The use of green manures contributes to sustainable soil and nutrient management in agriculture;however, the responses of soil microbial communities to different fertilization regimes at the regional scale are uncerta...The use of green manures contributes to sustainable soil and nutrient management in agriculture;however, the responses of soil microbial communities to different fertilization regimes at the regional scale are uncertain. A study was undertaken across multiple sites and years in Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan,Hubei, and Fujian provinces of South China to investigate the effects of green manuring on the structure and function of soil bacterial communities in rice-green manure cropping systems. The study included four treatments: winter fallow with no chemical fertilizer as a control(NF), milk vetch as green manure without chemical fertilizer(GM), winter fallow and chemical fertilizer(CF), and a combination of chemical fertilizer and milk vetch(GMCF).Significant differences were found in the responses of soil microbial communities at different sites, with sampling sites explaining 72.33%(F = 36.59,P = 0.001) of the community composition variation. The bacterial communities in the soils from Anhui, Henan, and Hubei were broadly similar, while those from Hunan were distinctly different from other locations. The analysis of Weighted UniFrac distances showed that milk vetch changed soil microbial communities compared with winter fallow. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi predominated in these paddy soils;however, the application of green manures increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. There was evidence showing that the functional microbes which play important roles in the cycling of soil carbon, nitrogen(N), and sulfur(S) changed after several years of milk vetch utilization(linear discriminant analysis score > 2). The abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria and S-reducing bacteria increased, and microbes involved in N fixation, nitrification, and denitrification also increased in some provinces. We concluded that the application of milk vetch changed the bacterial community structure and affected the functional groups related to nutrient transformation in soils at a regional scale.展开更多
Returning rice straw and leguminous green manure alone or in combination to soil is effective in improving soil fertility in South China.Despite the popularity of this practice,our understanding o f the underlying pro...Returning rice straw and leguminous green manure alone or in combination to soil is effective in improving soil fertility in South China.Despite the popularity of this practice,our understanding o f the underlying processes for straw and manure combined application is relatively poor.In this study,rice straw(carbon(C)/nitrogen(N)ratio of 63),green manure(hairy vetch,C/N ratio of 14),and their mixtures(C/N ratio of 25 and 35)were added into a paddy soil,and their effects on soil N availability and C or N loss under waterlogged conditions were evaluated in a 100-d incubation experiment.All plant residue treatments significantly enhanced C〇2 and CH4 emissions,but decreased N2O emission.Dissolved organic C(DOC)and N(DON)and microbial biomass C in soil and water-soluble organic C and N and mineral N in the upper aqueous layer above soil were also enhanced by all the plant residue treatments except the rice straw treatment,and soil microbial biomass N and mineral N were lower in the rice straw treatment than in the other treatments.Changes in plant residue C/N ratio,DOC/DON ratio,and cellulose content significantly affected greenhouse gas emissions and active C and N concentrations in soil.Additionally,the treatment with green manure alone yielded the largest C and N losses,and incorporation of the plant residue mixture with a C/N ratio of 35 caused the largest net global warming potential(nGWP)among the amended treatments.In conclusion,the co-incorporation of rice straw and green manure can alleviate the limitation resulting from only applying rice straw(N immobilization)or the sole application of leguminous green manure(high C and N losses),and the residue mixture with a C/N ratio of 25 is a better option because of lower nGWP.展开更多
Two novel two-dimensional(2D)supramolecular organic frameworks were fabricated in water based on the encapsulation-enhanced donor-acceptor interaction between the methyl viologen(MV)units,methoxy naphthyl(MN)units,and...Two novel two-dimensional(2D)supramolecular organic frameworks were fabricated in water based on the encapsulation-enhanced donor-acceptor interaction between the methyl viologen(MV)units,methoxy naphthyl(MN)units,and CB[8].The tetraphenylethylene(TPE)derivatives 1 with four MV units were employed as rigid building blocks and the two MN units modified oligoethylene glycol derivatives 2 and 3 served as flexible edges,respectively.The obtained two SOFs have obvious sheet-like structures and exhibit fluorescence emission at 350-500 nm.In addition,these two SOFs were employed for the luminescent detection of Cr(Ⅵ)and Mn(Ⅶ)in aqueous solutions,and the detection limits of CrO_(4)^(2-),Cr_(2)_(O)_(7)^(2-),and MnO_(4)were calculated in a very low concentration range,indicating that these two SOFs can serve as a potential sensor for Cr(Ⅵ)and Mn(Ⅶ)detection in water.This work constructs two SOFs in an aqueous solution through a facile method and further enriches the applications of SOFs.展开更多
Sustainable agriculture plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for food while minimizing adverse environmental impacts from the overuse of synthetic pesticides and conventional fertilizers.In this c...Sustainable agriculture plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for food while minimizing adverse environmental impacts from the overuse of synthetic pesticides and conventional fertilizers.In this context,renewable biopolymers being more sustainable offer a viable solution to improve agricultural sustainability and production.Nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers are among these innovative biopolymers that are much sought after for their unique features.These biomaterials have complex hierarchical structures,great stability,adjustable mechanical strength,stimuli-responsiveness,and self-healing attributes.Functional molecules may be added to their flexible structure,for enabling novel agricultural uses.This overview scrutinizes how nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers may radically alter farming practices and solve lingering problems in agricultural sector namely improve agricultural production,soil health,and resource efficiency.Controlled bioactive ingredient released from biopolymers allows the tailored administration of agrochemicals,bioactive agents,and biostimulators as they enhance nutrient absorption,moisture retention,and root growth.Nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers may protect crops by appending antimicrobials and biosensing entities while their eco-friendliness supports sustainable agriculture.Despite their potential,further studies are warranted to understand and optimize their usage in agricultural domain.This effort seeks to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating their applications,challenges,and future prospects in the agricultural sector.Through experimental investigations and theoretical modeling,this overview aims to provide valuable insights into the practical implementation and optimization of supramolecular biopolymers in sustainable agriculture,ultimately contributing to the development of innovative and eco-friendly solutions to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact.展开更多
