With the rapid expansion of drone applications,accurate detection of objects in aerial imagery has become crucial for intelligent transportation,urban management,and emergency rescue missions.However,existing methods ...With the rapid expansion of drone applications,accurate detection of objects in aerial imagery has become crucial for intelligent transportation,urban management,and emergency rescue missions.However,existing methods face numerous challenges in practical deployment,including scale variation handling,feature degradation,and complex backgrounds.To address these issues,we propose Edge-enhanced and Detail-Capturing You Only Look Once(EHDC-YOLO),a novel framework for object detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery.Based on the You Only Look Once version 11 nano(YOLOv11n)baseline,EHDC-YOLO systematically introduces several architectural enhancements:(1)a Multi-Scale Edge Enhancement(MSEE)module that leverages multi-scale pooling and edge information to enhance boundary feature extraction;(2)an Enhanced Feature Pyramid Network(EFPN)that integrates P2-level features with Cross Stage Partial(CSP)structures and OmniKernel convolutions for better fine-grained representation;and(3)Dynamic Head(DyHead)with multi-dimensional attention mechanisms for enhanced cross-scale modeling and perspective adaptability.Comprehensive experiments on the Vision meets Drones for Detection(VisDrone-DET)2019 dataset demonstrate that EHDC-YOLO achieves significant improvements,increasing mean Average Precision(mAP)@0.5 from 33.2%to 46.1%(an absolute improvement of 12.9 percentage points)and mAP@0.5:0.95 from 19.5%to 28.0%(an absolute improvement of 8.5 percentage points)compared with the YOLOv11n baseline,while maintaining a reasonable parameter count(2.81 M vs the baseline’s 2.58 M).Further ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each proposed component,while visualization results highlight EHDC-YOLO’s superior performance in detecting objects and handling occlusions in complex drone scenarios.展开更多
The volume of the metallic lithium anode in allsolid-state Li metal batteries increases significantly due to the lithium dendrite formation during the battery cycling,and the rough surface of lithium metal also reduce...The volume of the metallic lithium anode in allsolid-state Li metal batteries increases significantly due to the lithium dendrite formation during the battery cycling,and the rough surface of lithium metal also reduces Li-ion transport in Li/electrolyte interface.In this work,we developed a solid polymer composite by adding the lowcost Si_(3)N_(4)particles to protect the lithium anode in allsolid-state batteries.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)data show that the surface of 10 wt%Si_(3)N_(4)particles interacts with the polyethylene oxide(PEO)and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI)salt;the interaction restricts the anion mobility and improves the ionic conductivity(1×10^(-4)S·cm^(-1))and lithium-ion transference number(0.28)of the composite electrolyte.The lithium metal anode is well protected by the composite electrolyte in all-solid-state cells,including symmetric and Li/LiFePO_(4)cells.The lithium dendrite growth suppression by this composite electrolyte indicates the possible application of these low-cost composite electrolytes for lithium metal protection.展开更多
Constructing electrode materials with large capacity and good conductivity is an effective approach to improve the capacitor performance of asymmetric supercapacitors(ASCs).In this paper,ZnCo_(2)S_(4)core-shell nanosp...Constructing electrode materials with large capacity and good conductivity is an effective approach to improve the capacitor performance of asymmetric supercapacitors(ASCs).In this paper,ZnCo_(2)S_(4)core-shell nanospheres are constructed by two-step hydrothermal method.In order to improve the chemical activity of ZnCo_(2)S_(4),ZnCo_(2)S_(4)is activated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB).Then,MXene nanosheets are fixed on the surface of ZnCo_(2)S_(4)by electrostatic selfassembly method to improve the specific surface area of ZnCo_(2)S_(4)and MXene-wrapped ZnCo_(2)S_(4)composite is prepared in this work.Owing to the synergy effect between MXene nanosheets and ZnCo_(2)S_(4)core-shell nanospheres,the as-prepared composite displays fast ion transfer rate and charge/discharge process.The capacity of the MXenewrapped ZnCo_(2)S_(4)composite can reach 1072 F·g^(-1),which is far larger than that of ZnCo_(2)S_(4)(407 F·g^(-1))at 1 A·g^(-1).An ASC device is assembled,which delivers 1.7 V potential window and superior cyclic stability(95.41%capacitance retention).Furthermore,energy density of this device is up to 30.46 Wh·kg^(-1)at a power density of850 W·kg^(-1).The above results demonstrate that MXenewrapped ZnCo_(2)S_(4)composite has great application prospects in electrochemical energy storage field.展开更多
Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Ba...Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.展开更多
