Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy...Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)stands out as the primary manifestation of age-related dementia,portraying a chronic neurodegenerative disorder distinguished by the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-β(Aβ)plaques and neurofi...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)stands out as the primary manifestation of age-related dementia,portraying a chronic neurodegenerative disorder distinguished by the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-β(Aβ)plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau.However,from a clinical standpoint,AD presents itself as a complex condition with a spectrum of dysfunctions rather than a singular pathological mechanism.An often-overlooked aspect of the disease is the presence of extensive cerebrovascular abnormalities,given that the majority of AD patients experience altered cerebral blood flow,damaged vasculature,increased microinfarcts and microhemorrhages.Animal models of AD further support this observation,showing cerebrovascular dysfunction such as impaired cerebral blood flow and altered cerebrovascular reactivity(Tataryn et al.,2021;Gareau et al.,2023).展开更多
The sedimentary geochemistry of St.Martin’s Island is important to determine the origin of the source rock,paleo weathering,tectonic setting,sediment recycling,maturity,sorting,redox condition,and paleo salinity of t...The sedimentary geochemistry of St.Martin’s Island is important to determine the origin of the source rock,paleo weathering,tectonic setting,sediment recycling,maturity,sorting,redox condition,and paleo salinity of the sediments.Major oxides,trace elements,and rare earth elements(REEs)obtained from the INAA technique are presented by analyzing the sediment samples collected from the shoreline of St.Martin’s Island,Bangladesh.The elemental ratios,comparison with average upper continental crust(UCC),binary diagrams(Th/Sc vs.Sc,La/Th vs.Hf,Th/Co vs.La/Sc),and chondrite normalized REE patterns exhibit substantial LREE enrichment,relatively fl at HREE fractionation,considerable negative Eu anomalies(average:0.72),indicates the derivation from a source dominated by felsic rock,with contribution from intermediate source and mafi c component.Sediments from St.Martin’s Island exhibit the deposition of sediments in transitional environments of active and passive continental margin settings.Weathering indices value of CIA,PIA,CIW,CIX,and K 2 O/Rb ratio show moderate chemical weathering,indicating that the sediments are chemically mature.Sedimentary redox indicative proxies,such as U/Th,V/Cr,and V/Sc,show an oxic depositional environment during sediment deposition.The intermediate CIA and other weathering index values of the St.Martin’s sediments show that the area had semiarid and humid climatic conditions throughout the deposition.The Rb/K ratio of the St.Martin’s sediments suggests that the development and deposition of the sedimentary sequence of St.Martin’s Island mainly occurred in a brackish water environment during the geological past.展开更多
Introduction:Infections are the most feared complication of transrectal prostate biopsies,along with growing concerns of antibiotic resistance.Our institution transitioned to a transperineal approach without use of pe...Introduction:Infections are the most feared complication of transrectal prostate biopsies,along with growing concerns of antibiotic resistance.Our institution transitioned to a transperineal approach without use of perioperative antibiotics or bowel preparations.We aimed to compare the safety outcomes associated with transperineal and transrectal prostate biopsy techniques.Materials and Methods:A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent transrectal and transperineal prostate biopsies at our institution from 2019–2022 was performed.Results:We identified 319 patients—174 transrectal and 145 transperineal.8 patients who had transperineal biopsy(5.5%)received peri-operative antibiotics,compared to 100%with transrectal biopsy.35.86%of transperineal patients received a bowel preparation,compared to 100%in the transrectal group.44.14%and 49.43%of patients received a prior prostate biopsy in the transperineal and transrectal groups,respectively.Patients in the transperineal biopsy group had zero infectious complications,1 ER visit,and zero 30-day readmissions.This is compared to 9 infectious complications(5.17%,p=0.005),8 ER visits(4.60%,p=0.036),and 730-day readmissions(4.02%,p=0.015)in the transrectal group.Conclusions:In a single institution series,patients undergoing transperineal biopsy had fewer infectious complications compared to those undergoing transrectal biopsy.Despite only a small percentage of patients receiving perioperative antibiotics and a majority of patients not receiving a bowel preparation in the transperineal group,there were zero infectious complications or 30-day readmissions.With greater infectious complications with transrectal biopsy and growing antibiotic resistance,we underline the safety of transperineal prostate biopsy which can largely be done without perioperative antibiotics or a bowel preparation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis(AD),or eczema,is a chronic,pruritic inflammatory skin disease affecting children and adults.Socioeconomic status(SES)plays a significant role in developing AD.However,mixed evidence from a...BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis(AD),or eczema,is a chronic,pruritic inflammatory skin disease affecting children and adults.Socioeconomic status(SES)plays a significant role in developing AD.However,mixed evidence from a previous study by Bajwa et al makes it difficult to determine the directionality of the association.There is a lite-rature gap in understanding the causal association between AD and socioeco-nomic factors.AIM To evaluate the impact of disparities in SES on pediatric AD populations.METHODS Based on the eligibility criteria,the literature review identified eight articles since July 2021,and a descriptive analysis was conducted using an Excel spreadsheet on key components collected from the identified studies.RESULTS Eight observational studies assessed SES in pediatric AD.Five observational studies showed mixed associations between AD and SES.Sub-analysis revealed that urban areas had a higher prevalence of AD,and four studies identified a positive association between parental education and AD in the pediatric popu-lation.Socioeconomic variables,such as residential areas and household income,significantly influence disease outcomes.CONCLUSION There is mixed association between pediatric AD and SES,with AD positively associated with parental education.There is critical need to evaluate global impact of SES variables on pediatric AD.展开更多
Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules form...Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules formation mechanism is conserved across species,from yeast to mammals,and they play a critical role in minimizing cellular damage during stress.Composed of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes,stress granules are enriched not only in mRNAs but also in noncoding RNAs and various proteins,including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins.Genetic mutations affecting stress granule assembly and disassembly can lead to abnormal stress granule accumulation,contributing to the progression of several diseases.Recent research indicates that stress granule dynamics are pivotal in determining their physiological and pathological functions,with acute stress granule formation offering protection and chronic stress granule accumulation being detrimental.This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of stress granules under diverse physiological conditions,such as regulation of mRNA transport,mRNA translation,apoptosis,germ cell development,phase separation processes that govern stress granule formation,and their emerging implications in pathophysiological scenarios,such as viral infections,cancer,neurodevelopmental disorders,neurodegeneration,and neuronal trauma.展开更多
Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages,foods,cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,yet the adulteration of natural,particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet dem...Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages,foods,cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,yet the adulteration of natural,particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet demand and high cost.Nowadays,most quality control(QC)analysis of lemon oils is conducted by gas chromatography(GC)analysis,which is far from a reliable method.Oxygen heterocyclic compounds(OHCs)in non-volatile fraction are gaining increasing attention in authentication process because of the nearly finger-printing profiles of OHCs in cold pressed citrus essential oils.Our goal in this study was to identify OHCs using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)in lemon oils,establish OHC profiles,perform stepwise logistic regression analysis(SLRA)and build effective predicting model and further determine adulterated lemon oils by referencing the OHC profiles and established models.After HPLC analyses,profiling and SLRA modeling of 154 OHCs samples of industrial lemon oils,we found that the combination of isopimpinellin and total OHC concentration are essential and robust predictors to differentiate authentic samples from adulterated lemon oils with a success rate of 98%from the 5-fold cross validation.This study provided a reliable and efficient method in determining the authenticity of lemon oils.展开更多
Neurodegeneration of retinal tissue leads to progressive vision loss in millions of working-age adults each year.Metabolic alterations caused by modern diets that are high in fats and sugars contribute to the developm...Neurodegeneration of retinal tissue leads to progressive vision loss in millions of working-age adults each year.Metabolic alterations caused by modern diets that are high in fats and sugars contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.Chronic,diet-induced metabolic changes are linked to high glucose and harmful,proinflammatory compounds in the blood,called advanced glycation end products(AGEs),that can alter the integrity of neurovascular barriers.AGEs-induced changes to the permeability of the inner blood-retinal barrier can lead to progressive vision loss with disparate impacts in patients with low estrogen,such as via natural aging processes,chronic illness,or aggressive medical interventions.Application of supplemental estradiol has been shown to ameliorate degeneration across the cardiovascular,intestinal,and nervous systems.This commentary describes the potential benefits of estradiol-based therapies on the visual health of older women with progressive diabetic retinopathy.展开更多
Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow trigger neurovascular remodeling,as manifested by the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subs equent neurovascular repair activities such as angiogenesis.This process...Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow trigger neurovascular remodeling,as manifested by the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subs equent neurovascular repair activities such as angiogenesis.This process involves neurovascular communication that facilitates the transport of mediators among cerebrovascular endothelial cells,pericytes,glial cells,and neurons,thereby transmitting signals from donor to recipient cells to elicit a collaborative response.展开更多
During nearly 200 years of development in the knowledge of Brownian motion,the Janus sphere,as a typical Brownian particle with special surface properties,has been widely studied in the past few decades.A standard Jan...During nearly 200 years of development in the knowledge of Brownian motion,the Janus sphere,as a typical Brownian particle with special surface properties,has been widely studied in the past few decades.A standard Janus sphere possesses two distinct surfaces.These two surfaces elicit different hydrodynamic interactions with ambient fluids or other interactions in response to environmental stimuli,such as chemical gradients,magnetic fields,and even light.The diffusion of Janus spheres,particularly when controlled by a remotely applied field,has inspired various applications,ranging from the design of micro-swimmers and novel procedures for probing the mechanical properties of suspensions to the fabrication of composites with enhanced performance.In this work,we report a systematic analysis of field-controlled diffusion of Janus spheres.Commencing with stochastic differential equations of motion at the microscale,we derive a coarse-grained Fokker-Planck equation at the macroscale,describing the evolution of the probability distribution function of the Janus sphere in terms of its position and orientation.Leveraging the concept of the hydrodynamic center,we derive,for the first time,explicit generalized Stokes-Einstein relations for long-time effective diffusivity,incorporating the effects of both the surface discontinuity of the Janus sphere and the external fields.The formulae enable predictions of the effective diffusivity as it varies with the slip length and characteristic angle of Janus spheres,and reveal the impact of an aligning potential field on the diffusion coefficients both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the field.This work not only deepens the understanding of field-controlled diffusion of Janus particles,but also holds a meaningful impact on the future applications in microfluidics and related fields.展开更多
Aging is considered the main risk factor for the development of several diseases,including the leading neurodegenerative disorders.While the cellular features of aging are complex and multifaceted,neuronal senescence ...Aging is considered the main risk factor for the development of several diseases,including the leading neurodegenerative disorders.While the cellular features of aging are complex and multifaceted,neuronal senescence has emerged as a major contributor and driver of this process in the mammalian cell.Cellular senescence is a programmed response to stress and irreparable damage,which drives the cell into an apoptosis-resistant,non-proliferative state.Senescent cells can also deleteriously affect neighboring,non-senescent cells.Senescence is a complex and multifaceted process associated with a wide range of cellular events,including the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the arrest of the cell cycle.展开更多