Several in vitro fermentation studies had demonstrated the efficacy of Mootral, a patent-pending natural feed supplement, in reducing methane gas production. In order to test the supplement’s application in a commerc...Several in vitro fermentation studies had demonstrated the efficacy of Mootral, a patent-pending natural feed supplement, in reducing methane gas production. In order to test the supplement’s application in a commercial farm, Jersey (n = 121) and Holstein-Friesian (HF, n = 275) lactating cows received 500 g of pellets containing 3% Mootral powder for 12 weeks. Their enteric methane gas production was monitored using a hand-held laser methane detector. During 7 weeks of pre-Mootral supplementation period, dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk quality (fat, protein, urea, pH, bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC)) were monitored for both herds and continued during 12 weeks of Mootral supplementation (Mootral period), and 4 weeks after withdrawal of Mootral (post-Mootral period). Feed samples were analysed during each period, and feed efficiencies (FE) for each herd were calculated. Compared to the baseline, the methane gas produced by the Jersey and HF cows during the Mootral period were lower by 38.3% and 20.7% (p < 0.05), respectively. DMI for Jerseys were greatest during the pre-Mootral period (p < 0.05), while no difference was recorded for the HF cows. Milk yield increased significantly (p < 0.05) for both herds during Mootral supplementation. FE increased significantly for the Jersey herd during the Mootral and post-Mootral periods (p < 0.05). Statistically significant changes were detected for urea in both herds, and BTSCC for HF cows, but these did not adversely affect milk quality. Results demonstrated Mootral reduces enteric methane production in lactating cows while increasing milk yield without affecting milk quality.展开更多
Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from thei...Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from their complex compound into simple one by the action of microbes or other living organisms.Moreover,lignocellulosic biomass is a major part of the biodegradable waste and belongs to the group of renewable energy source,which can be very effective for bioenergy production.Biomasses are made up of different compounds such as cellulose,hemicelluloses,lignin and protein.Apart from these components,based on the structural analysis biomass also consist of bioactive substances such as carotenoids,flavonoids,lignin and antioxidants.This review explores a complete overview of the classification,component and the structure of the biomass.Moreover,it discusses how biomasses can play the key role of substrate in many sectors such as industrial bioenergy production including gaseous and liquid biofuels.展开更多
Breast cancer,also recognized as the principal cause of cancer-related deaths among women,is the second most familiar and prevalent form of cancer.New diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that are highly specific are ...Breast cancer,also recognized as the principal cause of cancer-related deaths among women,is the second most familiar and prevalent form of cancer.New diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that are highly specific are urgently needed for its early prognosis.MicroRNAs(miRNAs),a class of non-coding RNAs,are known to control the biological processes involving transcription,post-transcriptional and covalent modifications,splicing,translation,cell differentiation,proliferation,apoptosis,cancer progression,and invasion.Any dysregulation in miRNA expression,demonstrating their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions,contributes to cancer progression.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),an‘onco-miR’in breast cancer,is involved in tumor progression and metastasis by suppressing the activity of the target gene via its interaction with the 3’UTR of the target gene.The upregulation of miR-21 is observed in many instances of breast cancer.Our review aims to summarize the current understanding of miR-21 in the regulation of important cellular functions via regulation of its target genes.We discuss its biosynthesis,oncogenic function in breast cancer,and different methods used for its detection.This will increase the current understanding of the role of miR-21 in breast cancer tumorigenesis,which will offer a perception of using miR-21 as an early detection molecular prognostic and diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in breast cancer care.展开更多
MXenes are emerging transition metal carbides and nitrides-based 2D conductive materials.They have found wide applications in sensors due to their excellent valuable properties.This paper reviews the recent research s...MXenes are emerging transition metal carbides and nitrides-based 2D conductive materials.They have found wide applications in sensors due to their excellent valuable properties.This paper reviews the recent research status of MXene-based electrochemical(bio)sensors for detecting biomarkers,pesticides,and other aspects.The first part of this paper introduced the synthesis strategy and the effect of surface modification on various prop-erties of MXenes.The second part of this paper discussed the application of MXenes as electrode modifiers for detecting pesticides,environmental pollutants,and biomarkers such as glucose,hydrogen peroxide,etc.Hope this review will inspire more efforts toward research on MXene-based sensors to meet the growing requirements.展开更多
Background: There is considerable interest in implementing mobile scanning technology for on-farm body composition analysis on live animals.These experiments evaluated the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) ...Background: There is considerable interest in implementing mobile scanning technology for on-farm body composition analysis on live animals.These experiments evaluated the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) as an accurate method of total body fat measurement in live sheep.Results: In Exp.1,visceral and whole body fat analysis was undertaken in sheep with body condition scores(BCS)in the range 2 to 3.25(scale 1: thin to 5: fat).The relationship of BCS was moderately correlated with visceral fat depot mass(r = 0.59,P < 0.01,n = 24) and whole body fat(r = 0.70,P < 0.001,n = 24).In Exp.2,sheep with BCS in the range 2.25 to 3.75 were blood sampled to analyse circulating leptin concentrations,and were DXA scanned immediately post mortem for total body fat.Plasma leptin concentrations had low correlations with BCS(r = 0.50,P < 0.05,n = 17) and DXA body fat(r = 0.42,P < 0.05,n = 17),and no correlation with chemical body fat(r = 0.17,P > 0.05,n = 9).There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS(r = 0.70,P < 0.01,n = 17),and DXA body fat was highly correlated with chemical body fat(r = 0.81,P < 0.001,n = 9).In Exp.3,a series of five DXA scans,at 8-week intervals,was performed on growing sheep over a 32-week period.The average BCS ranged from 2.39 ± 0.07(S.E.M.) to 3.05 ± 0.11 and the DXA body fat(%) ranged from 16.8 ± 0.8 to 24.2 ± 1.2.There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS over the 32 weeks(r = 0.61,P < 0.001,n = 24).Conclusions: Overall,these experiments indicated that there was good agreement between BCS,DXA and chemical analysis for measuring total body fat in sheep,and that DXA scanning is a valid method for longitudinal measurement of total body fat in live sheep.展开更多
Machine learning(ML)has emerged as a significant tool in the field of biorefinery,offering the capability to analyze and predict complex processes with efficiency.This article reviews the current state of biorefinery ...Machine learning(ML)has emerged as a significant tool in the field of biorefinery,offering the capability to analyze and predict complex processes with efficiency.This article reviews the current state of biorefinery and its classification,highlighting various commercially successful biorefineries.Further,we delve into different categories of ML models,including their algorithms and applications in various stages of biorefinery lifecycle,such as biomass characterization,pretreatment,lignin valorization,chemical,thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes,supply chain analysis,and life cycle assessment.The benefits and limitations of each of these algorithms are discussed in detail.Finally,the article concludes with a discussion of the limitations and future prospects of ML in the field of biorefineries.展开更多
Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other...Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other actors in the livestock value chains.The long-term natural selection of African cattle typically signals signatures in the genome,contributes to high genetic differentiations across breeds.This has enabled them to develop unique adaptive traits to cope with inadequate feed supply,high temperatures,high internal and external parasites,and diseases.However,these unique cattle genetic resources are threatened by indiscriminate cross-breeding,breed replacements with exotic cosmopolitan breeds,and climate change pressures.Although there are no functional genomics studies,recent advancements in genotyping and sequencing technologies have identified and annotated limited functional genes and causal variants associated with unique adaptive and economical traits of African cattle populations.These genome-wide variants serve as candidates for breed improvement and support conservation efforts for endangered cattle breeds against future climate changes.Therefore,this review plans to collate comprehensive information on the identified selection footprints to support genomic studies in African cattle to confirm the validity of the results and provide a framework for further genetic association and QTL fine mapping studies.展开更多
Biocomposites as bio-inspired materials are produced from renewable resources that are organic and ecofriendly alternative materials.To improve the lifestyle of human beings as well as enhancing the environmental indi...Biocomposites as bio-inspired materials are produced from renewable resources that are organic and ecofriendly alternative materials.To improve the lifestyle of human beings as well as enhancing the environmental indices,functional bio-materials are now implemented in various promising industries.This work has systematically discussed and highlighted the implementations and trends of functional bionic materials in high tech industries,which are necessary for developing modern societies.Various medical,electronic,food and pharmaceutical applications have been considered.Bio-inspired materials are used to develop more sustainable possibilities to increase environmental conservation while maintaining customer satisfaction.Biopolymers were found employed in several sectors for various functional bio-products including organic thin-film transistors,organic phototransistor,emitting diodes,photodiodes,photovoltaic solar cells,hybrid dental resins,sustainable pharmaceuticals,and food packaging.They are used to create sustainable bio-products for energy storage and harvesting,bone regeneration,nerve damage repair,drug applications and various other industrial subcategories.展开更多
Coronaviruses are responsible for a developing budgetary,human and fatality trouble,as the causative factor of infections,for example,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).It has been well recogn...Coronaviruses are responsible for a developing budgetary,human and fatality trouble,as the causative factor of infections,for example,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).It has been well recognized that SARS-CoV-2 may survive under severe atmosphere circumstances.Hence,efficient containment approaches,for example,sanitizing,are crucial.Commonly,living compounds contribute a substance of chemical heterogeneity,with antiviral movement,and therefore can have efficacy as therapeutic tools toward coronavirus diseases.Here,in this review article,we have described the antimicrobialbased materials,which can be used to inhibit the spreading of the COVID-19.We have categorized these materials in three sections;(i)antimicrobial wall paint,(ii)antimicrobial papers and(iii)antimicrobial materials surface coating to be utilized as the antimicrobial-based materials for controlling the COVID-19.In the last section,we have given the concluding remarks with prospects in this area.展开更多
Custard apple is a dry land fruit.Its leaves exhibit different pharmacological activities.In the present study,both silver(Ag)nanoparticles and chitosan-coated Ag(Chi-Ag)nanoparticles were fabricated using the aqueous...Custard apple is a dry land fruit.Its leaves exhibit different pharmacological activities.In the present study,both silver(Ag)nanoparticles and chitosan-coated Ag(Chi-Ag)nanoparticles were fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of the custard apple plant.During preliminary phytochemical analysis,various types of phytocompounds were found in the aqueous leaf extract of the same plant.Next,both nanoparticles were physiochemically characterized.FTIR analysis exhibited the fingerprint vibrational peaks of active bioactive compounds in plant extract,Ag nanoparticles,and Chi-Ag nanoparticles.UV/Visible spectral analysis revealed the highest absorbance peak at 419 nm,indicating the presence of Ag nanoparticles.XRD analysis presented the face-centered cubic(FCC)structure of both prepared nanomaterials.Further,the average crystalline size of both Ag nanoparticles and Chi-Ag nanoparticles was calculated to be 23 and 74 nm,respectively.FESEM analysis showed the spherical and cubical shapes of Ag nanoparticles and Chi-Ag nanoparticles,respectively.EDS analysis indicated a peak around 3.29 keV,conforming to the binding energies of Ag ions.The biogenic nanomaterial also showed strong antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial pathogens.展开更多
A recent study by T olgyesi et al.[1]assessed the global poten tial of ecosystem restoration to mitigate climate change,concluding that restored ecosystems have very limited carbon sequestration potential(here referri...A recent study by T olgyesi et al.[1]assessed the global poten tial of ecosystem restoration to mitigate climate change,concluding that restored ecosystems have very limited carbon sequestration potential(here referring to the net long-term uptake and storage of atmospheric CO_(2)in biomass and soils),compared to historical human carbon emissions.While this key message of their work may be valid,we need to highlight several important limitations in commonly used assumptions when such modeling approaches are applied to anthropogenically converted wetlands and peatlands.展开更多
Transcriptome-wide association study(TWAs)is a powerful approach for investigating the molecular mechanisms linking genetic loci to com-plex phenotypes.However,the complexity of the TWAS analytical pipeline,including ...Transcriptome-wide association study(TWAs)is a powerful approach for investigating the molecular mechanisms linking genetic loci to com-plex phenotypes.However,the complexity of the TWAS analytical pipeline,including the construction of gene expression reference panels,gene expression prediction,and association analysis using data from genome-wide association studies(GWASs),poses challenges for genetic studies in many species.In this study,we provide the Farm Animal Genotype-Tissue Expression(FarmGTEx)TWAS-server,an interactive and user-friendly multispecies platform designed to streamline the translation of genetic findings across tissues and species.The server incorpo-rates gene expression data from 49 human tissues(838 individuals),34 pig tissues(5457 individuals),and 23 cattle tissues(4889 individuals),providing prediction models for 38,180 human genes,21,037 pig genes,and 17,942 cattle genes.It supports genotype-based gene expression prediction,GWAS summary statistics imputation,customizable TWAS analysis,functional annotation,and result visualization.Additionally,we provide 479,203,1208,and 657 tissue-gene-trait associations for 1129 human traits,41 cattle traits,and 11 pig traits,respectively.Utilizing the TWAS-server,we validated the association of the ABCD4 gene with pig teat number.Furthermore,we identified that pig backfat thickness may share genetic similarities with human diastolic blood pressure,sarcoidosis(Lofgren syndrome),and body mass index.The FarmGTEx TWAS-server offers a comprehensive and accessible platform for researchers to perform TWAS analyses across tissues and species.It is freely avail-able at https:/twas.farmgtex.org,with regular updates planned as the FarmGTEx project expands to include more species.展开更多