A certain amount of Ti was added to the plasma cladding Fe-Cr-C coating in the early stage in order to improve the quality and properties of the coating.Ti-Fe-Cr-C composite powder was prepared by precursor carbonizat...A certain amount of Ti was added to the plasma cladding Fe-Cr-C coating in the early stage in order to improve the quality and properties of the coating.Ti-Fe-Cr-C composite powder was prepared by precursor carbonization-composition process.In situ synthesized TiC-Fe-Cr coatings were fabricated on substrate of Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with the composite powder.Microstructures of the coatings with different process parameters,including cladding current,cladding speed,number of overlapping cladding layers,were analyzed by scanning electron microscope.The results show that the structure of the TiC-Fe-Cr coating is greatly affected by the cladding current,the cladding speed and the overlapping cladding process.In this test,when the cladding current of 300 A and the cladding process parameter of the cladding speed of 50 mm/min are clad with three layers,a well-formed and well-structured TiC-Fe-Cr coating can be obtained in this test.TiC-Fe-Cr coating has good wear resistance and good load characteristics under dry sliding wear test conditions.展开更多
Fe-Cr-Ti-C composite powder was synthesized by precursor carbonization-composition process using the mixture of ferrotitanium, chromium, iron powder and precursor sucrose as raw material. And then the Fe-Cr-Ti-C coati...Fe-Cr-Ti-C composite powder was synthesized by precursor carbonization-composition process using the mixture of ferrotitanium, chromium, iron powder and precursor sucrose as raw material. And then the Fe-Cr-Ti-C coating was prepared by reactive plasma cladding method. Microstructure of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the phases were determined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and the wear resistance was evaluated under dry sliding wear test conditions at room temperature. Results indicate that the composite coating consists of primary austenite and dendritic eutectic austenite, chrysanthemum-shaped eutectic （Cr, Fe ） 7 C3 and TiC carbide. TiC presents the gradient distribution and different shapes in the coating, corresponding to equiaxial structure both in fusion zone and central zone, while it presents dendritic structure on the surface, respectively. The wear mass loss is insensitive to load for the coating while it increases rapidly for Q235 steel base metal in this test. The wear mass loss ofQ235 steel is 14 times as that of the composite coating under applied load of 40 kg.展开更多
Defect existing form and its evolution play an important role in the thermoelectric transport process. Here different forms of Pb into the Sn Se system were introduced in order to improve the thermoelectric and mechan...Defect existing form and its evolution play an important role in the thermoelectric transport process. Here different forms of Pb into the Sn Se system were introduced in order to improve the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of Sn Se. Pb/Sn Se samples were fabricated by vacuum melting, solid phase diffusion,spark plasma sintering and annealing treatment. The element valence mapping diagram and the X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) characteristic peaks of Pb show that a certain amount of elemental Pb exists in the initial state, and evolves into Pb^(2+)ion after annealing treatment. The micro-structure evolution leads to significant enhancement of the power factor and the ZT value. The power factor(PF) and the ZT value for Pb/Sn Se increases to 623 μW/m/K^(2) and 1.12 at 773 K after annealing treatment, respectively.Compared with Sn Se matrix, the hardness and fracture toughness of Pb/Sn Se samples increased by about40% and 10%, respectively. Reasonable control of microstructure evolution is expected to be a design idea to improve thermoelectric and mechanical properties of Sn Se.展开更多
The intensification of energy crises and environmental pollution inspire researchers’attention to environment-friendly SnTe thermoelectric materials.In this work,we achieved a lower lattice thermal conductivity and o...The intensification of energy crises and environmental pollution inspire researchers’attention to environment-friendly SnTe thermoelectric materials.In this work,we achieved a lower lattice thermal conductivity and optimized the power factor via the synergistic optimization of bonding characteristic,VSn,and resonant level for the SnTe system,respectively.Pb-introduction produces weak bonding strength,mass fluctuation,and stress distortion,which result in lower thermal conductivity.The lowest lattice thermal conductivity achieves 0.66 W m^(–1) K^(–1) at 773 K.Further introduced VSn relieves loss of electrical conductivity caused by Pb-introduction,and it also makes the bigger g(E)and up-shift of resonance level.The VSn,enhanced g(E),and resonant level make electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient enhance simultaneously.Finally,the further optimization of thermal and electronic transport performance contributes to a higher ZT value of∼0.86 at 773 K in the Sn_(0.685)Pb_(0.285)In_(0.015)Te_(0.7)Se_(0.3) sample.The strategy of bonding characteristic,VSn,and resonant level synergistic engineering will be widely applicable to various TE systems for achieving better thermoelectric performance.展开更多
