdk4,Ttn,Csrp3,Actn2,Myoz2,Tnnc2,Myod1,Myog,Myot,and Myf6 as key regulatory proteins involved in promoting wound healing.Conclusion:Sanhuang Oil promotes wound healing in diabetic ulcer mice,potentially by mitigating inflammation and regulating key targets such as Pdk4 to enhance fibroblast function.These findings provide novel insights into the multi-target,multi-pathway mechanism of Sanhuang Oil for treating diabetic foot ulcers.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program(Priority Research Institute)through the NRF of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education(2021R1A6A1A10039823)by the Korea Basic Science Institute(National Research Facilities and Equipment Center)grant funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1A6C101B194)。
文摘Lithium-oxygen(Li-O2)batteries are perceived as a promising breakthrough in sustainable electrochemical energy storage,utilizing ambient air as an energy source,eliminating the need for costly cathode materials,and offering the highest theoretical energy density(~3.5 k Wh kg^(-1))among discussed candidates.Contributing to the poor cycle life of currently reported Li-O_(2)cells is singlet oxygen(1O_(2))formation,inducing parasitic reactions,degrading key components,and severely deteriorating cell performance.Here,we harness the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect of chiral cobalt oxide nanosheets(Co_(3)O_(4)NSs)as cathode materials to suppress 1O_(2)in Li-O_(2)batteries for the first time.Operando photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals a 3.7-fold and 3.23-fold reduction in 1O_(2)during discharge and charge,respectively,compared to conventional carbon paperbased cells,consistent with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry results,which indicate a near-theoretical charge-to-O_(2)ratio(2.04 e-/O_(2)).Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that chirality induces a peak shift near the Fermi level,enhancing Co 3d-O 2p hybridization,stabilizing reaction intermediates,and lowering activation barriers for Li_(2)O_(2)formation and decomposition.These findings establish a new strategy for improving the stability and energy efficiency of sustainable Li-O_(2)batteries,abridging the current gap to commercialization.
基金supported by the China National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences(G1998040800)
文摘The relationship between the length of the solar cycle, a good indicator of long-term change in solar activity, and natural disasters (drought, flood, and strong earthquakes) in China during the last 108 yearsis analyzed. The results suggest that the length of solar cycle may be a useful indicator for drought/flood and strong earthquakes. When the solar activity strengthens, we see the length of the solar cycle shorten and more floods occur in South China and frequent strong earthquakes happen in the Tibetan Plateau, but the droughts in East China as well as the strong earthquakes in Taiwan and at the western boundary of China are very few. The opposite frequencies occur when the solar activity weakens. The current study indicates that the solar activity may play an important role in the climate extremes and behavior in the lithosphere.
文摘Specimens of materials for prospective use in chambers of nuclear fusion reactors with inertial plasma confinement,namely,W,ODS steels,Eurofer 97 steel,a number of ceramics,etc.,have been irradiated by dense plasma focus devices and a laser in the Q-switchedmode of operation with a wide range of parameters,including some that noticeably exceeded those expected in reactors.By means of 1-ns laser interferometry and neutron measurements,the characteristics of plasma streams and fast ion beams,as well as the dynamics of their interaction with solid-state targets,have been investigated.3D profilometry,optical and scanning electron microscopy,atomic emission spectroscopy,X-ray elemental and structural analyses,and precise weighing of specimens before and after irradiation have provided data on the roughening threshold and the susceptibility to damage of the materials under investigation.Analysis of the results,together with numerical modeling,has revealed the important role of shock waves in the damage processes.It has been shown that a so-called integral damage factor may be used only within restricted ranges of the irradiation parameters.It has also been found that in the irradiation regime with well-developed gasdynamic motion of secondary plasma,the overall amount of radiation energy is spent preferentially either on removing large masses of cool matter from the material surface or on heating a small amount of plasma to high temperature(and,consequently,imparting to it a high velocity),depending on the power flux density and characteristics of the pulsed irradiation.
基金The Major Science and Technology Project of CNOOC under contract No.KJGG2022-0902the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42202184 and 42272177.
