The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple c...The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple crucial for global food security,possesses six transcription factor superfamilies-AP2/ERF,bHLH,bZIP,MYB,NAC,and WRKY-that function in innate immunity against pathogens.We review their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms in rice immunity.展开更多
Synthetic food dyes,widely used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages,are associated with potential neurobehavioral impacts,particularly in children.Despite its banned status in many regions,Auramine O(AO...Synthetic food dyes,widely used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages,are associated with potential neurobehavioral impacts,particularly in children.Despite its banned status in many regions,Auramine O(AO)has been detected as a contaminant in various food products.In silico studies have demonstrated that AO can induce neurotoxic effects.Zebrafish were exposed to varying concentrations of AO(5 and 10 mg/L)and acrylamide at 100 mg/L in the positive control(PC)group.Behavioral tests(Novel Object Recognition,Open Field Test,Light-Dark Test,Novel Tank Test,T-maze Test),enzymatic assays,histological analysis,and gene expression studies were conducted.Staining assays such as dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA)for reactive oxygen species(ROS),acridine orange for apoptosis,thioflavin for amyloid plaques,Alizarin Red S for calcification,and AO accumulation in brain tissue were conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)analysis.AO exposure led to dose-dependent cognitive impairment,anxietylike behaviors,decreased enzymatic marker levels,increased ROS levels,apoptosis,amyloid plaques,and calcification.Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of stress and inflammation-related genes and the downregulation of antioxidant and neuroprotective genes.HPLC confirmed AO accumulation in brain tissue.AO induces significant neurotoxicity in zebrafish,with higher concentrations causing more pronounced effects.These findings raise concerns about potential neurotoxic impacts on humans,particularly children,and highlight the need for stringent regulatory measures.展开更多
Agricultural drainage ditches play an important role in removing surplus water;however, these can also potentially act as major conduits of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants, including sediment, nitrogen, and ph...Agricultural drainage ditches play an important role in removing surplus water;however, these can also potentially act as major conduits of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants, including sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus. A supplementary hybrid system to limit such pollution was developed in this study;this consists of biodegradable fiber check dams, used in combination with a synthetic polymer (Polyacrylamide, PAM). An open channel experiment was conducted to optimize the design of the hybrid system, taking into account a variety of physical and hydraulic conditions. Subsequent field application of the hybrid system improved runoff water quality, such as 10.0% to 98.3% reduction for suspended solids, 25.2% to 98.4% reduction for turbidity, 21.1% to 91.1% increase for BOD, 19.2% to 75.4% increase for COD, 21.0% to 73.3% reduction for T-N, 5.9% to 91.2% reduction for T-P and 35.7% to 97.6% reduction for fecal coliforms. This clearly showed that this hybrid system could play a significant role in supplementing conventional best management practices.展开更多
Diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens attack plants,causing biotic stress and severe yield losses globally.These losses are expected to become more serious as climate change improves conditions for many pathogens.The...Diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens attack plants,causing biotic stress and severe yield losses globally.These losses are expected to become more serious as climate change improves conditions for many pathogens.Therefore,identifying genes conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance and elucidating their underlying mechanisms provides important resources for plant breeding.WRKY transcription factors affect plant growth and stress responses.However,the functions of many WRKY proteins remain to be elucidated.Here,we demonstrated the role of rice(Oryza sativa)WRKY groupⅢtranscription factor OsWRKY65 in immunity.OsWRKY65 localized to the nucleus and acted as transcriptional repressor.Genetic and molecular functional analyses showed that OsWRKY65 increases resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi through downregulation of GA signaling and upregulation of JA signaling.Moreover,OsWRKY65 modulated the expression of the key genes that confer susceptibility or resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae to enhance immunity against the pathogen.In particular,OsWRKY65directly bound to the promoter region of OsSWEET13 and repressed its expression.Taken together,our findings demonstrate that the OsWRKY65 enhances resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens in rice.展开更多
Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite re...Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Bacterial leaf blight(BLB)is a devastating disease of rice with the potential to reduce yield by up to 70%.In this study,we investigated the genetic foundation of Xa21-mediated resistance to BLB infection in seven dif...Bacterial leaf blight(BLB)is a devastating disease of rice with the potential to reduce yield by up to 70%.In this study,we investigated the genetic foundation of Xa21-mediated resistance to BLB infection in seven different rice varieties from Myanmar.The varieties exhibited a variable phenotypic response at 14 d after infection(DAI)by Xoo strains K1 and K3a,among which,the variety Kayin Ma was classified as a moderately resistant(MR)variety,expressing Xa2,Xa4,xa5,xa13,and Xa21 genes.展开更多