Fe-based alloy Fe-Cr-Ti-C composite layers with and without titanium （ other powder ingredients are about the same） were fabricated on Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with high-energy plasma jet as heat source...Fe-based alloy Fe-Cr-Ti-C composite layers with and without titanium （ other powder ingredients are about the same） were fabricated on Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with high-energy plasma jet as heat source. Microstructure , phase composition and micro-hardness of the layers were investigated by optical microscope （OM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, electron probe microanalysis （ EPMA ） and micro-hardness tester. The results show that the grains of the cladding layers with Ti are much finer than that of the Fe-based cladding layer without Ti. Compared with the cladding layers without Ti, there are more shingle crystals in the cladding layers with Ti and the hard phase （ Cr, Fe ） 7 C3 of the eutectic in the layers increase gradually. However, as increasing titanium content in the alloy powder, the hard phase （Cr, Fe ） 7 C3 in eutectic structure of the cladding layer increases gradually, restraining （ Cr, Fe ）7 C3 carbide precipitation and decreasing the average and maximum hardness of the cladding layer.展开更多
With the rapid economic growth and the deepening awareness of sustainable development,the demand for green and efficient energy storage equipment increases.As a promising energy storage and conversion device,zinc-air ...With the rapid economic growth and the deepening awareness of sustainable development,the demand for green and efficient energy storage equipment increases.As a promising energy storage and conversion device,zinc-air batteries(ZABs)have the advantages of high theoretical specific energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,the efficiency of ZABs is closely related to the electrocatalytic capacity of the air electrode due to its sluggish kinetics for oxygen reduction and evolution reaction(ORR/OER).Therefore,it is necessary to develop efficient catalysts to promote the reaction rate.Recently,cobalt-based materials have become a research hotspot for oxygen electrocatalysts owing to their rich natural content,high catalytic activity,and stability.In this review,the mechanisms of the OER/ORR reaction process,the catalyst's performance characterization,and the various combination methods with the current collector are systematically introduced and analyzed.Further,a broad overview of cobalt-based materials used as electrocatalysts for ZABs is presented,including cobalt-based perovskite,cobalt-nitrogen-carbon(Co-N-C)materials,cobalt oxides,cobalt-containing composite oxides,and cobalt sulfides/phosphides.Finally,various strategies for developing efficient electrocatalysts for ZABs are summarized,highlighting the challenges and future perspectives in designing novel catalysts.展开更多
文摘With the rapid expansion of drone applications,accurate detection of objects in aerial imagery has become crucial for intelligent transportation,urban management,and emergency rescue missions.However,existing methods face numerous challenges in practical deployment,including scale variation handling,feature degradation,and complex backgrounds.To address these issues,we propose Edge-enhanced and Detail-Capturing You Only Look Once(EHDC-YOLO),a novel framework for object detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery.Based on the You Only Look Once version 11 nano(YOLOv11n)baseline,EHDC-YOLO systematically introduces several architectural enhancements:(1)a Multi-Scale Edge Enhancement(MSEE)module that leverages multi-scale pooling and edge information to enhance boundary feature extraction;(2)an Enhanced Feature Pyramid Network(EFPN)that integrates P2-level features with Cross Stage Partial(CSP)structures and OmniKernel convolutions for better fine-grained representation;and(3)Dynamic Head(DyHead)with multi-dimensional attention mechanisms for enhanced cross-scale modeling and perspective adaptability.Comprehensive experiments on the Vision meets Drones for Detection(VisDrone-DET)2019 dataset demonstrate that EHDC-YOLO achieves significant improvements,increasing mean Average Precision(mAP)@0.5 from 33.2%to 46.1%(an absolute improvement of 12.9 percentage points)and mAP@0.5:0.95 from 19.5%to 28.0%(an absolute improvement of 8.5 percentage points)compared with the YOLOv11n baseline,while maintaining a reasonable parameter count(2.81 M vs the baseline’s 2.58 M).Further ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each proposed component,while visualization results highlight EHDC-YOLO’s superior performance in detecting objects and handling occlusions in complex drone scenarios.