Introduction: Bracket debonding is a frequent issue that clinicians encounter, leading to increased chair time, lost revenue, and material usage. In addition to patient compliance with their diet recommendations, the ...Introduction: Bracket debonding is a frequent issue that clinicians encounter, leading to increased chair time, lost revenue, and material usage. In addition to patient compliance with their diet recommendations, the preparation and conditioning of teeth for bonding significantly influence bond strength and consequently impact orthodontic treatment success and efficiency. Because of OBA-MCP’s (orthodontic bonding adhesive with modified calcium phosphate) decreased shear bond strength (SBS), the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of conditioning with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before etching in the bonding protocol. Materials and Methods: 90 extracted teeth were divided into 3 groups to be bonded with orthodontic brackets with different bonding protocols: 1) Transbond XT with regular bonding protocol (etch + prime + adhesive);2) OBA-MCP with regular bonding protocol;and 3) OBA-MCP with NaOCl prior to acid etching in the regular bonding protocol. SBS (in Newtons) were measured using an MTS universal testing machine with a custom jig to apply a vertical force onto the bracket and ARI (adhesive remnant index) scores were recorded for each sample after de-bond to rate the amount of adhesive remaining. Results: The addition of NaOCl to the bonding protocol statistically significantly increased the SBS of OBA-MCP to comparable levels to Transbond XT. The ARI scores showed that when NaOCl was added, more adhesive remained. Conclusion: The addition of NaOCl to the bonding protocol can increase the SBS of adhesives with historically weaker bond strengths. However, the increased amount of adhesive remaining and the increased time spent during bonding must be considered. Further testing can be done in vivo to demonstrate the practicality of this new procedure.展开更多
BACKGROUND Septic shock,the most severe form of sepsis,remains a major global health challenge with high mortality.The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has exacerbated this burden,as severe acute respiratory...BACKGROUND Septic shock,the most severe form of sepsis,remains a major global health challenge with high mortality.The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has exacerbated this burden,as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection often leads to sepsis and septic shock.Racial and ethnic differences in critical illness outcomes are well-documented,but their impact on COVID-19 associated septic shock remains unclear.AIM To examine epidemiologic data to explore racial and ethnic differences in outcomes in COVID-19 associated septic shock.METHODS Using the National Inpatient Sample(2020–2021),we conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess racial and ethnic disparities in septic shock outcomes among adults(≥18 years)with concurrent COVID-19.Primary and secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality,acute kidney injury(AKI),AKI requiring dialysis,and mechanical ventilation.Adjusted multivariable logistic regression accounted for demographics,comorbidities,hospital characteristics,and inhospital events.RESULTS Among 396795 weighted hospitalizations,Non-Hispanic Black(NHB)(25.3%)and Hispanic(30.4%)populations were younger and had greater comorbidity burdens than Non-Hispanic White(NHW)patients.Compared to NHW,adjusted analyses showed higher in-hospital mortality[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.21,95%CI:1.15-1.27],mechanical ventilation use(aOR=1.19,95%CI:1.12-1.27)and AKI requiring dialysis(aOR=1.16,95%CI:1.07-1.25,P<0.001)among Hispanic patients.NHB patients had similar mortality to NHWs but had higher risk of mechanical ventilation(aOR=1.15,95%CI:1.09-1.22)and AKI requiring dialysis(aOR=1.65,95%CI:1.54-1.76).Mean length of stay and cost were longest and highest for Hispanic patients.CONCLUSION Our study showed that there was higher mortality in Hispanic patients,and higher renal and respiratory complication in both NHB and Hispanic groups compared to NHW group.Future research identifying the causes of the observed differences in complications are required to inform targeted strategies that may mitigate modifiable risk factors and optimize early detection of organ failure to optimize outcomes in this population.展开更多
Obesity caused by poor eating habits has become a global public health issue and harms human health.Rosmarinic acid(RA)is a natural active substance with many biological functions like antioxidant.However,the function...Obesity caused by poor eating habits has become a global public health issue and harms human health.Rosmarinic acid(RA)is a natural active substance with many biological functions like antioxidant.However,the function of RA's lipid-lowering effect and mechanism are not entirely clear.This study aimed to explore the effect of RA on obesity and its action mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans.RA not only alleviated intestinal inflammation and change the composition of unsaturated fatty acid,but also decreased fat storage and adjusted the size and quantity of fat droplets without threatening development and reproduction or affecting energy intake.In addition,RA improved the integrity of intestinal barrier function in C.elegans.RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)comprehensively revealed that the lipid-lowering mechanism mediated by RA might involve lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory pathways.Among them,RA regulates lipid metabolism by reducing fat synthesis through SBP-1 and increasing fatty acidβ-oxidation via NHR-49.Furthermore,the anti-inflammatory pathway was associated with RA's enhancement of the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid and alleviation of inflammatory reactions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PAO1).Therefore,RA regulated lipid metabolism and relieved inflammation,which had the potential for dietary supplements or functional foods.展开更多