文摘The gas sources in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin(Tano Basin)are seldom reported and remain controversial due to multiple sets of potential source rocks and poorly documented geochemical characteristics of natural gases.The marine source rock potential from the Upper Albian to Turonian as well as the molecular composition and the stable carbon isotope composition of natural gases in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin were studied in detail to investigate the origins of natural gases.The total organic carbon(TOC),hydrogen index(HI),and generation potential(S_(1)+S_(2))of source rocks indicate that both sapropelic source rocks and humic source rocks developed during the late Albian,whereas sapropelic source rocks developed during the Cenomanian and the Turonian.The normal order ofδ^(13)CH_(4)<δ^(13)C_(2)H6<δ^(13)C_(3)H_(8)(δ^(13)C_(1)<δ^(13)C_(2)<δ^(13)C_(3)),the relationship between C_(2)/C_(3)molar ratio andδ^(13)C_(2)-δ^(13)C_(3),and the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versus C_(1)/(C_(2)+C_(3))collectively show that the natural gases are thermogenic due to the primary cracking of kerogen,including the typical oil-associated gases from Well D-1,the mixed oil-associated gases and coal-derived gases from Well G-1 and Well L-1.Based on the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versusδ^(13)C_(2)and the established relationship betweenδ^(13)C_(1)and equivalent vitrinite reflectance(Ro),we proposed that the natural gases are in a mature stage(Ro generally varies from 1.0%to 1.3%).Combined with results of basin modelling and oil-to-source correlation,the transitional to marine source rocks during the late Albian were thought to have made a great contribution to the natural gases.Our study will make a better understanding on petroleum system in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin.
文摘The number of secondary feathers varies among orders of birds with some orders exhibiting a positive relationship with ulna length,whereas in other orders secondary number is invariant.This difference has implications for scaling of the width of the feather vane within orders.In those species where the number of secondary remiges is invariant with ulna length,vane width should scale isometrically with ulna size to maintain an aerodynamic flight surface.Where feather count increases with increasing ulna length then vane width should exhibit negative allometry.Vane length should also correlate with ulna length,irrespective of the number of feathers.Data were compiled from an online library of images for the vane length and the width of the vane at 50%of the vane length for the fifth secondary feather for 209 bird species from 24 different orders.The results supported the hypotheses that vane width is a function of ulna size,and the number of secondary feathers as associated with different orders.Vane length was unaffected by the number of secondaries but varied between orders.The results suggest that birds have solved the problem of maintaining the aerodynamic surface of the proximal wing in two ways.Hence as ulna length increases the first solution involves more feathers that exhibit negative allometry for vane width,or in the second where feather count doesn't change,the vane width simply scales isometrically.The implications for the mechanical properties of the vane,and how it affects wing function,have not yet been explored in a range of birds.
文摘Powered fight in birds is reliant on feathers forming an aerodynamic surface that resists air pressures.Many basic aspects of feather functionality are unknown,which hampers our understanding of wing function in birds.This study measured the dimensions of primary and secondaryfight feathers of 19 species of parrots.The maximum force the feathers could withstand from below was also measured to mimic the pressuresexperienced during a downstroke.The analysis tested whether:(1)feather dimensions differed along the wing and among secondary and primary remiges;(2)the force that feathers could withstand varied among the remiges;and(3)there would be isometric relationships with bodymass for feather characteristics.The results show that body mass signifcantly affected vane width,rachis thickness,maximum force,and ultimate bending moment,but the relationship for feather length only approached signifcance.Many of the proximal secondary feathers showedsignifcantly lower values relative to the frst primary,whereas for distal primaries the values were greater.There were isometric relationships forforce measurements of primary and secondary feathers with body mass,but there was positive allometry for feather lengths and vane widths.The forces feathers can withstand vary along the wing may be a proxy for the aerodynamic properties of the feathers in situ.Broader taxonomicstudies that explore these topics are required for other species representing a range of different orders.A better understanding of the functionality of feathers will improve our understanding of how avian fight works particularly considering the variety in fight style and wing shape in birds.
文摘Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental characteristics have been linked to at least one field measure of breeding performance.However,within study populations,different parental traits,such as clutch size,first-egg date,egg size,nest architecture,plumage colour,adult morphometry,or song performance,are often weakly correlated across female and/or male breeders.Furthermore,many of these studies have been conducted outside the theoretical framework of the'Individual Optimisation Hypothesis' of clutch size(IOH).IOH predicts that:(i) females with larger clutches will have larger broods at hatching and fledging compared to those with smaller clutches;and(ii) clutch size,which is adaptively adjusted to the parents' ability to rear nestlings,should always maximize the percentage of eggs producing fledglings so that variation in clutch size becomes disconnected from variation in breeding success.In this paper,we present the first detailed review of implications of IOH for parental characters other than clutch size.Our review covered 188 non-experimental studies and 1074 statistical results that examined how parental traits influence breeding success in Western Palearctic Great Tits(Parus major),Blue Tits(Cyanistes spp.),and flycatchers(Ficedula spp.).Clutch size explained one third of the variation in brood size at hatching and fledging within study populations.However,most parental characteristics associated weakly with the number of hatchlings or fledglings,likely because they did not correlate with clutch size.Overall,parental traits were poorly correlated with the proportion of hatchlings and fledglings per egg.We discuss why intraspecific variation in phenotype-associated breeder traits is often disconnected from interindividual differences in breeding success,and highlight the importance of underexplored research problems in avian breeding biology.
