In the exploration of celestial bodies,such as Mars,the Moon,and asteroids,X-ray fluorescence analysis has emerged as a critical tool for elemental analysis.However,the varying selection rules and excitation sources i...In the exploration of celestial bodies,such as Mars,the Moon,and asteroids,X-ray fluorescence analysis has emerged as a critical tool for elemental analysis.However,the varying selection rules and excitation sources introduce complexity.Specifically,these discrepancies can cause variations in the intensities of the characteristic spectral lines emitted by identical elements.These variations,compounded by the minimal energy spacing between these spectral lines,pose substantial challenges for conventional silicon drift detectors(SDD),hindering their ability to accurately differentiate these lines and provide detailed insights into the material structure.To overcome this challenge,a cryogenic X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensor(TES)detector arrays is required to achieve precise measurements.This study measured and analyzed the K-edge characteristic lines of copper and the diverse L-edge characteristic lines of tungsten using a comparative analysis of the electron and X-ray excitation processes.For the electron excitation experiments,copper and tungsten targets were employed as X-ray sources,as they emit distinctive X-ray spectra upon electron-beam bombardment.In the photon excitation experiments,a molybdenum target was used to produce a continuous spectrum with the prominent Mo Kαlines to emit pure copper and tungsten samples.TES detectors were used for the comparative spectroscopic analysis.The initial comparison revealed no substantial differences in the Kαand Kβlines of copper across different excitation sources.Similarly,the Lαlines of tungsten exhibited uniformity under different excitation sources.However,this investigation revealed pronounced differences within the Lβline series.The study found that XRF spectra preferentially excite outer-shell electrons,in contrast to intrinsic spectra,owing to different photon and electron interaction mechanisms.Photon interactions are selection-ruledependent and involve a single electron,whereas electron interactions can involve multiple electrons without such limitations.This leads to varied excitation transitions,as evidenced in the observed Lβline series.展开更多
A transition edge sensor(TES)is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature,and combined with a high-Z metal of a certain thickness,it can realize high-energy resolution measurements of particles such as X-rays.X-ra...A transition edge sensor(TES)is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature,and combined with a high-Z metal of a certain thickness,it can realize high-energy resolution measurements of particles such as X-rays.X-rays with energies below 10 keV have a weak penetrating ability,hence,only gold or bismuth of a few micrometers in thickness can guarantee a quantum efficiency higher than 70%.Therefore,the entire structure of the TES X-ray detector in this energy range can be realized using a microfabrication process.However,for X-rays or γ-rays from 10 keV to 200 keV,submillimeter absorber layers are required,which cannot be realized using the microfabrication process.This paper first briefly introduces a set of TES X-ray detectors and their auxiliary systems,and then focuses on the introduction of the TES γ-ray detector with an absorber based on a submillimeter lead-tin alloy sphere.The detector achieved a quantum efficiency above 70% near 100 keV and an energy resolution of approximately 161.5 eV at 59.5 keV.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFF0608303)the National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project(No.11927805)+4 种基金the NSFC Young Scientists Fund(No.12005134)the Shanghai-XFEL Beamline Project(SBP)(No.31011505505885920161A2101001)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX02)the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and CosmologyMinistry of Education of China。
文摘In the exploration of celestial bodies,such as Mars,the Moon,and asteroids,X-ray fluorescence analysis has emerged as a critical tool for elemental analysis.However,the varying selection rules and excitation sources introduce complexity.Specifically,these discrepancies can cause variations in the intensities of the characteristic spectral lines emitted by identical elements.These variations,compounded by the minimal energy spacing between these spectral lines,pose substantial challenges for conventional silicon drift detectors(SDD),hindering their ability to accurately differentiate these lines and provide detailed insights into the material structure.To overcome this challenge,a cryogenic X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensor(TES)detector arrays is required to achieve precise measurements.This study measured and analyzed the K-edge characteristic lines of copper and the diverse L-edge characteristic lines of tungsten using a comparative analysis of the electron and X-ray excitation processes.For the electron excitation experiments,copper and tungsten targets were employed as X-ray sources,as they emit distinctive X-ray spectra upon electron-beam bombardment.In the photon excitation experiments,a molybdenum target was used to produce a continuous spectrum with the prominent Mo Kαlines to emit pure copper and tungsten samples.TES detectors were used for the comparative spectroscopic analysis.The initial comparison revealed no substantial differences in the Kαand Kβlines of copper across different excitation sources.Similarly,the Lαlines of tungsten exhibited uniformity under different excitation sources.However,this investigation revealed pronounced differences within the Lβline series.The study found that XRF spectra preferentially excite outer-shell electrons,in contrast to intrinsic spectra,owing to different photon and electron interaction mechanisms.Photon interactions are selection-ruledependent and involve a single electron,whereas electron interactions can involve multiple electrons without such limitations.This leads to varied excitation transitions,as evidenced in the observed Lβline series.
基金supported by the National major scientific research instrument development project(No.11927805)National Natural Science Foundation of China Young Scientists Fund(No.12005134)+2 种基金Shanghai-XFEL Beamline Project(SBP)(No.31011505505885920161A2101001)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX02)Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.20PJ1410900).
文摘A transition edge sensor(TES)is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature,and combined with a high-Z metal of a certain thickness,it can realize high-energy resolution measurements of particles such as X-rays.X-rays with energies below 10 keV have a weak penetrating ability,hence,only gold or bismuth of a few micrometers in thickness can guarantee a quantum efficiency higher than 70%.Therefore,the entire structure of the TES X-ray detector in this energy range can be realized using a microfabrication process.However,for X-rays or γ-rays from 10 keV to 200 keV,submillimeter absorber layers are required,which cannot be realized using the microfabrication process.This paper first briefly introduces a set of TES X-ray detectors and their auxiliary systems,and then focuses on the introduction of the TES γ-ray detector with an absorber based on a submillimeter lead-tin alloy sphere.The detector achieved a quantum efficiency above 70% near 100 keV and an energy resolution of approximately 161.5 eV at 59.5 keV.