The functional performance of soil ecosystems following disturbance determines ecosystem stability,and although contributions of bacterivorous nematodes to soil ecosystems are recognized,their roles in functional stab...The functional performance of soil ecosystems following disturbance determines ecosystem stability,and although contributions of bacterivorous nematodes to soil ecosystems are recognized,their roles in functional stability have received little attention.The objective of this study was to evaluate the roles of bacterivorous nematodes in functional stability following stress.In a factorial laboratory experiment,soil microcosms were prepared with two levels of nematode abundance,either an enriched abundance of bacterivores(Nema soil)or background abundance of nematodes(CK soil),and three levels of stress,copper,heat,or an unstressed control.The resistance and resilience of nematode abundance,as well as soil microbial function by determining decomposition of plant residues and microbial substrate utilization pattern using a BIOLOG microplate,were followed post stress.The relative changes of two dominant bacterivores,Acrobeloides and Protorhabditis,responded differently to stresses.The resistance and resilience of Protorhabditis were greater than that of Acrobeloides to copper stress during the whole incubation period,while both bacterivores only showed higher resilience under heat stress at the end of incubation.The enrichment of bacterivores had no significant effects on the soil microbial resistance but significantly increased its resilience to copper stress.Under heat stress,the positive effect of bacterivores on soil resilience was only evident from 28 days to the end of incubation.The differences in the responses of soil function to stress with or without bacterivores suggested that soil nematodes could be conducive to ecosystem stability,highlighting the soil fauna should be taken into account in soil sustainable management.展开更多
Despite metal oxides offer excellent characteristics in the field of photocatalysis,they often suffer from charge carrier recombination as well as limited visible response,which indeed reduce the charge kinetics proce...Despite metal oxides offer excellent characteristics in the field of photocatalysis,they often suffer from charge carrier recombination as well as limited visible response,which indeed reduce the charge kinetics process and ultimately reduce the photocatalytic output.Defect engineering is a sophisticated technique to manufacture defects and alter the geometric structure and chemical environment of the host.The present study provides an all-inclusive outline of recent developments on the classification of metal oxide defects based on the dimensions of a host crystal lattice.Precisely,surface modification of metal oxides through 0D(point),1D(line),2D(planar),and 3D(volume)defects with their subsequent mechanism and impact on photocatalytic performance are presented.By wisely amending the morphology(cores along with the shells)and electronic structure of metal oxide photocatalysts(TiO_(2),ZnO,Bi_(2)O_(3),Fe_(2)O_(4) etc.)through different attuned and veritable approaches,their photocatalytic activity can be substantially improved.Optimal studies on defect engineering not only expose the altered physicochemical features but also modulate the electron-hole pair dynamics,stability,and active radical production for various photoredox reactions.Altered atomic,as well as electronic configuration,facilitated a photocatalyst material to have different optical features,adsorption properties along with improved carrier transfer as well as isolation rate.Thus,the systematic exploration of photocatalytic rudiments of defect rich metal oxide for various applications such as H_(2) evolution,CO_(2) reduction,pollutant degradation,and bacterial disinfection could bring significant research advancement in this field.展开更多
There has been a significant scope toward the cutting-edge in-vestigations in hierarchical carbon nanostructured electrodes originating from cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers,available from natural cel...There has been a significant scope toward the cutting-edge in-vestigations in hierarchical carbon nanostructured electrodes originating from cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers,available from natural cellulose and bacterial cellulose.Elements of energy storage systems(ESSs)are typically established upon inorganic/metal mixtures,carbonaceous implications,and petroleum-derived hydrocarbon chem-icals.However,these conventional substances may need help fulfilling the ever-increasing needs of ESSs.Nanocellulose has grown significantly as an impressive 1D element due to its natural availability,eco-friend-liness,recyclability,structural identity,simple transformation,and dimensional durability.Here,in this review article,we have discussed the role and overview of cellulose-based hydrogels in ESSs.Additionally,the extraction sources and solvents used for dissolution have been dis-cussed in detail.Finally,the properties(such as self-healing,trans-parency,strength and swelling behavior),and applications(such as flexible batteries,fuel cells,solar cells,flexible supercapacitors and carbon-based derived from cellulose)in energy storage devices and conclusion with existing challenges have been updated with recent findings.展开更多
Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological,resilient and sustainable farming systems.One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping system...Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological,resilient and sustainable farming systems.One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures.Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops.Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition,Complementarity,Cooperation,and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle.Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time,the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources(e.g.,nutrients,water,space,light)than others.Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space,time or form.Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s).Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s)because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress.The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.展开更多
基金supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System-Green Manure,China (No.CARS-22)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42007071)。
文摘The use of green manures contributes to sustainable soil and nutrient management in agriculture;however, the responses of soil microbial communities to different fertilization regimes at the regional scale are uncertain. A study was undertaken across multiple sites and years in Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan,Hubei, and Fujian provinces of South China to investigate the effects of green manuring on the structure and function of soil bacterial communities in rice-green manure cropping systems. The study included four treatments: winter fallow with no chemical fertilizer as a control(NF), milk vetch as green manure without chemical fertilizer(GM), winter fallow and chemical fertilizer(CF), and a combination of chemical fertilizer and milk vetch(GMCF).Significant differences were found in the responses of soil microbial communities at different sites, with sampling sites explaining 72.33%(F = 36.59,P = 0.001) of the community composition variation. The bacterial communities in the soils from Anhui, Henan, and Hubei were broadly similar, while those from Hunan were distinctly different from other locations. The analysis of Weighted UniFrac distances showed that milk vetch changed soil microbial communities compared with winter fallow. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi predominated in these paddy soils;however, the application of green manures increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. There was evidence showing that the functional microbes which play important roles in the cycling of soil carbon, nitrogen(N), and sulfur(S) changed after several years of milk vetch utilization(linear discriminant analysis score > 2). The abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria and S-reducing bacteria increased, and microbes involved in N fixation, nitrification, and denitrification also increased in some provinces. We concluded that the application of milk vetch changed the bacterial community structure and affected the functional groups related to nutrient transformation in soils at a regional scale.