基金supported by the Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22402024)the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program of China(Grant No.BX20230061)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan(Grant No.25QNJJ3094).P.M.-B.acknowledges funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)under Germany's Excellence Strategy-EXC 2089/1-390776260(e conversion).
文摘Pulsed laser deposition(PLD),as an advanced synthesis technology with unparalleled control over thin films,has evolved into a universal platform for optoelectronic materials engineering.Its unique advantages including precise stoichiometric transfer,heterogeneous structure preparation and in-situ monitoring enable the design of opto-electrocatalysts with controllable active sites.Traditional methods struggle to pinpoint active sites in hydrogen technologies such as fuel cells and water electrolysis,impeding catalyst customization and mechanistic understanding.Nevertheless,PLD remains underused here despite its outstanding performances in targeted photo-assisted electrocatalysts design.This review systematically explores the breakthrough achievements and provides detailed insights into photo-enhanced water electrolysis and fuel cells based on PLD.Beginning with the fundamentals of epitaxial film growth and film classification,particularly emphasis the related in situ optical analysis techniques.It subsequently highlights recent advances in electro-oxidation and reduction reactions of H_(2)and O_(2),demonstrating the control capabilities of PLD in precisely correlating the structure and activity at the atomic level.Finally,the review concludes by proposing scalable fabrication strategies and performance optimization frameworks to bridge fundamental insights with industrial-scale optoelectronic integration systems.
文摘During times of war, it is rare to find a government willing and able to require the military to fund and support environmental impact studies. In the 1960s, many United States scientists expressed concerns about the use of herbicides during the Vietnam War. This protest was led by Dr. Arthur Galston and eventually included scientists with the National Academy of Science. By 1970, the Department of Defense (DoD) was ordered to permit the scientists to visit South Vietnam during the war to document these impacts. In all 1500 scientist days were spent in South Vietnam. In addition, the US government and military funded research studies on the impact of herbicides on animals. The goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and the war. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how it is possible for a country to fund and carry out scientific studies during the conduct of a war rather than decades later. The environmental impact study findings often lack boots on the ground validation and can be inaccurate or misleading in some situations. The United States (US) and other countries, including Russia and Ukraine, need to learn the historical lessons from the US use of herbicides, containing dioxin TCDD and/or arsenic (As), as chemical weapons during the Vietnam War.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO:81930092 and 81973128)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(Grant NO:23230042151)+1 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Team Support Plan of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province(Grant NO:21IRTSTHN029)the Foundation of National Key Program of Research and Development of China(Grant No:2016YFC0900803).
文摘Objective To investigate hypertension(HTN)trends,key risk factors,and gender disparities in rural China,and to propose targeted strategies for improving HTN control in resource-limited settings.Methods This longitudinal study used data from the Henan Rural Cohort Study,including baseline(2015–2017;n=39,224)and follow-up(2018–2022;n=28,621)participants.HTN was defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg,self-reported diagnosis,or use of antihypertensive medication.Severity was classified using a 7-tier blood pressure(BP)staging system(optimal,normal,high normal,and HTN stages 1–4).A generalized linear mixed-effects model(GLMM)identified associated risk factors.Results HTN prevalence increased modestly from 32.7%(95%CI:32.2–33.2)to 33.9%(95%CI:33.3%–34.4%).Awareness and treatment improved from 20.1%to 25.3%,and from 18.8%to 24.4%,respectively,but control rates remained low(6.2%to 12.3%).After adjustment,women had a 1.53-fold higher HTN risk than men(OR=1.53,95%CI:1.43–1.63),revealing gender-specific trends.Key risk factors included alcohol use(OR=1.37,95%CI:1.27–1.47)and overweight status(OR=1.76,95%CI:1.66–1.86).BP staging showed an increase in optimal BP(42.3%to 45.8%),but stagnant management of advanced HTN stages.Conclusion Hypertension in rural China is shaped by behavioral risk factors and healthcare access gaps.Gender-sensitive,community-based interventions,including task-shifting models,are necessary to mitigate the growing burden of hypertension.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(No.22-16-00128),“Investigation of the Toxic Effect of Glyphosates on the Functional State of the Bird Intestinal Microbial Community,Their Growth and Development,and the Development of a Biological Product Based on the Glyphosate Degrading Strain”.
