Background Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins(PGIPs)play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant patho-gens by inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG),an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pecti...Background Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins(PGIPs)play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant patho-gens by inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG),an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pectin.PGIPs,also known as leucine-rich repeat pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins,activate the host’s defense response upon interaction with PG,thereby reinforcing the host defense against plant pathogens attacks.In Egyptian or extra-long staple cotton(Gossypium barbadense),the interaction between PGIP and PG is one of the crucial steps in the defense mechanism against major pathogens such as Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria mac-rospora,which are responsible for bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases,respectively.Results To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying these PR proteins,we conducted a comprehensive study involving molecular modeling,protein-protein docking,site-specific double mutation(E169G and F242K),and molec-ular dynamics simulations.Both wild-type and mutated cotton PGIPs were examined in the interaction with the PG enzyme of a bacterial and fungal pathogen.Our findings revealed that changes in conformations of double-mutated residues in the active site of PGIP lead to the inhibition of PG binding.The molecular dynamics simulation studies provide insights into the dynamic behaviour and stability of the PGIP-PG complexes,shedding light on the intricate details of the inhibitory and exhibitory mechanism against the major fungal and bacterial pathogens of G.barbadense,respectively.Conclusions The findings of this study not only enhance our understanding of the molecular interactions between PGs of Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria macrospora and PGIP of G.barbadense but also pre-sent a potential strategy for developing the disease-resistant cotton varieties.By variations in the binding affinities of PGs through specific mutations in PGIP,this research offers promising avenues for the development of enhanced resistance to cotton plants against bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases.展开更多
Carbon(C)is a key constitutive element in living organisms(plants,microbes,animals,and humans).Carbon is also a basic component of agriculture because it plays a dynamic role in crop growth,development,nutrient cyclin...Carbon(C)is a key constitutive element in living organisms(plants,microbes,animals,and humans).Carbon is also a basic component of agriculture because it plays a dynamic role in crop growth,development,nutrient cycling,soil fertility,and other agricultural features.The presence of C enhances soil physical,chemical,and biological properties.The C cycle supports all life on the Earth by transferring C between living organisms and the environment.The global climate is changing,and this change is attributable to the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities.Owing to the global climate change,agriculture is expected to be majorly affected.Agricultural production is directly linked to the climate.The five main global C pools are the oceanic,geologic,pedologic,atmospheric,and biotic pools,with specific reservoirs and inter-pool fluxes.The soil organic matter has various organic C pools(active,slow,and passive pools),containing various C-based fractions and specific liability pools.Climate,geology,land use,and management techniques are some of the variables that affect organic C and its reservoirs.The dynamics of each of these variables must be understood for a thorough knowledge of how they impact the soil C pools and storage capacity under the changing climate conditions.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various factors that affect soil C pools/fractions and their C sequestration capacity.展开更多
Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses for crop production.The present study investigates the salinityinduced modulation in growth indicators,morphology and movement of stomata,photosynthetic pigments,act...Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses for crop production.The present study investigates the salinityinduced modulation in growth indicators,morphology and movement of stomata,photosynthetic pigments,activity of carbonic anhydrase as well as nitrate reductase,and antioxidant systems in two varieties of chickpea(Pusa-BG5023,and Pusa-BGD72).On 20^(th) day of sowing,plants were treated with varying levels of NaCl(0,50,100,150 and 200 mM)followed by sampling on 45 days of sowing.Recorded observations on both the varieties reveal that salt stress leads to a significant decline in growth,dry biomass,leaf area,photosynthetic pigments,protein content,stomatal behavior,cell viability,activity of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase with the rise in the concentration of salt.However,quantitatively these changes were less in Pusa-BG5023 as compared to Pusa-BGD72.Furthermore,salinity-induced oxidative stress enhanced malondialdehyde content,superoxide radicals,foliar proline content,and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and peroxidase.The variety Pusa-BGD72 was found more sensitive than Pusa-BG5023 to salt stress.Out of different graded concentrations(50,100,150 and 200 mM)of sodium chloride,50 mM was least toxic,and 200 mM was most damaging.The differential behavior of these two varieties measured in terms of stomatal behavior,cell viability,photosynthetic pigments,and antioxidant defense system can be used as prospective indicators for selection of chickpea plants for salt tolerance and sensitivity.展开更多