基金This work was supported by the China Agriculture Research System-Green Manure,the Virtual Joint Nitrogen Centre(N-Circle)(No.B B/N 013484/1)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2013-2017)the Chinese Outstanding Talents Program in Agricultural Science.
文摘Returning rice straw and leguminous green manure alone or in combination to soil is effective in improving soil fertility in South China.Despite the popularity of this practice,our understanding o f the underlying processes for straw and manure combined application is relatively poor.In this study,rice straw(carbon(C)/nitrogen(N)ratio of 63),green manure(hairy vetch,C/N ratio of 14),and their mixtures(C/N ratio of 25 and 35)were added into a paddy soil,and their effects on soil N availability and C or N loss under waterlogged conditions were evaluated in a 100-d incubation experiment.All plant residue treatments significantly enhanced C〇2 and CH4 emissions,but decreased N2O emission.Dissolved organic C(DOC)and N(DON)and microbial biomass C in soil and water-soluble organic C and N and mineral N in the upper aqueous layer above soil were also enhanced by all the plant residue treatments except the rice straw treatment,and soil microbial biomass N and mineral N were lower in the rice straw treatment than in the other treatments.Changes in plant residue C/N ratio,DOC/DON ratio,and cellulose content significantly affected greenhouse gas emissions and active C and N concentrations in soil.Additionally,the treatment with green manure alone yielded the largest C and N losses,and incorporation of the plant residue mixture with a C/N ratio of 35 caused the largest net global warming potential(nGWP)among the amended treatments.In conclusion,the co-incorporation of rice straw and green manure can alleviate the limitation resulting from only applying rice straw(N immobilization)or the sole application of leguminous green manure(high C and N losses),and the residue mixture with a C/N ratio of 25 is a better option because of lower nGWP.
基金We are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52205210 and 22005179)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MB018,ZR2022QE033,ZR2021QB049,and ZR2020QB113).
文摘Two novel two-dimensional(2D)supramolecular organic frameworks were fabricated in water based on the encapsulation-enhanced donor-acceptor interaction between the methyl viologen(MV)units,methoxy naphthyl(MN)units,and CB[8].The tetraphenylethylene(TPE)derivatives 1 with four MV units were employed as rigid building blocks and the two MN units modified oligoethylene glycol derivatives 2 and 3 served as flexible edges,respectively.The obtained two SOFs have obvious sheet-like structures and exhibit fluorescence emission at 350-500 nm.In addition,these two SOFs were employed for the luminescent detection of Cr(Ⅵ)and Mn(Ⅶ)in aqueous solutions,and the detection limits of CrO_(4)^(2-),Cr_(2)_(O)_(7)^(2-),and MnO_(4)were calculated in a very low concentration range,indicating that these two SOFs can serve as a potential sensor for Cr(Ⅵ)and Mn(Ⅶ)detection in water.This work constructs two SOFs in an aqueous solution through a facile method and further enriches the applications of SOFs.
基金support provided by the UKRI via Grant No.EP/T024607/1Royal Society via grant number IES\R2\222208.
文摘Sustainable agriculture plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for food while minimizing adverse environmental impacts from the overuse of synthetic pesticides and conventional fertilizers.In this context,renewable biopolymers being more sustainable offer a viable solution to improve agricultural sustainability and production.Nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers are among these innovative biopolymers that are much sought after for their unique features.These biomaterials have complex hierarchical structures,great stability,adjustable mechanical strength,stimuli-responsiveness,and self-healing attributes.Functional molecules may be added to their flexible structure,for enabling novel agricultural uses.This overview scrutinizes how nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers may radically alter farming practices and solve lingering problems in agricultural sector namely improve agricultural production,soil health,and resource efficiency.Controlled bioactive ingredient released from biopolymers allows the tailored administration of agrochemicals,bioactive agents,and biostimulators as they enhance nutrient absorption,moisture retention,and root growth.Nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers may protect crops by appending antimicrobials and biosensing entities while their eco-friendliness supports sustainable agriculture.Despite their potential,further studies are warranted to understand and optimize their usage in agricultural domain.This effort seeks to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating their applications,challenges,and future prospects in the agricultural sector.Through experimental investigations and theoretical modeling,this overview aims to provide valuable insights into the practical implementation and optimization of supramolecular biopolymers in sustainable agriculture,ultimately contributing to the development of innovative and eco-friendly solutions to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact.