文摘Drugs and pesticide residues in broiler feed can compromise the therapeutic and production benefits of antibiotic(ANT)application and affect gene expression.In this study,we analyzed the expression of 13 key pancreatic genes and blood physiology parameters after administering one maximum residue limit of herbicide glyphosate(GLY),two ANTs,and one anticoccidial drug(AD).A total of 260 Ross 308 broilers aged 1-40 d were divided into the following four groups of 65 birds each:control group,which was fed the main diet(MD),and three experimental groups,which were fed MD supplemented with GLY,GLY+ANTs(enrofloxacin and colistin methanesulfonate),and GLY+AD(ammonium maduramicin),respectively.The results showed that the addition of GLY,GLY+ANTs,and GLY+AD caused significant changes in the expression of several genes of physiological and economic importance.In particular,genes related to inflammation and apoptosis(interleukin 6(IL6),prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2),and caspase 6(CASP6))were downregulated by up to 99.1%,and those related to antioxidant protection(catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)and peroxiredoxin 6(PRDX6))by up to 98.6%,compared to controls.There was also a significant decline in the values of immunological characteristics in the blood serum observed in the experimental groups,and certain changes in gene expression were concordant with changes in the functioning of the pancreas and blood.The changes revealed in gene expression and blood indices in response to GLY,ANTs,and AD provide insights into the possible mechanisms of action of these agents at the molecular level.Specifically,these changes may be indicative of physiological mechanisms to overcome the negative effects of GLY,GLY+ANTs,and GLY+AD in broilers.
基金supported by the Estonian Research Council(ETAG)[grants number PRG1808 and PRG1223].
文摘Gilia capitata Sims(Polemoniaceae)is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed in western North America and cultivated as an ornamental flower.The detailed chemical composition and pharmacological properties of this plant have not been previously reported.This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of aqueous-ethanolic extracts derived from different plant parts(herb,flowers,stems,roots,and fruits).HPLC analysis identified 12 phenolic compounds and 16 amino acids in the aqueous-ethanolic extracts obtained from these plant parts.The biological effects of the extracts were evaluated in vitro,including cytotoxicity,anti-inflammatory response,andwound-healing potential.The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring their effect on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes.Phagocytic activity was assessed using the neutral red uptake assay.HaCaT cell proliferation and migration were assessed to evaluate the wound-healing potential.Morphological changes in both cell lines were examined microscopically.Moreover,neurobehavioral effects were studied in vivo.The herb extracts significantly enhanced locomotor activity while preserving exploratory behaviour,suggesting a stimulating effect.G.capitata flower extracts caused a decrease in both locomotor and exploratory behaviour,demonstrating a moderate sedative effect.Fruit extracts significantly suppressed locomotor and exploratory activity,indicating a strong sedative effect.These findings indicated that G.capitata contains bioactive compounds with diverse pharmaceutical effects depending on the specific plant part and may have potential applications in medicine and pharmacology pending further research.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12250410244)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent of China(No.2023ZB884)+2 种基金the Foreign Expert Project funding of China(No.WGXZ2023017L)the Shuang-Chuang(SC)Doctor Program of Jiangsu Provincethe Longshan Scholar Program of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology。
文摘The unsteady magnetohydrodynamical(MHD)free convection flow of an incompressible,electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid within a vertical cylindrical geometry is investigated,incorporating the effects of thermal radiation,viscous dissipation,and internal heat generation.The system is subjected to a time-periodic boundary temperature condition.The Laplace and finite Hankel transforms are used to derive the exact solutions for the velocity and temperature distributions.The effects of various key physical parameters,including the Richardson number,the Eckert number,the radiation parameter,the heat source parameter,and the nanoparticle volume fraction,are considered.The numerical results reveal that increasing the volume fraction significantly enhances the thermal conductivity and temperature,while the magnetic field intensity and viscous dissipation strongly influence the fluid motion and heat transport.Additionally,the pulsating boundary conditions produce distinct oscillatory behaviors in both the velocity and temperature fields.These findings provide important insights into optimizing the heat transfer performance in cylindrical systems such as electronic cooling modules and energy storage devices operating under dynamic thermal conditions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2032101 and 11905306)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2022YFB2402602).