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.,an edible flowering plant,belongs to the Chrysanthemum family and is mainly grown at high altitudes in Northwestern China.It is rich in polyphenolic compounds,particularly marein and flavomar...Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.,an edible flowering plant,belongs to the Chrysanthemum family and is mainly grown at high altitudes in Northwestern China.It is rich in polyphenolic compounds,particularly marein and flavomarein,and possesses multiple health-promoting properties,such as antioxidant,hypoglycemic and vasorelaxant effects.Previous bioactivity investigations majorly focused on C.tinctoria and its crude extract.The aim of the present study was to prepare marein-dominant C.tinctoria flavonoids(CF),further investigate the CF protective effects of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride and elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms.Results have demonstrated that CF effectively attenuated hepatofibrogenesis by increasing the activity of glutathione(GSH)and superoxide dismutase(SOD);suppressing the hepatic stellate cell(HSC)activation,inhibiting transforming growth factorβ(TGF-β)activation and the production ofα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),alleviating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2(ERK1/2)and small mothers against decapentaplegic1/2(Smad1/2),thus maintaining the collagen metabolic homeostasis in the liver.Our study revealed that CF possesses an efficacious protective effect against chronic hepatic fibrosis due to their strong inhibitory effects of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.展开更多
Background:The role of systemic tumor immune environment(STIE)is unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).This study aimed to exam the cells in the STIE,their changes after transarterial chemoembolisation(TACE),stereo...Background:The role of systemic tumor immune environment(STIE)is unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).This study aimed to exam the cells in the STIE,their changes after transarterial chemoembolisation(TACE),stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT),and immunotherapy(IO)and explore their significance in the treatment response of patients with unresectable HCC.Methods:This is a prospective biomarker study of patients with unresectable HCC.The treatment was sequential TACE,SBRT(27.5-40 Gy/5 fractions),and IO.The treatment response was assessed according to modified Re-sponse Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST)by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)after 6 months of treatment.Longitudinal data of STIE cells was extracted from laboratory results of complete blood cell counts,in-cluding leukocytes,lymphocytes,neutrophils,monocytes,eosinophils,basophils,and platelets.Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline and after TACE,SBRT,and IO for T-lymphocyte subtyping by flow cytometry.Generalized estimation equation was employed for longitudinal analyses.Results:A total of 35 patients with unresectable HCC were enrolled:23 patients in the exploratory cohort and 12 in the validation cohort.STIE circulating cells,especially lymphocytes,were heterogenous at baseline and changed differentially after TACE,SBRT,and IO in both cohorts.SBRT caused the greatest reduction of 0.7×10^(9)/L(95%CI:0.3×10^(9)/L-1.0×10^(9)/L,P<0.001)in lymphocytes;less reduction was associated with significantly better treatment response.The analysis of T-lymphocyte lineage revealed that the baseline levels of CD4+T cells(P=0.010),type 1 T helper(Th1)cells(P=0.007),and Th1/Th17 ratios(P=0.001)were significantly higher in responders,while regulatory T(Treg)cells(P=0.002),Th17 cells(P=0.047),and Th2/Th1 ratios(P=0.028)were significantly higher in non-responders.After treatment with TACE,SBRT and IO,T-lymphocyte lineage also changed differentially.More reductions were observed in CD25^(+)CD8^(+)T cells and CD127^(+)CD8^(+)T cells after SBRT in non-responders,while increases in natural killer T(NKT)cells after SBRT(10.4%vs.3.4%,P=0.001)and increases in the lymphocyte counts were noted during IO in responders.Conclusions:STIE cells are significant for treatment response,can be reshaped differentially after TACE,SBRT,and IO.The most significant changes of T-lymphocyte lineage are SBRT associated modulations in CD25^(+)CD8^(+)T cells,CD127^(+)CD8^(+)T cells,and NKT cells,which also have significant effects on the ultimate treatment response after TACE-SBRT-IO(ClinicalTrails.gov identifier:GCOG0001/NCT05061342).展开更多
Polygonati Rhizoma,a functional food and a traditional Chinese medicine broadly used in China and several Southeast Asia countries,possesses effective health-promoting activities.Prepared from 3 plants in Polygonatum ...Polygonati Rhizoma,a functional food and a traditional Chinese medicine broadly used in China and several Southeast Asia countries,possesses effective health-promoting activities.Prepared from 3 plants in Polygonatum genus(Polygonatum kingianum,Polygonatum sibiricum,and Polygonatum cyrtonema),Polygonati Rhizoma has drawn increasing attention due to its remarkable immune-enhancing and metabolic regulatory activities in recent years.In this review,we summarized the updated research of chemical constituents and biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma,especially the metabolic regulation,immunomodulatory effects,and anti-fatigue activities,aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding,broaden the usage and promote more in-depth exploration of Polygonati Rhizoma as a functional food.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sepsis and septic shock pose critical public health challenges with high mortality,particularly in critical care.While racial differences in sepsis incidence are documented,the impact of race on sepsis outc...BACKGROUND Sepsis and septic shock pose critical public health challenges with high mortality,particularly in critical care.While racial differences in sepsis incidence are documented,the impact of race on sepsis outcomes remains inconsistent.AIM To evaluate racial disparities in clinical outcomes among patients hospitalized with septic shock,focusing on in-hospital mortality,length of stay(LOS),and hospitalization costs.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2021.Patients diagnosed with septic shock were identified using ICD-10 code R65.21.The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality;secondary outcomes included trends in septic shock hospitalizations,mortality,length of stay,and cost of hospitalizations.RESULTS Among 3581504 hospitalizations for septic shock,the racial distribution was 67%Non-Hispanic White(NHW),15%Non-Hispanic Black(NHB),11%Hispanic,and 7%other groups,with a mean age of 66.3 years.In-hospital mortality was 33.6%,highest among other racial groups(36.7%).Mortality was stable across racial groups from 2016-2019 but rose sharply in 2020-2021,especially among Hispanic patients.Adjusted in-hospital mortality were higher for NHB and Hispanic compared to NHW patients.NHB patients had the longest LOS,while other racial groups incurred the highest cost of hospitalizations.CONCLUSION We found higher mortality among NHB,Hispanic,and other racial groups in septic shock patients,likely driven by higher risk of in-hospital complications among these racial groups.This highlights the need for future research to identify the factors contributing to the adverse outcomes in these populations.展开更多
文摘Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.