文摘Several in vitro fermentation studies had demonstrated the efficacy of Mootral, a patent-pending natural feed supplement, in reducing methane gas production. In order to test the supplement’s application in a commercial farm, Jersey (n = 121) and Holstein-Friesian (HF, n = 275) lactating cows received 500 g of pellets containing 3% Mootral powder for 12 weeks. Their enteric methane gas production was monitored using a hand-held laser methane detector. During 7 weeks of pre-Mootral supplementation period, dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk quality (fat, protein, urea, pH, bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC)) were monitored for both herds and continued during 12 weeks of Mootral supplementation (Mootral period), and 4 weeks after withdrawal of Mootral (post-Mootral period). Feed samples were analysed during each period, and feed efficiencies (FE) for each herd were calculated. Compared to the baseline, the methane gas produced by the Jersey and HF cows during the Mootral period were lower by 38.3% and 20.7% (p < 0.05), respectively. DMI for Jerseys were greatest during the pre-Mootral period (p < 0.05), while no difference was recorded for the HF cows. Milk yield increased significantly (p < 0.05) for both herds during Mootral supplementation. FE increased significantly for the Jersey herd during the Mootral and post-Mootral periods (p < 0.05). Statistically significant changes were detected for urea in both herds, and BTSCC for HF cows, but these did not adversely affect milk quality. Results demonstrated Mootral reduces enteric methane production in lactating cows while increasing milk yield without affecting milk quality.
文摘Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from their complex compound into simple one by the action of microbes or other living organisms.Moreover,lignocellulosic biomass is a major part of the biodegradable waste and belongs to the group of renewable energy source,which can be very effective for bioenergy production.Biomasses are made up of different compounds such as cellulose,hemicelluloses,lignin and protein.Apart from these components,based on the structural analysis biomass also consist of bioactive substances such as carotenoids,flavonoids,lignin and antioxidants.This review explores a complete overview of the classification,component and the structure of the biomass.Moreover,it discusses how biomasses can play the key role of substrate in many sectors such as industrial bioenergy production including gaseous and liquid biofuels.
文摘Breast cancer,also recognized as the principal cause of cancer-related deaths among women,is the second most familiar and prevalent form of cancer.New diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that are highly specific are urgently needed for its early prognosis.MicroRNAs(miRNAs),a class of non-coding RNAs,are known to control the biological processes involving transcription,post-transcriptional and covalent modifications,splicing,translation,cell differentiation,proliferation,apoptosis,cancer progression,and invasion.Any dysregulation in miRNA expression,demonstrating their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions,contributes to cancer progression.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),an‘onco-miR’in breast cancer,is involved in tumor progression and metastasis by suppressing the activity of the target gene via its interaction with the 3’UTR of the target gene.The upregulation of miR-21 is observed in many instances of breast cancer.Our review aims to summarize the current understanding of miR-21 in the regulation of important cellular functions via regulation of its target genes.We discuss its biosynthesis,oncogenic function in breast cancer,and different methods used for its detection.This will increase the current understanding of the role of miR-21 in breast cancer tumorigenesis,which will offer a perception of using miR-21 as an early detection molecular prognostic and diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in breast cancer care.
文摘MXenes are emerging transition metal carbides and nitrides-based 2D conductive materials.They have found wide applications in sensors due to their excellent valuable properties.This paper reviews the recent research status of MXene-based electrochemical(bio)sensors for detecting biomarkers,pesticides,and other aspects.The first part of this paper introduced the synthesis strategy and the effect of surface modification on various prop-erties of MXenes.The second part of this paper discussed the application of MXenes as electrode modifiers for detecting pesticides,environmental pollutants,and biomarkers such as glucose,hydrogen peroxide,etc.Hope this review will inspire more efforts toward research on MXene-based sensors to meet the growing requirements.
基金The BBSRC(grant#D17281)and the Scottish Government Rural and Environmental Research and Analysis Directorate(RERAD)funded this work
文摘Background: There is considerable interest in implementing mobile scanning technology for on-farm body composition analysis on live animals.These experiments evaluated the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) as an accurate method of total body fat measurement in live sheep.Results: In Exp.1,visceral and whole body fat analysis was undertaken in sheep with body condition scores(BCS)in the range 2 to 3.25(scale 1: thin to 5: fat).The relationship of BCS was moderately correlated with visceral fat depot mass(r = 0.59,P < 0.01,n = 24) and whole body fat(r = 0.70,P < 0.001,n = 24).In Exp.2,sheep with BCS in the range 2.25 to 3.75 were blood sampled to analyse circulating leptin concentrations,and were DXA scanned immediately post mortem for total body fat.Plasma leptin concentrations had low correlations with BCS(r = 0.50,P < 0.05,n = 17) and DXA body fat(r = 0.42,P < 0.05,n = 17),and no correlation with chemical body fat(r = 0.17,P > 0.05,n = 9).There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS(r = 0.70,P < 0.01,n = 17),and DXA body fat was highly correlated with chemical body fat(r = 0.81,P < 0.001,n = 9).In Exp.3,a series of five DXA scans,at 8-week intervals,was performed on growing sheep over a 32-week period.The average BCS ranged from 2.39 ± 0.07(S.E.M.) to 3.05 ± 0.11 and the DXA body fat(%) ranged from 16.8 ± 0.8 to 24.2 ± 1.2.There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS over the 32 weeks(r = 0.61,P < 0.001,n = 24).Conclusions: Overall,these experiments indicated that there was good agreement between BCS,DXA and chemical analysis for measuring total body fat in sheep,and that DXA scanning is a valid method for longitudinal measurement of total body fat in live sheep.