基金the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan(No.2019GGX102016)。
文摘The volume of the metallic lithium anode in allsolid-state Li metal batteries increases significantly due to the lithium dendrite formation during the battery cycling,and the rough surface of lithium metal also reduces Li-ion transport in Li/electrolyte interface.In this work,we developed a solid polymer composite by adding the lowcost Si_(3)N_(4)particles to protect the lithium anode in allsolid-state batteries.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)data show that the surface of 10 wt%Si_(3)N_(4)particles interacts with the polyethylene oxide(PEO)and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI)salt;the interaction restricts the anion mobility and improves the ionic conductivity(1×10^(-4)S·cm^(-1))and lithium-ion transference number(0.28)of the composite electrolyte.The lithium metal anode is well protected by the composite electrolyte in all-solid-state cells,including symmetric and Li/LiFePO_(4)cells.The lithium dendrite growth suppression by this composite electrolyte indicates the possible application of these low-cost composite electrolytes for lithium metal protection.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2019XKQYMS16)
文摘Constructing electrode materials with large capacity and good conductivity is an effective approach to improve the capacitor performance of asymmetric supercapacitors(ASCs).In this paper,ZnCo_(2)S_(4)core-shell nanospheres are constructed by two-step hydrothermal method.In order to improve the chemical activity of ZnCo_(2)S_(4),ZnCo_(2)S_(4)is activated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB).Then,MXene nanosheets are fixed on the surface of ZnCo_(2)S_(4)by electrostatic selfassembly method to improve the specific surface area of ZnCo_(2)S_(4)and MXene-wrapped ZnCo_(2)S_(4)composite is prepared in this work.Owing to the synergy effect between MXene nanosheets and ZnCo_(2)S_(4)core-shell nanospheres,the as-prepared composite displays fast ion transfer rate and charge/discharge process.The capacity of the MXenewrapped ZnCo_(2)S_(4)composite can reach 1072 F·g^(-1),which is far larger than that of ZnCo_(2)S_(4)(407 F·g^(-1))at 1 A·g^(-1).An ASC device is assembled,which delivers 1.7 V potential window and superior cyclic stability(95.41%capacitance retention).Furthermore,energy density of this device is up to 30.46 Wh·kg^(-1)at a power density of850 W·kg^(-1).The above results demonstrate that MXenewrapped ZnCo_(2)S_(4)composite has great application prospects in electrochemical energy storage field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52004030)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KM202310016003)the Exchange Program of High-end Foreign Experts of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.G2022178013L)。
文摘Accidents in engineered systems are usually generated by complex socio-technical factors.It is beneficial to investigate the increasing complexity and coupling of these factors from the perspective of system safety.Based on system and control theories,System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes(STAMP)is a widely recognized approach for accident analysis.In this paper,we propose a STAMP-Game model to analyze accidents in oil and gas storage and transportation systems.Stakeholders in accident analysis by STAMP can be regarded as players of a game.Game theory can,thus,be adopted in accident analysis to depict the competition and cooperation between stakeholders.Subsequently,we established a game model to study the strategies of both supervisory and supervised entities.The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed game model allows for identifying the effectiveness deficiency of the supervisory entity,and the safety and protection altitudes of the supervised entity.The STAMP-Game model can generate quantitative parameters for supporting the behavior and strategy selections of the supervisory and supervised entities.The quantitative data obtained can be used to guide the safety improvement,to reduce the costs of safety regulation violation and accident risk.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51905382)the Cooperation in Production and Education by Ministry of Education (Grant No. 201802252016)Weifang University Distinguished Professor Support Programme
文摘A certain amount of Ti was added to the plasma cladding Fe-Cr-C coating in the early stage in order to improve the quality and properties of the coating.Ti-Fe-Cr-C composite powder was prepared by precursor carbonization-composition process.In situ synthesized TiC-Fe-Cr coatings were fabricated on substrate of Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with the composite powder.Microstructures of the coatings with different process parameters,including cladding current,cladding speed,number of overlapping cladding layers,were analyzed by scanning electron microscope.The results show that the structure of the TiC-Fe-Cr coating is greatly affected by the cladding current,the cladding speed and the overlapping cladding process.In this test,when the cladding current of 300 A and the cladding process parameter of the cladding speed of 50 mm/min are clad with three layers,a well-formed and well-structured TiC-Fe-Cr coating can be obtained in this test.TiC-Fe-Cr coating has good wear resistance and good load characteristics under dry sliding wear test conditions.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province （No. ZR2011EMM017 ）.