Background The primary differentially methylated regions(DMRs) which are maternally hypermethylated serve as imprinting control regions(ICRs) that drive monoallelic gene expression, and these ICRs have been investigat...Background The primary differentially methylated regions(DMRs) which are maternally hypermethylated serve as imprinting control regions(ICRs) that drive monoallelic gene expression, and these ICRs have been investigated due to their implications in mammalian development. Although a subset of genes has been identified as imprinted, in-depth comparative approach needs to be developed for identification of species-specific imprinted genes. Here, we examined DNA methylation status and allelic expression at the KBTBD6 locus across species and tissues and explored potential mechanisms of imprinting.Results Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-sequencing on parthenogenetic and normal porcine embryos, we identified a maternally hypermethylated DMR between the embryos at the KBTBD6 promoter Cp G island and paternal monoallelic expression of KBTBD6. Also, in analyzed domesticated mammals but not in humans, non-human primates and mice, the KBTBD6 promoter Cp G islands were methylated in oocytes and/or allelically methyl-ated in tissues, and monoallelic KBTBD6 expression was observed, indicating livestock-specific imprinting. Further analysis revealed that these Cp G islands were embedded within transcripts in porcine and bovine oocytes which coexisted with an active transcription mark and DNA methylation, implying the presence of transcription-dependent imprinting.Conclusions In this study, our comparative approach revealed an imprinted expression of the KBTBD6 gene in domesticated mammals, but not in humans, non-human primates, and mice which implicates species-specific evolution of genomic imprinting.展开更多
Recognizing the variation of genetic resources is the first step in selection.One of the most important variations in grain crops is the uniformity of seed grain weight,which can be converted into seed size.However,it...Recognizing the variation of genetic resources is the first step in selection.One of the most important variations in grain crops is the uniformity of seed grain weight,which can be converted into seed size.However,it has been challenging since it needs high labor costs and time to measure it on a large scale.The current study used an image analysis technique to measure the grain seed area of about 100 seeds per accession with 64 germplasm of Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)to study variation among and within them.To understand the nature of variation,skewness and kurtosis analysis of probability density function curve for seed area were used.As a result,a large variation among and within accessions was found.This means that the seed sizes within an accession are not uniform in this given cleistogamous species due to its non-uniform flowering time.This implies that the seed size should be considered an important factor for the germplasm enhancement program.展开更多
Salt tolerance is an important constrain for rice, which is generally categorized as a typical glycophyte. Soil salinity is one of the major constraints affecting rice production worldwide, especially in the coastal a...Salt tolerance is an important constrain for rice, which is generally categorized as a typical glycophyte. Soil salinity is one of the major constraints affecting rice production worldwide, especially in the coastal areas. Susceptibility or tolerance of rice plants to high salinity is a coordinated action of multiple stress responsive genes, which also interacts with other components of stress signal transduction pathways. Salt tolerant varieties can be produced by marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering by introducing salt-tolerance genes. In this review, we have updated on mechanisms and genes which can help in transferring of the salt tolerance into high-yielding rice varieties. We have focused on the need for integrating phenotyping, genomics, metabolic profiling and phenomics into transgenic and breeding approaches to develop high-yielding as well as salt tolerant rice varieties.展开更多
The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life...The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life is crucial in pigs, since early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of permanent microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of pigs later in life. Emphasizing this importance of early gut colonizers, it is critical to understand the factors impacting the establishment of the piglet gut microbiome at weaning. Factors include, among others, diet, in-feed antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotic administration. The impact of these factors on establishment of the gut microbiome of piglets at weaning includes effects on piglet gut microbial diversity, structure, and succession. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the most recent findings on the piglet gut microbiome shifts as influenced by weaning, and how these microbiome changes brought about by various factors that have been shown to affect the development of microbiota in piglets. This review will provide a general overview of recent studies that can help to facilitate the design of new strategies to modulate the gut microbiome in order to enhance gastrointestinal health, growth performance and well-being of piglets.展开更多
Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig’s health and growth performa...Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig’s health and growth performance. However,limited information is available regarding the composition and function of the gut microbiome of piglets in early-life.Therefore, we performed 16 S rRNA gene and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of DNA from fecal samples from healthy piglets during weaning to measure microbiome shifts, and to identify the potential contribution of the early-life microbiota in shaping piglet health with a focus on microbial stress responses, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.Results: The analysis of 16 S rR NA genes and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing revealed significant compositional and functional differences between the fecal microbiome in nursing and weaned piglets. The fecal microbiome of the nursing piglets showed higher relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides with abundant gene families related to the utilization of lactose and galactose. Prevotel a and Lactobacil us were enriched in weaned piglets with an enrichment for the gene families associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In addition, an analysis of the functional capacity of the fecal microbiome showed higher abundances of genes associated with heat shock and oxidative stress in the metagenome of weaned piglets compared to nursing piglets.Conclusions: Overal, our data show that microbial shifts and changes in functional capacities of the piglet fecal microbiome resulted in potential reductions in the effects of stress, including dietary changes that occur during weaning.These results provide us with new insights into the piglet gut microbiome that contributes to the growth of the animal.展开更多
The effects of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in 13 Korean wheat cultivars for three years were verified in this study. Year, cultivar, and the interaction between the year and...The effects of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in 13 Korean wheat cultivars for three years were verified in this study. Year, cultivar, and the interaction between the year and the cultivar influenced protein characteristics, the proportion of gluten except for γ-and ω-gliadin using RP-HPLC(reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography), and end-use quality. Protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten in Korean wheat cultivars were between those of Australian standard white(ASW) and hard wheat(AH). Korean wheat cultivars exhibited a higher average α+β gliadin proportion than imported wheat, a γ-gliadin proportion similar to that of dark northern spring wheat, and the same ω-gliadin proportion as AH. They showed a bread-loaf volume intermediate between those of ASW and AH and a texture of cooked noodles similar to that of soft white wheat, but less springiness than imported wheat. The cookie diameter of Korean wheat cultivars was similar to that of hard red winter wheat. There was a correlation between bread-loaf volume and protein characteristics, except for the protein content in Korean wheat cultivars. Springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles were not correlated with protein characteristics, while hardness was correlated with the protein content and water absorption of a mixograph. Cookie diameter was negatively correlated with the sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) sedimentation volume and water absorption of a mixograph. The end-use quality was not correlated with any proportion of gluten composition. Principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the proportion of gluten was not related to the quality of the bread(both PCs, 81.3%), noodle(77.7%), and cookie(82.4%). PCA explained that Keumkang is suitable for superior bread, while Uri is good for cooked noodles and cookies.展开更多
A new species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 （Hymenoptera： Eupelmidae）, A. orientalis Yang ＆ Choi, sp. nov. is described from China. It is a solitary endo-parasitoid in egg of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delic...A new species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 （Hymenoptera： Eupelmidae）, A. orientalis Yang ＆ Choi, sp. nov. is described from China. It is a solitary endo-parasitoid in egg of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula （White） （Homoptera： Fulgoridae）, which causes damages to many ornamental and fruit trees in China. The brief biology of the new parasitoid is also mentioned. The new species has high potential as a biocontrol agent for suppression of the pest because of its parasitism rates of egg masses 30.4% and of eggs 40.2% respectively with sex ratio of female to male 1.9：1.0, as well as the relative easiness for mass rearing. The detailed feature characters and photos of the new species are supplied. Meanwhile, a key to distinguish the present new species from the other close two （A. japonicus and A. bifasciatus） in the genus is provided. Type specimens are deposited in the Insect Museum, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.展开更多
The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of ...The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.展开更多