基金supported by the National Institute of Health NS104386(to HJA)and AG078245(to HJA).
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)stands out as the primary manifestation of age-related dementia,portraying a chronic neurodegenerative disorder distinguished by the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-β(Aβ)plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau.However,from a clinical standpoint,AD presents itself as a complex condition with a spectrum of dysfunctions rather than a singular pathological mechanism.An often-overlooked aspect of the disease is the presence of extensive cerebrovascular abnormalities,given that the majority of AD patients experience altered cerebral blood flow,damaged vasculature,increased microinfarcts and microhemorrhages.Animal models of AD further support this observation,showing cerebrovascular dysfunction such as impaired cerebral blood flow and altered cerebrovascular reactivity(Tataryn et al.,2021;Gareau et al.,2023).
基金Supporting Program for funding this work under Project number(RSP2024R328),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The sedimentary geochemistry of St.Martin’s Island is important to determine the origin of the source rock,paleo weathering,tectonic setting,sediment recycling,maturity,sorting,redox condition,and paleo salinity of the sediments.Major oxides,trace elements,and rare earth elements(REEs)obtained from the INAA technique are presented by analyzing the sediment samples collected from the shoreline of St.Martin’s Island,Bangladesh.The elemental ratios,comparison with average upper continental crust(UCC),binary diagrams(Th/Sc vs.Sc,La/Th vs.Hf,Th/Co vs.La/Sc),and chondrite normalized REE patterns exhibit substantial LREE enrichment,relatively fl at HREE fractionation,considerable negative Eu anomalies(average:0.72),indicates the derivation from a source dominated by felsic rock,with contribution from intermediate source and mafi c component.Sediments from St.Martin’s Island exhibit the deposition of sediments in transitional environments of active and passive continental margin settings.Weathering indices value of CIA,PIA,CIW,CIX,and K 2 O/Rb ratio show moderate chemical weathering,indicating that the sediments are chemically mature.Sedimentary redox indicative proxies,such as U/Th,V/Cr,and V/Sc,show an oxic depositional environment during sediment deposition.The intermediate CIA and other weathering index values of the St.Martin’s sediments show that the area had semiarid and humid climatic conditions throughout the deposition.The Rb/K ratio of the St.Martin’s sediments suggests that the development and deposition of the sedimentary sequence of St.Martin’s Island mainly occurred in a brackish water environment during the geological past.
基金the Cancer Institute of New Jersey is supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute:P30CA072720Arnav Srivastava is supported by a training grant from the National Cancer Institute:T32CA180984.
文摘Introduction:Infections are the most feared complication of transrectal prostate biopsies,along with growing concerns of antibiotic resistance.Our institution transitioned to a transperineal approach without use of perioperative antibiotics or bowel preparations.We aimed to compare the safety outcomes associated with transperineal and transrectal prostate biopsy techniques.Materials and Methods:A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent transrectal and transperineal prostate biopsies at our institution from 2019–2022 was performed.Results:We identified 319 patients—174 transrectal and 145 transperineal.8 patients who had transperineal biopsy(5.5%)received peri-operative antibiotics,compared to 100%with transrectal biopsy.35.86%of transperineal patients received a bowel preparation,compared to 100%in the transrectal group.44.14%and 49.43%of patients received a prior prostate biopsy in the transperineal and transrectal groups,respectively.Patients in the transperineal biopsy group had zero infectious complications,1 ER visit,and zero 30-day readmissions.This is compared to 9 infectious complications(5.17%,p=0.005),8 ER visits(4.60%,p=0.036),and 730-day readmissions(4.02%,p=0.015)in the transrectal group.Conclusions:In a single institution series,patients undergoing transperineal biopsy had fewer infectious complications compared to those undergoing transrectal biopsy.Despite only a small percentage of patients receiving perioperative antibiotics and a majority of patients not receiving a bowel preparation in the transperineal group,there were zero infectious complications or 30-day readmissions.With greater infectious complications with transrectal biopsy and growing antibiotic resistance,we underline the safety of transperineal prostate biopsy which can largely be done without perioperative antibiotics or a bowel preparation.
文摘BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis(AD),or eczema,is a chronic,pruritic inflammatory skin disease affecting children and adults.Socioeconomic status(SES)plays a significant role in developing AD.However,mixed evidence from a previous study by Bajwa et al makes it difficult to determine the directionality of the association.There is a lite-rature gap in understanding the causal association between AD and socioeco-nomic factors.AIM To evaluate the impact of disparities in SES on pediatric AD populations.METHODS Based on the eligibility criteria,the literature review identified eight articles since July 2021,and a descriptive analysis was conducted using an Excel spreadsheet on key components collected from the identified studies.RESULTS Eight observational studies assessed SES in pediatric AD.Five observational studies showed mixed associations between AD and SES.Sub-analysis revealed that urban areas had a higher prevalence of AD,and four studies identified a positive association between parental education and AD in the pediatric popu-lation.Socioeconomic variables,such as residential areas and household income,significantly influence disease outcomes.CONCLUSION There is mixed association between pediatric AD and SES,with AD positively associated with parental education.There is critical need to evaluate global impact of SES variables on pediatric AD.