文摘Fe-Cr-Ti-C composite powder was synthesized by precursor carbonization-composition process using the mixture of ferrotitanium, chromium, iron powder and precursor sucrose as raw material. And then the Fe-Cr-Ti-C coating was prepared by reactive plasma cladding method. Microstructure of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the phases were determined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and the wear resistance was evaluated under dry sliding wear test conditions at room temperature. Results indicate that the composite coating consists of primary austenite and dendritic eutectic austenite, chrysanthemum-shaped eutectic （Cr, Fe ） 7 C3 and TiC carbide. TiC presents the gradient distribution and different shapes in the coating, corresponding to equiaxial structure both in fusion zone and central zone, while it presents dendritic structure on the surface, respectively. The wear mass loss is insensitive to load for the coating while it increases rapidly for Q235 steel base metal in this test. The wear mass loss ofQ235 steel is 14 times as that of the composite coating under applied load of 40 kg.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51772176)the Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province (No.2019JZZY010303)the Shandong Natural Science(No. ZR2015EM013)。
文摘Defect existing form and its evolution play an important role in the thermoelectric transport process. Here different forms of Pb into the Sn Se system were introduced in order to improve the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of Sn Se. Pb/Sn Se samples were fabricated by vacuum melting, solid phase diffusion,spark plasma sintering and annealing treatment. The element valence mapping diagram and the X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) characteristic peaks of Pb show that a certain amount of elemental Pb exists in the initial state, and evolves into Pb^(2+)ion after annealing treatment. The micro-structure evolution leads to significant enhancement of the power factor and the ZT value. The power factor(PF) and the ZT value for Pb/Sn Se increases to 623 μW/m/K^(2) and 1.12 at 773 K after annealing treatment, respectively.Compared with Sn Se matrix, the hardness and fracture toughness of Pb/Sn Se samples increased by about40% and 10%, respectively. Reasonable control of microstructure evolution is expected to be a design idea to improve thermoelectric and mechanical properties of Sn Se.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2106216,51971121)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020ME012)。
文摘The intensification of energy crises and environmental pollution inspire researchers’attention to environment-friendly SnTe thermoelectric materials.In this work,we achieved a lower lattice thermal conductivity and optimized the power factor via the synergistic optimization of bonding characteristic,VSn,and resonant level for the SnTe system,respectively.Pb-introduction produces weak bonding strength,mass fluctuation,and stress distortion,which result in lower thermal conductivity.The lowest lattice thermal conductivity achieves 0.66 W m^(–1) K^(–1) at 773 K.Further introduced VSn relieves loss of electrical conductivity caused by Pb-introduction,and it also makes the bigger g(E)and up-shift of resonance level.The VSn,enhanced g(E),and resonant level make electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient enhance simultaneously.Finally,the further optimization of thermal and electronic transport performance contributes to a higher ZT value of∼0.86 at 773 K in the Sn_(0.685)Pb_(0.285)In_(0.015)Te_(0.7)Se_(0.3) sample.The strategy of bonding characteristic,VSn,and resonant level synergistic engineering will be widely applicable to various TE systems for achieving better thermoelectric performance.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province （No. ZR2011EMM017）, Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program （No. J12LA56） and in part by NSFC （No. 51004077）.
文摘Fe-based alloy Fe-Cr-Ti-C composite layers with and without titanium （ other powder ingredients are about the same） were fabricated on Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with high-energy plasma jet as heat source. Microstructure , phase composition and micro-hardness of the layers were investigated by optical microscope （OM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, electron probe microanalysis （ EPMA ） and micro-hardness tester. The results show that the grains of the cladding layers with Ti are much finer than that of the Fe-based cladding layer without Ti. Compared with the cladding layers without Ti, there are more shingle crystals in the cladding layers with Ti and the hard phase （ Cr, Fe ） 7 C3 of the eutectic in the layers increase gradually. However, as increasing titanium content in the alloy powder, the hard phase （Cr, Fe ） 7 C3 in eutectic structure of the cladding layer increases gradually, restraining （ Cr, Fe ）7 C3 carbide precipitation and decreasing the average and maximum hardness of the cladding layer.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB1506002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21975143).
文摘With the rapid economic growth and the deepening awareness of sustainable development,the demand for green and efficient energy storage equipment increases.As a promising energy storage and conversion device,zinc-air batteries(ZABs)have the advantages of high theoretical specific energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,the efficiency of ZABs is closely related to the electrocatalytic capacity of the air electrode due to its sluggish kinetics for oxygen reduction and evolution reaction(ORR/OER).Therefore,it is necessary to develop efficient catalysts to promote the reaction rate.Recently,cobalt-based materials have become a research hotspot for oxygen electrocatalysts owing to their rich natural content,high catalytic activity,and stability.In this review,the mechanisms of the OER/ORR reaction process,the catalyst's performance characterization,and the various combination methods with the current collector are systematically introduced and analyzed.Further,a broad overview of cobalt-based materials used as electrocatalysts for ZABs is presented,including cobalt-based perovskite,cobalt-nitrogen-carbon(Co-N-C)materials,cobalt oxides,cobalt-containing composite oxides,and cobalt sulfides/phosphides.Finally,various strategies for developing efficient electrocatalysts for ZABs are summarized,highlighting the challenges and future perspectives in designing novel catalysts.