The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 pop...The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 population, which included 200 individuals and lines derived from a cross between two japonica rice cultivars Gaochan 106 and Changbai 9 with microsatellite markers. The DLR detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress showed continuous normal or near normal distributions in F3 lines, which was the quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. The DSR showed a continuous distribution with 3 or 4 peaks and was the quantitative trait controlled by main and multiple genes when rice was grown for 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Thirteen QTLs associated with DLR were detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDLR9-2 located in RM5786-RM160 on chromosome 9 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, 48 days, 55 days, and 62 days, respectively; qDLR4 located in RM3524-RM3866 on chromosome 4 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, and 48 days, respectively; qDLR7-1 located in RM3859-RM320 on chromosome 7 was detected at 20 days and 27 days; and qDLR6-2 in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 was detected at 55 days and 62 days, respectively. The alleles of both qDLR9-2 and qDLR4 were derived from alkaline sensitive parent ＂Gaochanl06＂. The alleles of both qDLR7-1 and qDLR6-2 were from alkaline tolerant parent Changbai 9. These gene actions showed dominance and over dominance primarily. Six QTLs associated with DSR were detected at 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDSR6-2 and qDSR8 were located in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 and in RM3752-RM404 on chromosome 8, respectively, which were associated with DSR and accounted for 20.32% and 18.86% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively; qDSR11-2 and qDSR11-3 were located in RM536-RM479 and RM2596-RM286 on chromosome 11, respectively, which were associated with DSR explaining 25.85% and 15.41% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively. The marker flanking distances of these QTLs were quite far except that of qDSR6-2, which should be researched further.展开更多
Plant associated bacteria are promising alternatives to chemical fertilizers for plant growth and yield improvement in an eco-friendly manner.In this study,rice associated bacteria were isolated and assessed for miner...Plant associated bacteria are promising alternatives to chemical fertilizers for plant growth and yield improvement in an eco-friendly manner.In this study,rice associated bacteria were isolated and assessed for mineral phosphate solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) production activity in vitro.Six promising strains,which were tentatively identified as phylotaxon Pseudochrobactrum sp.(BRRh-1),Burkholderia sp.(BRRh-2),Burkholderia sp.(BRRh-3),Burkholderia sp.(BRRh-4),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(BRRh-5 and BRRh-6) based on their 16 S rRNA gene phylogeny,exhibited significant phosphate solubilizing activity in National Botanical Research Institute phosphate growth medium,and BRRh-4 displayed the highest phosphate solubilizing activity,followed by BRRh-5.The p H of the culture broth declined,resulting in increase of growth rate of bacteria at p H 7,which might be due to organic acid secretion by the strains.In presence of L-tryptophan,five isolates synthesized IAA and the maximum IAA was produced by BRRh-2,followed by BRRh-1.Application of two most efficient phosphate solubilizing isolates BRRh-4 and BRRh-5 by root dipping(colonization) of seedling and spraying at the flowering stage significantly enhanced the growth and grain yield of rice variety BRRI dhan-29.Interestingly,application of both strains with 50% of recommended nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers produced equivalent or higher grain yield of rice compared to the control grown with full recommended fertilizer doses,which suggests that these strains may have the potential to be used as bioinoculants for sustainable rice production.展开更多
The key for rice plant survival under Na Cl salt stress is maintaining a high K^+/Na^+ ratio in its cells. Selection for salt tolerance rice genotypes based on phenotypic performance alone will delay in progress in br...The key for rice plant survival under Na Cl salt stress is maintaining a high K^+/Na^+ ratio in its cells. Selection for salt tolerance rice genotypes based on phenotypic performance alone will delay in progress in breeding. Use of molecular markers in tandem with physiological studies will help in better identification of salt tolerant rice accessions. Eight rice accessions along with the check Dongjin were screened using 1/2 Yoshida solution with 50 mmol/L NaCl at the seedling stage. The accessions IT001158, IT246674, IT260533 and IT291341 were classified as salt tolerant based on their K^+/Na^+ ratios. Seventeen SSR markers reported to be associated with K^+/Na^+ ratio were used to screen the accessions. Five SSR markers(RM8053, RM345, RM318, RM253 and RM7075) could differentiate accessions classified based on their K^+/Na^+ ratios. Banding pattern of the accessions was scored compared to the banding pattern of Dongjin. The study differentiated accessions based on their association of K^+/Na^+ ratio with molecular markers which are very reliable. These markers can play a significant role in screening large set of rice germplasms for salt tolerance and also help in identification of high-yielding varieties with better salt tolerance. The salt tolerant accessions can be taken forward into developing better varieties by conventional breeding and exploring genes for salt tolerance.展开更多