基金supported by a grant from the Merkin Peripheral Neuropathy and Nerve Regeneration Center(to PKS)the Rutgers University Startup Fund(to PKS).
文摘Stress granules are membraneless organelles that serve as a protective cellular response to external stressors by sequestering non-translating messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and regulating protein synthesis.Stress granules formation mechanism is conserved across species,from yeast to mammals,and they play a critical role in minimizing cellular damage during stress.Composed of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes,stress granules are enriched not only in mRNAs but also in noncoding RNAs and various proteins,including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins.Genetic mutations affecting stress granule assembly and disassembly can lead to abnormal stress granule accumulation,contributing to the progression of several diseases.Recent research indicates that stress granule dynamics are pivotal in determining their physiological and pathological functions,with acute stress granule formation offering protection and chronic stress granule accumulation being detrimental.This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of stress granules under diverse physiological conditions,such as regulation of mRNA transport,mRNA translation,apoptosis,germ cell development,phase separation processes that govern stress granule formation,and their emerging implications in pathophysiological scenarios,such as viral infections,cancer,neurodevelopmental disorders,neurodegeneration,and neuronal trauma.
文摘Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages,foods,cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,yet the adulteration of natural,particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet demand and high cost.Nowadays,most quality control(QC)analysis of lemon oils is conducted by gas chromatography(GC)analysis,which is far from a reliable method.Oxygen heterocyclic compounds(OHCs)in non-volatile fraction are gaining increasing attention in authentication process because of the nearly finger-printing profiles of OHCs in cold pressed citrus essential oils.Our goal in this study was to identify OHCs using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)in lemon oils,establish OHC profiles,perform stepwise logistic regression analysis(SLRA)and build effective predicting model and further determine adulterated lemon oils by referencing the OHC profiles and established models.After HPLC analyses,profiling and SLRA modeling of 154 OHCs samples of industrial lemon oils,we found that the combination of isopimpinellin and total OHC concentration are essential and robust predictors to differentiate authentic samples from adulterated lemon oils with a success rate of 98%from the 5-fold cross validation.This study provided a reliable and efficient method in determining the authenticity of lemon oils.
基金funded by a Life Sciences Alliance Pilot Seed Grant from the Rutgers-New Brunswick Office of the Vice Provost for Research,Grant Number OVPR-100(MV)。
文摘Neurodegeneration of retinal tissue leads to progressive vision loss in millions of working-age adults each year.Metabolic alterations caused by modern diets that are high in fats and sugars contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.Chronic,diet-induced metabolic changes are linked to high glucose and harmful,proinflammatory compounds in the blood,called advanced glycation end products(AGEs),that can alter the integrity of neurovascular barriers.AGEs-induced changes to the permeability of the inner blood-retinal barrier can lead to progressive vision loss with disparate impacts in patients with low estrogen,such as via natural aging processes,chronic illness,or aggressive medical interventions.Application of supplemental estradiol has been shown to ameliorate degeneration across the cardiovascular,intestinal,and nervous systems.This commentary describes the potential benefits of estradiol-based therapies on the visual health of older women with progressive diabetic retinopathy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171344(to ZY),82471313(to CKT)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China,Nos.2023B1515120035,2024A1515012035(to CKT)The Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou Nos.2025A03J4169(to ZY)。
文摘Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow trigger neurovascular remodeling,as manifested by the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subs equent neurovascular repair activities such as angiogenesis.This process involves neurovascular communication that facilitates the transport of mediators among cerebrovascular endothelial cells,pericytes,glial cells,and neurons,thereby transmitting signals from donor to recipient cells to elicit a collaborative response.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12302079 and 11521202)the National Natural Science Foundation of U.S.A.(No.DMS-2306254)。
文摘During nearly 200 years of development in the knowledge of Brownian motion,the Janus sphere,as a typical Brownian particle with special surface properties,has been widely studied in the past few decades.A standard Janus sphere possesses two distinct surfaces.These two surfaces elicit different hydrodynamic interactions with ambient fluids or other interactions in response to environmental stimuli,such as chemical gradients,magnetic fields,and even light.The diffusion of Janus spheres,particularly when controlled by a remotely applied field,has inspired various applications,ranging from the design of micro-swimmers and novel procedures for probing the mechanical properties of suspensions to the fabrication of composites with enhanced performance.In this work,we report a systematic analysis of field-controlled diffusion of Janus spheres.Commencing with stochastic differential equations of motion at the microscale,we derive a coarse-grained Fokker-Planck equation at the macroscale,describing the evolution of the probability distribution function of the Janus sphere in terms of its position and orientation.Leveraging the concept of the hydrodynamic center,we derive,for the first time,explicit generalized Stokes-Einstein relations for long-time effective diffusivity,incorporating the effects of both the surface discontinuity of the Janus sphere and the external fields.The formulae enable predictions of the effective diffusivity as it varies with the slip length and characteristic angle of Janus spheres,and reveal the impact of an aligning potential field on the diffusion coefficients both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the field.This work not only deepens the understanding of field-controlled diffusion of Janus particles,but also holds a meaningful impact on the future applications in microfluidics and related fields.