Spruce (Picea Smithiana) is an evergreen tree and distributed through the temperate Himalaya at the elevation of 2000 - 3500 m. Natural regeneration of spruce (Picea smithiana) is generally slow and almost negligible ...Spruce (Picea Smithiana) is an evergreen tree and distributed through the temperate Himalaya at the elevation of 2000 - 3500 m. Natural regeneration of spruce (Picea smithiana) is generally slow and almost negligible due to a number of factors e.g. presence of un decomposed raw humus on forest floor low germinative capacity of seed and infrequent good seed years. In order to supplement natural regeneration through artificial means, nursery raising assumes significance. The present study aimed at optimizing the root trainer container size and the potting mixture ingredients and their proportion for the production of quality nursery stock of Picea smithiana. Nine combinations of potting mixture ingredients (Forest Soil, Garden Soil, Sand, FYM and Lake weed) were tested in various ratios for the optimization of potty mixture in different root trainer sizes. Simultaneously, three different volumes (150cc, 250cc and 300cc) of root trainers were tested for suitability of container size. Chemical and physical analysis of potting mixture ingredients was carried out for better understanding of nutrient status. The best seedling growth at seven month age in terms of height (5.53 cm), Collar diameter (1.57 mm), fresh shoot weight (0.34 g), dry shoot weight (0.10 g), fresh root weight (0.27 g) , dry root weight (0.03 g), root shoot ratio(2:52), and total fresh biomass (0.61 g) were observed when seedlings were raised in root trainer container size (300cc) filled with potting mixture of (M8) Soil:Sand:FYM (1:1:2) and the lowest growth parameters were observed in root trainer container size (150cc) filled with forest soil only. Plantable quality seedlings can be recovered within a period of 7 months using potting mixture of Soil, Sand and FYM (1:1:2) and Soil, Sand and Lake weed (1:1:2) ratios in root trainer container size 300cc.展开更多
Heavy metal pollution severely impacts plant health by inhibiting growth,photosynthesis,enzyme activities,and causing oxidative stress.Plants respond to such stress by activating complex defense mechanisms involving r...Heavy metal pollution severely impacts plant health by inhibiting growth,photosynthesis,enzyme activities,and causing oxidative stress.Plants respond to such stress by activating complex defense mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species and different signaling pathways.These pathways are pivotal in triggering plant defense responses and are currently a major focus of research.Understanding the complex mechanisms of heavy metal uptake,transport,chelation,and signaling can guide strategies to improve plant resilience and stress tolerance.In this review,we aim to highlight the key heavy metals found in soil and the environment,along with their mechanisms of accumulation in plants.We also explore the defense responses of plants through various signaling pathways such as calcium(Ca^(2+)),MAP kinase,and hormone signaling.Additionally,we emphasize the importance of understanding advanced omics technologies,including transcriptomics,metabolomics,and bioinformatic tools,in enhancing our knowledge of plant resilience and stress tolerance.Highlights·Heavy metals are major environmental concern with consequences on plant and public health.·Heavy metal pollution has increased globally decreasing agricultural growth and productivity.·Calcium functions as a messenger in both the regular physiology and against various stressors.·Phytohormones have antagonistic and synergistic effects that control response to stressors.·Bioinformatic tools aid in processing,analyzing,and interpreting data in stress research.展开更多
Kiwifruits were dried with convection drying,microwave drying and hybrid drying methods(hot air+microwave).Effect of different drying treatments-convection drying(CD),microwave drying(MD)and hybrid drying(HD)on physic...Kiwifruits were dried with convection drying,microwave drying and hybrid drying methods(hot air+microwave).Effect of different drying treatments-convection drying(CD),microwave drying(MD)and hybrid drying(HD)on physicochemical,nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of kiwifruits were investigated.The hybrid drying technique significantly reduced drying time and increased drying rate as compared to other drying methods.Hybrid dried kiwifruit slices showed the best texture attributes(low hardness,low shrinkage),better color(L*,a*,b*)and were rated best in sensory evaluation.High retention of bio-active compounds and reduced browning was also found in HD kiwifruit slices.Correlation analysis results showed significant positive correlation of phenols with antioxidant capacity.Drying methods significantly(p<0.05)reduced protein and fat content of dried kiwi slices.However,a predominant decrease in protein and fat content was recorded in individual drying methods(Convection drying and Microwave drying).Hence,HD could be a more promising technique for development of dried kiwifruit slices.展开更多
Natural pigments are widely utilized as food additives nowadays to impart color or improve the taste of the food products.These pigments are significant food compounds used in the food industry due to their diverse nu...Natural pigments are widely utilized as food additives nowadays to impart color or improve the taste of the food products.These pigments are significant food compounds used in the food industry due to their diverse nutritional and functional attributes.Color is the essential part of any food as it affects the consumer acceptability of the products.Recently consumer interest has shifted towards natural pigments as food colorants due to their high safety margins.Food industries prefer the use of natural pigments for foods and drinks owing to the harmful and undesirable effects of artificial pigments.These pigments include betalains-betaxanthin,betacyanin,flavonoids-anthocyanins,carotenoids-lutein,zeaxanthin,β-carotene,and chlorophylls-chlorophyllins,etc.There are some restrictions associated with the use of natural pigments based on the source of the pigment,quantity,and product nature.This review illustrates applications of permitted pigments in diversified food models and highlights their advantages as food ingredients.展开更多