Research on the occurrence of perfluorochemicals （PFCs） such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid （PFOS） and perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in the agricultural environment is lacking, in spite of their potential risk ...Research on the occurrence of perfluorochemicals （PFCs） such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid （PFOS） and perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in the agricultural environment is lacking, in spite of their potential risk via food chain transfer from aquatic and soil-plant systems to animals and/or humans. In the present study, for the first time, soil and water samples collected from 243 different agricultural sites adjacent to waste water treatment plants （WWTPs） belonging to 81 cities and 5 provinces with different levels of industrialization in South Korea were monitored for concentrations of PFOS and PFOA by use of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy （LC-MS/MS）. Significant mean concentrations of PFOA （0.001-0.007 tJg L-1 water and 〈0.05-1.573 tJg kg-1 soil） and PFOS （0.001-0.22 tJg L-1 water and 〈0.05-0.741 pg kg-1 soil） were found in all samples. Concentrations of PFCs in soils were high, highlighting that soil is an important sink for PFCs in the agricultural environment. Samples from near WWTPs in Gyeongsang Province contained the highest concentrations of PFOS and PFOA, reflecting the concentration of heavy industry in the province. The concentrations of PFCs in agricultural water （most samples 〈0.05 pg L-~） and soils （most samples 〈1 IJg kg-~） from South Korea were less than acceptable guideline values, indicating that South Korea is not a hotspot of PFOS and PFOA contamination and that there is negligible risk to human and ecological health from these chemicals. However, further studies investigating the seasonal variation in PFOA, PFOS and other perfluorochemical concentrations in the agricultural environment are needed.展开更多
As a part of the Multinational Genome Sequencing Project of Brassica rapa, linkage group R9 and R3 were sequenced using a bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） by BAC strategy. The current physical contigs are expec...As a part of the Multinational Genome Sequencing Project of Brassica rapa, linkage group R9 and R3 were sequenced using a bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） by BAC strategy. The current physical contigs are expected to cover approximately 90% euchromatins of both chromosomes. As the project progresses, BAC selection for sequence extension becomes more limited because BAC libraries are restriction enzyme-specific. To support the project, a random sheared fosmid library was constructed. The library consists of 97536 clones with average insert size of approximately 40 kb corresponding to seven genome equivalents, assuming a Chinese cabbage genome size of 550 Mb. The library was screened with primers designed at the end of sequences of nine points of scaffold gaps where BAC clones cannot be selected to extend the physical contigs. The selected positive clones were end-sequenced to check the overlap between the fosmid clones and the adjacent BAC clones. Nine fosmid clones were selected and fully sequenced. The sequences revealed two completed gap filling and seven sequence extensions, which can be used for further selection of BAC clones confirming that the fosmid library will facilitate the sequence completion of B. rapa.展开更多
Background The study evaluated the effects of bacteriophage cocktail(BP)and ZnO administered during weaning time for piglets exposed to a non-sanitary environment.The bacteriophages were designed to eliminate Escheric...Background The study evaluated the effects of bacteriophage cocktail(BP)and ZnO administered during weaning time for piglets exposed to a non-sanitary environment.The bacteriophages were designed to eliminate Escherichia coli(K88,K99 and F41),Salmonella(typhimurium and enteritidis),and Clostridium perfreingens(types A and C).Forty 21-day-old crossbreed piglets were assigned to four treatments,including the PC(sanitary environment),NC(nonsanitary environment),BP(NC plus 108 pfu/kg BP),and ZO(NC plus 2,500 mg/kg ZnO).Piglets in the NC,BP and ZO were kept in a non-sanitary environment for 14 d,which was contaminated with the feces of infected pigs.Results Pigs in the BP and ZO treatments had a higher final body weight compared with the NC.The NC treatment showed the highest concentration of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin the plasma.The administration of BP and ZO showed lower myeloperoxidase concentrations compared with the NC.The NC treatment showed a lower concentration of superoxide dismutase in serum compared with the PC.Among the treatments in non-sanitary environment,the NC treatment showed a higher concentration of malondialdehyde compared with the ZO.The PC treatment showed a lower concentration of butyric acid in the feces compared with the BP treatment.Among non-sanitary treatments,the villus height in the duodenum was greater in the BP and ZO compared with the NC.The lower abundance of Proteobacteria phylum was observed in the BP and PC treatments compared with the NC.The highest relative abundance of Eubacterium was recorded in the BP treatment.The abundance of Megasphaera and Schwartzia was higher in the NC pigs compared with the BP piglets.The abundance of Desulfovibrio was lower in the supplemented treatments(BP and ZO)compared with non-supplemented(NC and PC).The abundance of Cellulosilyticum genera was higher in the BP and ZO treatments rather than in the NC.The piglets in the NC treatment had the highest abundance of Escherichia-Shigella,followed by the PC and ZO treatments.Conclusion In conclusion,these results suggest that the supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail could effectively control Proteobacteria phylum,Clostridium spp.and coliforms population and mitigated the adverse influences of weaning stress in piglets.展开更多
基金supported by Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development,Republic of Korea(PJ01570601)the Fellowship Program(PJ01661001)of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Republic of KoreaRural Development Administration,Republic of Korea.
文摘The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple crucial for global food security,possesses six transcription factor superfamilies-AP2/ERF,bHLH,bZIP,MYB,NAC,and WRKY-that function in innate immunity against pathogens.We review their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms in rice immunity.