文摘Aging is considered the main risk factor for the development of several diseases,including the leading neurodegenerative disorders.While the cellular features of aging are complex and multifaceted,neuronal senescence has emerged as a major contributor and driver of this process in the mammalian cell.Cellular senescence is a programmed response to stress and irreparable damage,which drives the cell into an apoptosis-resistant,non-proliferative state.Senescent cells can also deleteriously affect neighboring,non-senescent cells.Senescence is a complex and multifaceted process associated with a wide range of cellular events,including the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the arrest of the cell cycle.
文摘Introduction: Bracket debonding is a frequent issue that clinicians encounter, leading to increased chair time, lost revenue, and material usage. In addition to patient compliance with their diet recommendations, the preparation and conditioning of teeth for bonding significantly influence bond strength and consequently impact orthodontic treatment success and efficiency. Because of OBA-MCP’s (orthodontic bonding adhesive with modified calcium phosphate) decreased shear bond strength (SBS), the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of conditioning with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before etching in the bonding protocol. Materials and Methods: 90 extracted teeth were divided into 3 groups to be bonded with orthodontic brackets with different bonding protocols: 1) Transbond XT with regular bonding protocol (etch + prime + adhesive);2) OBA-MCP with regular bonding protocol;and 3) OBA-MCP with NaOCl prior to acid etching in the regular bonding protocol. SBS (in Newtons) were measured using an MTS universal testing machine with a custom jig to apply a vertical force onto the bracket and ARI (adhesive remnant index) scores were recorded for each sample after de-bond to rate the amount of adhesive remaining. Results: The addition of NaOCl to the bonding protocol statistically significantly increased the SBS of OBA-MCP to comparable levels to Transbond XT. The ARI scores showed that when NaOCl was added, more adhesive remained. Conclusion: The addition of NaOCl to the bonding protocol can increase the SBS of adhesives with historically weaker bond strengths. However, the increased amount of adhesive remaining and the increased time spent during bonding must be considered. Further testing can be done in vivo to demonstrate the practicality of this new procedure.
文摘BACKGROUND Septic shock,the most severe form of sepsis,remains a major global health challenge with high mortality.The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has exacerbated this burden,as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection often leads to sepsis and septic shock.Racial and ethnic differences in critical illness outcomes are well-documented,but their impact on COVID-19 associated septic shock remains unclear.AIM To examine epidemiologic data to explore racial and ethnic differences in outcomes in COVID-19 associated septic shock.METHODS Using the National Inpatient Sample(2020–2021),we conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess racial and ethnic disparities in septic shock outcomes among adults(≥18 years)with concurrent COVID-19.Primary and secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality,acute kidney injury(AKI),AKI requiring dialysis,and mechanical ventilation.Adjusted multivariable logistic regression accounted for demographics,comorbidities,hospital characteristics,and inhospital events.RESULTS Among 396795 weighted hospitalizations,Non-Hispanic Black(NHB)(25.3%)and Hispanic(30.4%)populations were younger and had greater comorbidity burdens than Non-Hispanic White(NHW)patients.Compared to NHW,adjusted analyses showed higher in-hospital mortality[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.21,95%CI:1.15-1.27],mechanical ventilation use(aOR=1.19,95%CI:1.12-1.27)and AKI requiring dialysis(aOR=1.16,95%CI:1.07-1.25,P<0.001)among Hispanic patients.NHB patients had similar mortality to NHWs but had higher risk of mechanical ventilation(aOR=1.15,95%CI:1.09-1.22)and AKI requiring dialysis(aOR=1.65,95%CI:1.54-1.76).Mean length of stay and cost were longest and highest for Hispanic patients.CONCLUSION Our study showed that there was higher mortality in Hispanic patients,and higher renal and respiratory complication in both NHB and Hispanic groups compared to NHW group.Future research identifying the causes of the observed differences in complications are required to inform targeted strategies that may mitigate modifiable risk factors and optimize early detection of organ failure to optimize outcomes in this population.
基金supported by General project of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2022A1515010907,2023A1515011266)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700501)。
文摘Obesity caused by poor eating habits has become a global public health issue and harms human health.Rosmarinic acid(RA)is a natural active substance with many biological functions like antioxidant.However,the function of RA's lipid-lowering effect and mechanism are not entirely clear.This study aimed to explore the effect of RA on obesity and its action mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans.RA not only alleviated intestinal inflammation and change the composition of unsaturated fatty acid,but also decreased fat storage and adjusted the size and quantity of fat droplets without threatening development and reproduction or affecting energy intake.In addition,RA improved the integrity of intestinal barrier function in C.elegans.RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)comprehensively revealed that the lipid-lowering mechanism mediated by RA might involve lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory pathways.Among them,RA regulates lipid metabolism by reducing fat synthesis through SBP-1 and increasing fatty acidβ-oxidation via NHR-49.Furthermore,the anti-inflammatory pathway was associated with RA's enhancement of the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid and alleviation of inflammatory reactions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PAO1).Therefore,RA regulated lipid metabolism and relieved inflammation,which had the potential for dietary supplements or functional foods.
基金funded by the grant for Evaluation of Functional Property,Processing and Utilization of Xinjiang Characteristic Plant Resources(G2023046003L)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Outstanding Youth Science Fund project(2024D01E11)+1 种基金National Nature Science Fund of China(82060788)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(C2022204167).