基金CABin grant(F.no.Agril.Edn.4-1/2013-A&P)Indian Council of Agricul-tural Research,Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’Welfare,Govt.of India and Department of Biotechnology,Govt.of India for BIC project grant(BT/PR40161/BTIS/137/32/2021)。
文摘Background Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins(PGIPs)play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant patho-gens by inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG),an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pectin.PGIPs,also known as leucine-rich repeat pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins,activate the host’s defense response upon interaction with PG,thereby reinforcing the host defense against plant pathogens attacks.In Egyptian or extra-long staple cotton(Gossypium barbadense),the interaction between PGIP and PG is one of the crucial steps in the defense mechanism against major pathogens such as Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria mac-rospora,which are responsible for bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases,respectively.Results To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying these PR proteins,we conducted a comprehensive study involving molecular modeling,protein-protein docking,site-specific double mutation(E169G and F242K),and molec-ular dynamics simulations.Both wild-type and mutated cotton PGIPs were examined in the interaction with the PG enzyme of a bacterial and fungal pathogen.Our findings revealed that changes in conformations of double-mutated residues in the active site of PGIP lead to the inhibition of PG binding.The molecular dynamics simulation studies provide insights into the dynamic behaviour and stability of the PGIP-PG complexes,shedding light on the intricate details of the inhibitory and exhibitory mechanism against the major fungal and bacterial pathogens of G.barbadense,respectively.Conclusions The findings of this study not only enhance our understanding of the molecular interactions between PGs of Xanthomonas citri pv.malvacearum and Alternaria macrospora and PGIP of G.barbadense but also pre-sent a potential strategy for developing the disease-resistant cotton varieties.By variations in the binding affinities of PGs through specific mutations in PGIP,this research offers promising avenues for the development of enhanced resistance to cotton plants against bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases.
文摘Carbon(C)is a key constitutive element in living organisms(plants,microbes,animals,and humans).Carbon is also a basic component of agriculture because it plays a dynamic role in crop growth,development,nutrient cycling,soil fertility,and other agricultural features.The presence of C enhances soil physical,chemical,and biological properties.The C cycle supports all life on the Earth by transferring C between living organisms and the environment.The global climate is changing,and this change is attributable to the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities.Owing to the global climate change,agriculture is expected to be majorly affected.Agricultural production is directly linked to the climate.The five main global C pools are the oceanic,geologic,pedologic,atmospheric,and biotic pools,with specific reservoirs and inter-pool fluxes.The soil organic matter has various organic C pools(active,slow,and passive pools),containing various C-based fractions and specific liability pools.Climate,geology,land use,and management techniques are some of the variables that affect organic C and its reservoirs.The dynamics of each of these variables must be understood for a thorough knowledge of how they impact the soil C pools and storage capacity under the changing climate conditions.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various factors that affect soil C pools/fractions and their C sequestration capacity.
文摘Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses for crop production.The present study investigates the salinityinduced modulation in growth indicators,morphology and movement of stomata,photosynthetic pigments,activity of carbonic anhydrase as well as nitrate reductase,and antioxidant systems in two varieties of chickpea(Pusa-BG5023,and Pusa-BGD72).On 20^(th) day of sowing,plants were treated with varying levels of NaCl(0,50,100,150 and 200 mM)followed by sampling on 45 days of sowing.Recorded observations on both the varieties reveal that salt stress leads to a significant decline in growth,dry biomass,leaf area,photosynthetic pigments,protein content,stomatal behavior,cell viability,activity of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase with the rise in the concentration of salt.However,quantitatively these changes were less in Pusa-BG5023 as compared to Pusa-BGD72.Furthermore,salinity-induced oxidative stress enhanced malondialdehyde content,superoxide radicals,foliar proline content,and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and peroxidase.The variety Pusa-BGD72 was found more sensitive than Pusa-BG5023 to salt stress.Out of different graded concentrations(50,100,150 and 200 mM)of sodium chloride,50 mM was least toxic,and 200 mM was most damaging.The differential behavior of these two varieties measured in terms of stomatal behavior,cell viability,photosynthetic pigments,and antioxidant defense system can be used as prospective indicators for selection of chickpea plants for salt tolerance and sensitivity.