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project,King Saud University,Saudi Arabia(No.RSP2025R465)。
文摘Synthetic food dyes,widely used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages,are associated with potential neurobehavioral impacts,particularly in children.Despite its banned status in many regions,Auramine O(AO)has been detected as a contaminant in various food products.In silico studies have demonstrated that AO can induce neurotoxic effects.Zebrafish were exposed to varying concentrations of AO(5 and 10 mg/L)and acrylamide at 100 mg/L in the positive control(PC)group.Behavioral tests(Novel Object Recognition,Open Field Test,Light-Dark Test,Novel Tank Test,T-maze Test),enzymatic assays,histological analysis,and gene expression studies were conducted.Staining assays such as dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA)for reactive oxygen species(ROS),acridine orange for apoptosis,thioflavin for amyloid plaques,Alizarin Red S for calcification,and AO accumulation in brain tissue were conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)analysis.AO exposure led to dose-dependent cognitive impairment,anxietylike behaviors,decreased enzymatic marker levels,increased ROS levels,apoptosis,amyloid plaques,and calcification.Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of stress and inflammation-related genes and the downregulation of antioxidant and neuroprotective genes.HPLC confirmed AO accumulation in brain tissue.AO induces significant neurotoxicity in zebrafish,with higher concentrations causing more pronounced effects.These findings raise concerns about potential neurotoxic impacts on humans,particularly children,and highlight the need for stringent regulatory measures.
文摘Agricultural drainage ditches play an important role in removing surplus water;however, these can also potentially act as major conduits of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants, including sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus. A supplementary hybrid system to limit such pollution was developed in this study;this consists of biodegradable fiber check dams, used in combination with a synthetic polymer (Polyacrylamide, PAM). An open channel experiment was conducted to optimize the design of the hybrid system, taking into account a variety of physical and hydraulic conditions. Subsequent field application of the hybrid system improved runoff water quality, such as 10.0% to 98.3% reduction for suspended solids, 25.2% to 98.4% reduction for turbidity, 21.1% to 91.1% increase for BOD, 19.2% to 75.4% increase for COD, 21.0% to 73.3% reduction for T-N, 5.9% to 91.2% reduction for T-P and 35.7% to 97.6% reduction for fecal coliforms. This clearly showed that this hybrid system could play a significant role in supplementing conventional best management practices.
基金funded by Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development(PJ01570601)and the Fellowship Program(PJ01661001 and PJ01570601)of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea。
文摘Diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens attack plants,causing biotic stress and severe yield losses globally.These losses are expected to become more serious as climate change improves conditions for many pathogens.Therefore,identifying genes conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance and elucidating their underlying mechanisms provides important resources for plant breeding.WRKY transcription factors affect plant growth and stress responses.However,the functions of many WRKY proteins remain to be elucidated.Here,we demonstrated the role of rice(Oryza sativa)WRKY groupⅢtranscription factor OsWRKY65 in immunity.OsWRKY65 localized to the nucleus and acted as transcriptional repressor.Genetic and molecular functional analyses showed that OsWRKY65 increases resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi through downregulation of GA signaling and upregulation of JA signaling.Moreover,OsWRKY65 modulated the expression of the key genes that confer susceptibility or resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae to enhance immunity against the pathogen.In particular,OsWRKY65directly bound to the promoter region of OsSWEET13 and repressed its expression.Taken together,our findings demonstrate that the OsWRKY65 enhances resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens in rice.
基金supported by the Food Futures Institute of Murdoch University to Rajeev K.Varshney.
文摘Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.
基金funded by the Basic Science Research Program of the Ministry of Education’s National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No.RS-2023-00245922)。
文摘Bacterial leaf blight(BLB)is a devastating disease of rice with the potential to reduce yield by up to 70%.In this study,we investigated the genetic foundation of Xa21-mediated resistance to BLB infection in seven different rice varieties from Myanmar.The varieties exhibited a variable phenotypic response at 14 d after infection(DAI)by Xoo strains K1 and K3a,among which,the variety Kayin Ma was classified as a moderately resistant(MR)variety,expressing Xa2,Xa4,xa5,xa13,and Xa21 genes.
基金partially supported by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Grant (Project No.OHO01304)。
文摘Background The primary differentially methylated regions(DMRs) which are maternally hypermethylated serve as imprinting control regions(ICRs) that drive monoallelic gene expression, and these ICRs have been investigated due to their implications in mammalian development. Although a subset of genes has been identified as imprinted, in-depth comparative approach needs to be developed for identification of species-specific imprinted genes. Here, we examined DNA methylation status and allelic expression at the KBTBD6 locus across species and tissues and explored potential mechanisms of imprinting.Results Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-sequencing on parthenogenetic and normal porcine embryos, we identified a maternally hypermethylated DMR between the embryos at the KBTBD6 promoter Cp G island and paternal monoallelic expression of KBTBD6. Also, in analyzed domesticated mammals but not in humans, non-human primates and mice, the KBTBD6 promoter Cp G islands were methylated in oocytes and/or allelically methyl-ated in tissues, and monoallelic KBTBD6 expression was observed, indicating livestock-specific imprinting. Further analysis revealed that these Cp G islands were embedded within transcripts in porcine and bovine oocytes which coexisted with an active transcription mark and DNA methylation, implying the presence of transcription-dependent imprinting.Conclusions In this study, our comparative approach revealed an imprinted expression of the KBTBD6 gene in domesticated mammals, but not in humans, non-human primates, and mice which implicates species-specific evolution of genomic imprinting.