文摘Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.,an edible flowering plant,belongs to the Chrysanthemum family and is mainly grown at high altitudes in Northwestern China.It is rich in polyphenolic compounds,particularly marein and flavomarein,and possesses multiple health-promoting properties,such as antioxidant,hypoglycemic and vasorelaxant effects.Previous bioactivity investigations majorly focused on C.tinctoria and its crude extract.The aim of the present study was to prepare marein-dominant C.tinctoria flavonoids(CF),further investigate the CF protective effects of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride and elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms.Results have demonstrated that CF effectively attenuated hepatofibrogenesis by increasing the activity of glutathione(GSH)and superoxide dismutase(SOD);suppressing the hepatic stellate cell(HSC)activation,inhibiting transforming growth factorβ(TGF-β)activation and the production ofα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),alleviating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2(ERK1/2)and small mothers against decapentaplegic1/2(Smad1/2),thus maintaining the collagen metabolic homeostasis in the liver.Our study revealed that CF possesses an efficacious protective effect against chronic hepatic fibrosis due to their strong inhibitory effects of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(grant number:KQTD20180411185028798).
文摘Background:The role of systemic tumor immune environment(STIE)is unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).This study aimed to exam the cells in the STIE,their changes after transarterial chemoembolisation(TACE),stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT),and immunotherapy(IO)and explore their significance in the treatment response of patients with unresectable HCC.Methods:This is a prospective biomarker study of patients with unresectable HCC.The treatment was sequential TACE,SBRT(27.5-40 Gy/5 fractions),and IO.The treatment response was assessed according to modified Re-sponse Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST)by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)after 6 months of treatment.Longitudinal data of STIE cells was extracted from laboratory results of complete blood cell counts,in-cluding leukocytes,lymphocytes,neutrophils,monocytes,eosinophils,basophils,and platelets.Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline and after TACE,SBRT,and IO for T-lymphocyte subtyping by flow cytometry.Generalized estimation equation was employed for longitudinal analyses.Results:A total of 35 patients with unresectable HCC were enrolled:23 patients in the exploratory cohort and 12 in the validation cohort.STIE circulating cells,especially lymphocytes,were heterogenous at baseline and changed differentially after TACE,SBRT,and IO in both cohorts.SBRT caused the greatest reduction of 0.7×10^(9)/L(95%CI:0.3×10^(9)/L-1.0×10^(9)/L,P<0.001)in lymphocytes;less reduction was associated with significantly better treatment response.The analysis of T-lymphocyte lineage revealed that the baseline levels of CD4+T cells(P=0.010),type 1 T helper(Th1)cells(P=0.007),and Th1/Th17 ratios(P=0.001)were significantly higher in responders,while regulatory T(Treg)cells(P=0.002),Th17 cells(P=0.047),and Th2/Th1 ratios(P=0.028)were significantly higher in non-responders.After treatment with TACE,SBRT and IO,T-lymphocyte lineage also changed differentially.More reductions were observed in CD25^(+)CD8^(+)T cells and CD127^(+)CD8^(+)T cells after SBRT in non-responders,while increases in natural killer T(NKT)cells after SBRT(10.4%vs.3.4%,P=0.001)and increases in the lymphocyte counts were noted during IO in responders.Conclusions:STIE cells are significant for treatment response,can be reshaped differentially after TACE,SBRT,and IO.The most significant changes of T-lymphocyte lineage are SBRT associated modulations in CD25^(+)CD8^(+)T cells,CD127^(+)CD8^(+)T cells,and NKT cells,which also have significant effects on the ultimate treatment response after TACE-SBRT-IO(ClinicalTrails.gov identifier:GCOG0001/NCT05061342).
基金funded by Scientific and Technological Research Project and Technology Innovation Platform Project of Huibei Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2025AFD345 and 2024CSA071)grant from Huanggang Science and Technology Bureau(ZDZX20240008)。
文摘Polygonati Rhizoma,a functional food and a traditional Chinese medicine broadly used in China and several Southeast Asia countries,possesses effective health-promoting activities.Prepared from 3 plants in Polygonatum genus(Polygonatum kingianum,Polygonatum sibiricum,and Polygonatum cyrtonema),Polygonati Rhizoma has drawn increasing attention due to its remarkable immune-enhancing and metabolic regulatory activities in recent years.In this review,we summarized the updated research of chemical constituents and biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma,especially the metabolic regulation,immunomodulatory effects,and anti-fatigue activities,aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding,broaden the usage and promote more in-depth exploration of Polygonati Rhizoma as a functional food.
文摘BACKGROUND Sepsis and septic shock pose critical public health challenges with high mortality,particularly in critical care.While racial differences in sepsis incidence are documented,the impact of race on sepsis outcomes remains inconsistent.AIM To evaluate racial disparities in clinical outcomes among patients hospitalized with septic shock,focusing on in-hospital mortality,length of stay(LOS),and hospitalization costs.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2021.Patients diagnosed with septic shock were identified using ICD-10 code R65.21.The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality;secondary outcomes included trends in septic shock hospitalizations,mortality,length of stay,and cost of hospitalizations.RESULTS Among 3581504 hospitalizations for septic shock,the racial distribution was 67%Non-Hispanic White(NHW),15%Non-Hispanic Black(NHB),11%Hispanic,and 7%other groups,with a mean age of 66.3 years.In-hospital mortality was 33.6%,highest among other racial groups(36.7%).Mortality was stable across racial groups from 2016-2019 but rose sharply in 2020-2021,especially among Hispanic patients.Adjusted in-hospital mortality were higher for NHB and Hispanic compared to NHW patients.NHB patients had the longest LOS,while other racial groups incurred the highest cost of hospitalizations.CONCLUSION We found higher mortality among NHB,Hispanic,and other racial groups in septic shock patients,likely driven by higher risk of in-hospital complications among these racial groups.This highlights the need for future research to identify the factors contributing to the adverse outcomes in these populations.