基金the institutional research funding supported by SRUC,UK。
文摘Machine learning(ML)has emerged as a significant tool in the field of biorefinery,offering the capability to analyze and predict complex processes with efficiency.This article reviews the current state of biorefinery and its classification,highlighting various commercially successful biorefineries.Further,we delve into different categories of ML models,including their algorithms and applications in various stages of biorefinery lifecycle,such as biomass characterization,pretreatment,lignin valorization,chemical,thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes,supply chain analysis,and life cycle assessment.The benefits and limitations of each of these algorithms are discussed in detail.Finally,the article concludes with a discussion of the limitations and future prospects of ML in the field of biorefineries.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial support by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(CAAS-ASTIP-2014-LIHPS-01)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-37)+1 种基金the Foundation for Innovation,Groups of Basic Research in Gansu Province,China(20JR5RA580)the Key Research and Development Programs of Science and Technology of Gansu Province,China(20YF8WA031)are duly acknowledged.
文摘Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other actors in the livestock value chains.The long-term natural selection of African cattle typically signals signatures in the genome,contributes to high genetic differentiations across breeds.This has enabled them to develop unique adaptive traits to cope with inadequate feed supply,high temperatures,high internal and external parasites,and diseases.However,these unique cattle genetic resources are threatened by indiscriminate cross-breeding,breed replacements with exotic cosmopolitan breeds,and climate change pressures.Although there are no functional genomics studies,recent advancements in genotyping and sequencing technologies have identified and annotated limited functional genes and causal variants associated with unique adaptive and economical traits of African cattle populations.These genome-wide variants serve as candidates for breed improvement and support conservation efforts for endangered cattle breeds against future climate changes.Therefore,this review plans to collate comprehensive information on the identified selection footprints to support genomic studies in African cattle to confirm the validity of the results and provide a framework for further genetic association and QTL fine mapping studies.
文摘Biocomposites as bio-inspired materials are produced from renewable resources that are organic and ecofriendly alternative materials.To improve the lifestyle of human beings as well as enhancing the environmental indices,functional bio-materials are now implemented in various promising industries.This work has systematically discussed and highlighted the implementations and trends of functional bionic materials in high tech industries,which are necessary for developing modern societies.Various medical,electronic,food and pharmaceutical applications have been considered.Bio-inspired materials are used to develop more sustainable possibilities to increase environmental conservation while maintaining customer satisfaction.Biopolymers were found employed in several sectors for various functional bio-products including organic thin-film transistors,organic phototransistor,emitting diodes,photodiodes,photovoltaic solar cells,hybrid dental resins,sustainable pharmaceuticals,and food packaging.They are used to create sustainable bio-products for energy storage and harvesting,bone regeneration,nerve damage repair,drug applications and various other industrial subcategories.
基金This investigation work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21962008,51464028)Candidate Talents Training Fund of Yunnan Province(2017PY269SQ,2018HB007)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young&Elite Talents Project(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-346).
文摘Coronaviruses are responsible for a developing budgetary,human and fatality trouble,as the causative factor of infections,for example,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).It has been well recognized that SARS-CoV-2 may survive under severe atmosphere circumstances.Hence,efficient containment approaches,for example,sanitizing,are crucial.Commonly,living compounds contribute a substance of chemical heterogeneity,with antiviral movement,and therefore can have efficacy as therapeutic tools toward coronavirus diseases.Here,in this review article,we have described the antimicrobialbased materials,which can be used to inhibit the spreading of the COVID-19.We have categorized these materials in three sections;(i)antimicrobial wall paint,(ii)antimicrobial papers and(iii)antimicrobial materials surface coating to be utilized as the antimicrobial-based materials for controlling the COVID-19.In the last section,we have given the concluding remarks with prospects in this area.
基金The authors would like to thank Department of Science and Technology(DST-FIST),India for the grants provided(Grant No.DST-FIST/120/2012)to establish laboratory facilities at Department of Biotechnology,Kongunadu Arts and Science College,Coimbatore,Tamilnadu,IndiaDr.Piyush Kumar Gupta is thankful to the Department of Life Sciences,School of Basic Sciences and Research,Sharda University for providing the infrastructure and facility+2 种基金Walaa F.Alsanie would like to acknowledge Taif University TURSP Program(TURSP-2020/53)for fundingVijay Kumar Thakur would also like to thank the research support provided by the Royal Academy of Engineering(IAPP18-19\295)UKIERI(DST/INT/UK/P-164/2017).
文摘Custard apple is a dry land fruit.Its leaves exhibit different pharmacological activities.In the present study,both silver(Ag)nanoparticles and chitosan-coated Ag(Chi-Ag)nanoparticles were fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of the custard apple plant.During preliminary phytochemical analysis,various types of phytocompounds were found in the aqueous leaf extract of the same plant.Next,both nanoparticles were physiochemically characterized.FTIR analysis exhibited the fingerprint vibrational peaks of active bioactive compounds in plant extract,Ag nanoparticles,and Chi-Ag nanoparticles.UV/Visible spectral analysis revealed the highest absorbance peak at 419 nm,indicating the presence of Ag nanoparticles.XRD analysis presented the face-centered cubic(FCC)structure of both prepared nanomaterials.Further,the average crystalline size of both Ag nanoparticles and Chi-Ag nanoparticles was calculated to be 23 and 74 nm,respectively.FESEM analysis showed the spherical and cubical shapes of Ag nanoparticles and Chi-Ag nanoparticles,respectively.EDS analysis indicated a peak around 3.29 keV,conforming to the binding energies of Ag ions.The biogenic nanomaterial also showed strong antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial pathogens.
基金supported by the Horizon Europe project Wet Horizons(Grant Agreement No.101056848).
文摘A recent study by T olgyesi et al.[1]assessed the global poten tial of ecosystem restoration to mitigate climate change,concluding that restored ecosystems have very limited carbon sequestration potential(here referring to the net long-term uptake and storage of atmospheric CO_(2)in biomass and soils),compared to historical human carbon emissions.While this key message of their work may be valid,we need to highlight several important limitations in commonly used assumptions when such modeling approaches are applied to anthropogenically converted wetlands and peatlands.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD1300404)the Sanya Science and Technology Innovation Project,China(Grant No.2022KJCX49)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32272833)the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(BBSRC),UK(Grant No.BB/X009505/1)to BL.