文摘Spruce (Picea Smithiana) is an evergreen tree and distributed through the temperate Himalaya at the elevation of 2000 - 3500 m. Natural regeneration of spruce (Picea smithiana) is generally slow and almost negligible due to a number of factors e.g. presence of un decomposed raw humus on forest floor low germinative capacity of seed and infrequent good seed years. In order to supplement natural regeneration through artificial means, nursery raising assumes significance. The present study aimed at optimizing the root trainer container size and the potting mixture ingredients and their proportion for the production of quality nursery stock of Picea smithiana. Nine combinations of potting mixture ingredients (Forest Soil, Garden Soil, Sand, FYM and Lake weed) were tested in various ratios for the optimization of potty mixture in different root trainer sizes. Simultaneously, three different volumes (150cc, 250cc and 300cc) of root trainers were tested for suitability of container size. Chemical and physical analysis of potting mixture ingredients was carried out for better understanding of nutrient status. The best seedling growth at seven month age in terms of height (5.53 cm), Collar diameter (1.57 mm), fresh shoot weight (0.34 g), dry shoot weight (0.10 g), fresh root weight (0.27 g) , dry root weight (0.03 g), root shoot ratio(2:52), and total fresh biomass (0.61 g) were observed when seedlings were raised in root trainer container size (300cc) filled with potting mixture of (M8) Soil:Sand:FYM (1:1:2) and the lowest growth parameters were observed in root trainer container size (150cc) filled with forest soil only. Plantable quality seedlings can be recovered within a period of 7 months using potting mixture of Soil, Sand and FYM (1:1:2) and Soil, Sand and Lake weed (1:1:2) ratios in root trainer container size 300cc.
文摘Heavy metal pollution severely impacts plant health by inhibiting growth,photosynthesis,enzyme activities,and causing oxidative stress.Plants respond to such stress by activating complex defense mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species and different signaling pathways.These pathways are pivotal in triggering plant defense responses and are currently a major focus of research.Understanding the complex mechanisms of heavy metal uptake,transport,chelation,and signaling can guide strategies to improve plant resilience and stress tolerance.In this review,we aim to highlight the key heavy metals found in soil and the environment,along with their mechanisms of accumulation in plants.We also explore the defense responses of plants through various signaling pathways such as calcium(Ca^(2+)),MAP kinase,and hormone signaling.Additionally,we emphasize the importance of understanding advanced omics technologies,including transcriptomics,metabolomics,and bioinformatic tools,in enhancing our knowledge of plant resilience and stress tolerance.Highlights·Heavy metals are major environmental concern with consequences on plant and public health.·Heavy metal pollution has increased globally decreasing agricultural growth and productivity.·Calcium functions as a messenger in both the regular physiology and against various stressors.·Phytohormones have antagonistic and synergistic effects that control response to stressors.·Bioinformatic tools aid in processing,analyzing,and interpreting data in stress research.
文摘Kiwifruits were dried with convection drying,microwave drying and hybrid drying methods(hot air+microwave).Effect of different drying treatments-convection drying(CD),microwave drying(MD)and hybrid drying(HD)on physicochemical,nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of kiwifruits were investigated.The hybrid drying technique significantly reduced drying time and increased drying rate as compared to other drying methods.Hybrid dried kiwifruit slices showed the best texture attributes(low hardness,low shrinkage),better color(L*,a*,b*)and were rated best in sensory evaluation.High retention of bio-active compounds and reduced browning was also found in HD kiwifruit slices.Correlation analysis results showed significant positive correlation of phenols with antioxidant capacity.Drying methods significantly(p<0.05)reduced protein and fat content of dried kiwi slices.However,a predominant decrease in protein and fat content was recorded in individual drying methods(Convection drying and Microwave drying).Hence,HD could be a more promising technique for development of dried kiwifruit slices.
文摘Natural pigments are widely utilized as food additives nowadays to impart color or improve the taste of the food products.These pigments are significant food compounds used in the food industry due to their diverse nutritional and functional attributes.Color is the essential part of any food as it affects the consumer acceptability of the products.Recently consumer interest has shifted towards natural pigments as food colorants due to their high safety margins.Food industries prefer the use of natural pigments for foods and drinks owing to the harmful and undesirable effects of artificial pigments.These pigments include betalains-betaxanthin,betacyanin,flavonoids-anthocyanins,carotenoids-lutein,zeaxanthin,β-carotene,and chlorophylls-chlorophyllins,etc.There are some restrictions associated with the use of natural pigments based on the source of the pigment,quantity,and product nature.This review illustrates applications of permitted pigments in diversified food models and highlights their advantages as food ingredients.