基金supported by a grant from the Standardization and Integration of Resources Information for Seed-Cluster in Hub-Spoke Material Bank Program(Project No.PJ01587004),Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea.
文摘Recognizing the variation of genetic resources is the first step in selection.One of the most important variations in grain crops is the uniformity of seed grain weight,which can be converted into seed size.However,it has been challenging since it needs high labor costs and time to measure it on a large scale.The current study used an image analysis technique to measure the grain seed area of about 100 seeds per accession with 64 germplasm of Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)to study variation among and within them.To understand the nature of variation,skewness and kurtosis analysis of probability density function curve for seed area were used.As a result,a large variation among and within accessions was found.This means that the seed sizes within an accession are not uniform in this given cleistogamous species due to its non-uniform flowering time.This implies that the seed size should be considered an important factor for the germplasm enhancement program.
文摘Salt tolerance is an important constrain for rice, which is generally categorized as a typical glycophyte. Soil salinity is one of the major constraints affecting rice production worldwide, especially in the coastal areas. Susceptibility or tolerance of rice plants to high salinity is a coordinated action of multiple stress responsive genes, which also interacts with other components of stress signal transduction pathways. Salt tolerant varieties can be produced by marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering by introducing salt-tolerance genes. In this review, we have updated on mechanisms and genes which can help in transferring of the salt tolerance into high-yielding rice varieties. We have focused on the need for integrating phenotyping, genomics, metabolic profiling and phenomics into transgenic and breeding approaches to develop high-yielding as well as salt tolerant rice varieties.
基金supported by the fund(Project No.PJ012615),Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea
文摘The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life is crucial in pigs, since early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of permanent microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of pigs later in life. Emphasizing this importance of early gut colonizers, it is critical to understand the factors impacting the establishment of the piglet gut microbiome at weaning. Factors include, among others, diet, in-feed antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotic administration. The impact of these factors on establishment of the gut microbiome of piglets at weaning includes effects on piglet gut microbial diversity, structure, and succession. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the most recent findings on the piglet gut microbiome shifts as influenced by weaning, and how these microbiome changes brought about by various factors that have been shown to affect the development of microbiota in piglets. This review will provide a general overview of recent studies that can help to facilitate the design of new strategies to modulate the gut microbiome in order to enhance gastrointestinal health, growth performance and well-being of piglets.
基金supported by the fund(Project No.PJ012615)Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea
文摘Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig’s health and growth performance. However,limited information is available regarding the composition and function of the gut microbiome of piglets in early-life.Therefore, we performed 16 S rRNA gene and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of DNA from fecal samples from healthy piglets during weaning to measure microbiome shifts, and to identify the potential contribution of the early-life microbiota in shaping piglet health with a focus on microbial stress responses, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.Results: The analysis of 16 S rR NA genes and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing revealed significant compositional and functional differences between the fecal microbiome in nursing and weaned piglets. The fecal microbiome of the nursing piglets showed higher relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides with abundant gene families related to the utilization of lactose and galactose. Prevotel a and Lactobacil us were enriched in weaned piglets with an enrichment for the gene families associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In addition, an analysis of the functional capacity of the fecal microbiome showed higher abundances of genes associated with heat shock and oxidative stress in the metagenome of weaned piglets compared to nursing piglets.Conclusions: Overal, our data show that microbial shifts and changes in functional capacities of the piglet fecal microbiome resulted in potential reductions in the effects of stress, including dietary changes that occur during weaning.These results provide us with new insights into the piglet gut microbiome that contributes to the growth of the animal.