文摘The early stages of crystallization and occurrence of surface wrinkling were investigated using poly(butadiene)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)with an ordered lamellar structure.Direct evidence has demonstrated that surface wrinkling precedes nucleation and crystal growth.This study examined the relationship between surface wrinkling,nucleation,and the formation of crystalline supramolecular structures using atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray scattering measurements.Surface wrinkling is attributed to curving induced by accumulated stresses,including residual stress from the sample preparation and thermal stress during cooling.These stresses cause large-scale material flow and corresponding changes in the molecular conformations,potentially reducing the nucleation barrier.This hypothesis is supported by the rapid crystal growth observed following the spread of surface wrinkles.Additionally,the surface curving of the polymer thin film creates local minima of the free energy,facilitating nucleation.The nuclei subsequently grow into crystalline supramolecular structures by incorporating polymer molecules from the melt.This mechanism highlights the role of localized structural inhomogeneity in the early stages of crystallization and provides new insights into structure formation processes.
文摘The Arno River Basin(Central Italy)is affected by a considerable anthropogenic pressure due to the presence of large cities and widespread industrial and agricultural practices.In this work,26 water samples from the Arno River and its main tributaries were analyzed to assess the water pollution status.The geochemical composition of the Arno River changes from the source(dominated by a Ca-HCO_(3) facies)to the mouth(where a Na-Cl(SO4)chemistry prevails)with an increasing quality deterioration,as suggested by the Chemical Water Quality Index,due to anthropogenic contributions and seawater intrusion before flowing into the Ligurian Sea.The Ombrone and Usciana tributaries introduce anthropogenic pollutants into the Arno River,whilst Elsa tributary supplies significant contents of geogenic sulfate.The concentrations of dissolved nitrate and nitrite(up to 63 and 9 mg/L,respectively)and the respective isotopic values of𝛿15N and𝛿18O were also determined to understand origin and fate of the N-species in the Arno River Basin surface waters.The combined application of𝛿15N-NO_(3) and𝛿18O-NO_(3) and N-source apportionment modelling allowed the identification of soil organic nitrogen and sewage and domestic wastes as primary sources for dissolved NO_(3)-.The𝛿15N-NO_(2) and𝛿18O-NO_(2) values suggest that the nitrification process affects the ARB waters,thus controlling the abundances and proportion of the N-species.Our work indicates that additional efforts are needed to improve management strategies to reduce the release of nitrogenated species to the surface waters of the Arno River Basin,since little progress has been made from the early 2000s.
基金supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Government of Bangladesh
文摘In order to elucidate the role of antioxidant responses in salinity tolerance in rice genotypes under salt stress, experiments were conducted using four rice varieties, including salt-sensitive BRRI dhan 28 and three salt-tolerant varieties BRRI dhan 47, BINA dhan 8 and BINA dhan 10. Thirty-day-old rice seedlings were transplanted into pots. At the active tillering stage(35 d after transplanting), plants were exposed to different salinity levels(0, 20, 40 and 60 mmol/L NaCl). Salt stress caused a significant reduction in growth for all the rice genotypes. Growth reduction was higher in the salt-sensitive genotype than in the salt-tolerant ones, and BINA dhan 10 showed higher salt tolerance in all measured physiological parameters. The reduction in shoot and root biomass was found to be minimal in BINA dhan 10. Chlorophyll content significantly decreased under salt stress except for BINA dhan 10. Proline content significantly increased in salt-tolerant rice genotypes with increased salt concentration, and the highest proline content was obtained from BINA dhan 10 under salt stress. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities significantly decreased in salt-sensitive genotype whereas significantly increased in salt-tolerant ones with increasing salt concentration. However, salt stress significantly decreased guaiacol peroxidase activity in all the rice genotypes irrespective of salt tolerance. K^+/Na^+ ratio also significantly decreased in shoots and roots of all the rice genotypes. The salt-tolerant genotype BINA dhan 10 maintained higher levels of chlorophyll and proline contents as well as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities under salt stress, thus, this might be the underlying mechanism for salt tolerance.
文摘In this paper, we show that supercritical fluids have a greater significance in the generation of pegmatites,and for ore-forming processes related to granites than is usually assumed. We show that the supercritical melt or fluid is a silicate phase in which volatiles; principally H_2O are completely miscible in all proportions at magmatic temperatures and pressures. This phase evolves from felsic melts and changes into hydrothermal fluids, and its unique properties are particularly important in sequestering and concentrating low abundance elements, such as metals. In our past research, we have focused on processes observed at upper crustal levels, however extensive work by us and other researchers have demonstrated that supercritical melt/fluids should be abundant in melting zones at deep-crustal levels too. We propose that these fluids may provide a connecting link between lower and upper crustal magmas,and a highly efficient transport mechanism for usually melt incompatible elements. In this paper, we explore the unique features of this fluid which allow the partitioning of variouselements and compounds, potentially up to extreme levels,and may explain various features both of mineralization and the magmas that produced them.