文摘Transcriptome-wide association study(TWAs)is a powerful approach for investigating the molecular mechanisms linking genetic loci to com-plex phenotypes.However,the complexity of the TWAS analytical pipeline,including the construction of gene expression reference panels,gene expression prediction,and association analysis using data from genome-wide association studies(GWASs),poses challenges for genetic studies in many species.In this study,we provide the Farm Animal Genotype-Tissue Expression(FarmGTEx)TWAS-server,an interactive and user-friendly multispecies platform designed to streamline the translation of genetic findings across tissues and species.The server incorpo-rates gene expression data from 49 human tissues(838 individuals),34 pig tissues(5457 individuals),and 23 cattle tissues(4889 individuals),providing prediction models for 38,180 human genes,21,037 pig genes,and 17,942 cattle genes.It supports genotype-based gene expression prediction,GWAS summary statistics imputation,customizable TWAS analysis,functional annotation,and result visualization.Additionally,we provide 479,203,1208,and 657 tissue-gene-trait associations for 1129 human traits,41 cattle traits,and 11 pig traits,respectively.Utilizing the TWAS-server,we validated the association of the ABCD4 gene with pig teat number.Furthermore,we identified that pig backfat thickness may share genetic similarities with human diastolic blood pressure,sarcoidosis(Lofgren syndrome),and body mass index.The FarmGTEx TWAS-server offers a comprehensive and accessible platform for researchers to perform TWAS analyses across tissues and species.It is freely avail-able at https:/twas.farmgtex.org,with regular updates planned as the FarmGTEx project expands to include more species.
基金supported by the National Foundation of Sciences in China(No.41877056)China Agriculture Research System-Green Manure(No.CARS-22-G-10).
文摘The functional performance of soil ecosystems following disturbance determines ecosystem stability,and although contributions of bacterivorous nematodes to soil ecosystems are recognized,their roles in functional stability have received little attention.The objective of this study was to evaluate the roles of bacterivorous nematodes in functional stability following stress.In a factorial laboratory experiment,soil microcosms were prepared with two levels of nematode abundance,either an enriched abundance of bacterivores(Nema soil)or background abundance of nematodes(CK soil),and three levels of stress,copper,heat,or an unstressed control.The resistance and resilience of nematode abundance,as well as soil microbial function by determining decomposition of plant residues and microbial substrate utilization pattern using a BIOLOG microplate,were followed post stress.The relative changes of two dominant bacterivores,Acrobeloides and Protorhabditis,responded differently to stresses.The resistance and resilience of Protorhabditis were greater than that of Acrobeloides to copper stress during the whole incubation period,while both bacterivores only showed higher resilience under heat stress at the end of incubation.The enrichment of bacterivores had no significant effects on the soil microbial resistance but significantly increased its resilience to copper stress.Under heat stress,the positive effect of bacterivores on soil resilience was only evident from 28 days to the end of incubation.The differences in the responses of soil function to stress with or without bacterivores suggested that soil nematodes could be conducive to ecosystem stability,highlighting the soil fauna should be taken into account in soil sustainable management.
文摘Despite metal oxides offer excellent characteristics in the field of photocatalysis,they often suffer from charge carrier recombination as well as limited visible response,which indeed reduce the charge kinetics process and ultimately reduce the photocatalytic output.Defect engineering is a sophisticated technique to manufacture defects and alter the geometric structure and chemical environment of the host.The present study provides an all-inclusive outline of recent developments on the classification of metal oxide defects based on the dimensions of a host crystal lattice.Precisely,surface modification of metal oxides through 0D(point),1D(line),2D(planar),and 3D(volume)defects with their subsequent mechanism and impact on photocatalytic performance are presented.By wisely amending the morphology(cores along with the shells)and electronic structure of metal oxide photocatalysts(TiO_(2),ZnO,Bi_(2)O_(3),Fe_(2)O_(4) etc.)through different attuned and veritable approaches,their photocatalytic activity can be substantially improved.Optimal studies on defect engineering not only expose the altered physicochemical features but also modulate the electron-hole pair dynamics,stability,and active radical production for various photoredox reactions.Altered atomic,as well as electronic configuration,facilitated a photocatalyst material to have different optical features,adsorption properties along with improved carrier transfer as well as isolation rate.Thus,the systematic exploration of photocatalytic rudiments of defect rich metal oxide for various applications such as H_(2) evolution,CO_(2) reduction,pollutant degradation,and bacterial disinfection could bring significant research advancement in this field.
基金support from the Department of Chemistry and Research&Development Cell of Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University),Mullana,Ambala,Haryana,India.Further,SSS would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the UKRI via Grants No EP/T024607/1.VKT would like to acknowledge the research support provided by the UKRI via Grant No.EP/T024607/1Royal Society via grant number IES\R2\222208.
文摘There has been a significant scope toward the cutting-edge in-vestigations in hierarchical carbon nanostructured electrodes originating from cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers,available from natural cellulose and bacterial cellulose.Elements of energy storage systems(ESSs)are typically established upon inorganic/metal mixtures,carbonaceous implications,and petroleum-derived hydrocarbon chem-icals.However,these conventional substances may need help fulfilling the ever-increasing needs of ESSs.Nanocellulose has grown significantly as an impressive 1D element due to its natural availability,eco-friend-liness,recyclability,structural identity,simple transformation,and dimensional durability.Here,in this review article,we have discussed the role and overview of cellulose-based hydrogels in ESSs.Additionally,the extraction sources and solvents used for dissolution have been dis-cussed in detail.Finally,the properties(such as self-healing,trans-parency,strength and swelling behavior),and applications(such as flexible batteries,fuel cells,solar cells,flexible supercapacitors and carbon-based derived from cellulose)in energy storage devices and conclusion with existing challenges have been updated with recent findings.
基金The authors acknowledge the support received from the European Union through the H2020 ReMIX project(Redesigning European cropping systems based on species mixturesGrant agreement ID:727217).
文摘Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological,resilient and sustainable farming systems.One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures.Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops.Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition,Complementarity,Cooperation,and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle.Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time,the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources(e.g.,nutrients,water,space,light)than others.Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space,time or form.Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s).Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s)because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress.The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.