基金the support of Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project title: Establishment of quality criteria for high uniformity in end-use of Korean wheat cultivars, PJ011009), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
文摘The effects of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in 13 Korean wheat cultivars for three years were verified in this study. Year, cultivar, and the interaction between the year and the cultivar influenced protein characteristics, the proportion of gluten except for γ-and ω-gliadin using RP-HPLC(reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography), and end-use quality. Protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten in Korean wheat cultivars were between those of Australian standard white(ASW) and hard wheat(AH). Korean wheat cultivars exhibited a higher average α+β gliadin proportion than imported wheat, a γ-gliadin proportion similar to that of dark northern spring wheat, and the same ω-gliadin proportion as AH. They showed a bread-loaf volume intermediate between those of ASW and AH and a texture of cooked noodles similar to that of soft white wheat, but less springiness than imported wheat. The cookie diameter of Korean wheat cultivars was similar to that of hard red winter wheat. There was a correlation between bread-loaf volume and protein characteristics, except for the protein content in Korean wheat cultivars. Springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles were not correlated with protein characteristics, while hardness was correlated with the protein content and water absorption of a mixograph. Cookie diameter was negatively correlated with the sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) sedimentation volume and water absorption of a mixograph. The end-use quality was not correlated with any proportion of gluten composition. Principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the proportion of gluten was not related to the quality of the bread(both PCs, 81.3%), noodle(77.7%), and cookie(82.4%). PCA explained that Keumkang is suitable for superior bread, while Uri is good for cooked noodles and cookies.
文摘A new species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 （Hymenoptera： Eupelmidae）, A. orientalis Yang ＆ Choi, sp. nov. is described from China. It is a solitary endo-parasitoid in egg of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula （White） （Homoptera： Fulgoridae）, which causes damages to many ornamental and fruit trees in China. The brief biology of the new parasitoid is also mentioned. The new species has high potential as a biocontrol agent for suppression of the pest because of its parasitism rates of egg masses 30.4% and of eggs 40.2% respectively with sex ratio of female to male 1.9：1.0, as well as the relative easiness for mass rearing. The detailed feature characters and photos of the new species are supplied. Meanwhile, a key to distinguish the present new species from the other close two （A. japonicus and A. bifasciatus） in the genus is provided. Type specimens are deposited in the Insect Museum, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
基金funded by the project 2006 NG 04 of Yunnan Province,Chinathe International corporation project between the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences of China and the National Institute of Crop Science,Rural Development Administration of Korea
文摘The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.
文摘The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 population, which included 200 individuals and lines derived from a cross between two japonica rice cultivars Gaochan 106 and Changbai 9 with microsatellite markers. The DLR detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress showed continuous normal or near normal distributions in F3 lines, which was the quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. The DSR showed a continuous distribution with 3 or 4 peaks and was the quantitative trait controlled by main and multiple genes when rice was grown for 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Thirteen QTLs associated with DLR were detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDLR9-2 located in RM5786-RM160 on chromosome 9 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, 48 days, 55 days, and 62 days, respectively; qDLR4 located in RM3524-RM3866 on chromosome 4 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, and 48 days, respectively; qDLR7-1 located in RM3859-RM320 on chromosome 7 was detected at 20 days and 27 days; and qDLR6-2 in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 was detected at 55 days and 62 days, respectively. The alleles of both qDLR9-2 and qDLR4 were derived from alkaline sensitive parent ＂Gaochanl06＂. The alleles of both qDLR7-1 and qDLR6-2 were from alkaline tolerant parent Changbai 9. These gene actions showed dominance and over dominance primarily. Six QTLs associated with DSR were detected at 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDSR6-2 and qDSR8 were located in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 and in RM3752-RM404 on chromosome 8, respectively, which were associated with DSR and accounted for 20.32% and 18.86% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively; qDSR11-2 and qDSR11-3 were located in RM536-RM479 and RM2596-RM286 on chromosome 11, respectively, which were associated with DSR explaining 25.85% and 15.41% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively. The marker flanking distances of these QTLs were quite far except that of qDSR6-2, which should be researched further.
基金the World Bank for major financial support through a sub-project CP # 2071 of Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project of the University Grants Commission of Bangladesh,Research Management Committee of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University,Gazipur,Bangladesh,Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of the People’s Republic of BangladeshPartial funding from a BAS-USDA project CR-11
文摘Plant associated bacteria are promising alternatives to chemical fertilizers for plant growth and yield improvement in an eco-friendly manner.In this study,rice associated bacteria were isolated and assessed for mineral phosphate solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) production activity in vitro.Six promising strains,which were tentatively identified as phylotaxon Pseudochrobactrum sp.(BRRh-1),Burkholderia sp.(BRRh-2),Burkholderia sp.(BRRh-3),Burkholderia sp.(BRRh-4),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(BRRh-5 and BRRh-6) based on their 16 S rRNA gene phylogeny,exhibited significant phosphate solubilizing activity in National Botanical Research Institute phosphate growth medium,and BRRh-4 displayed the highest phosphate solubilizing activity,followed by BRRh-5.The p H of the culture broth declined,resulting in increase of growth rate of bacteria at p H 7,which might be due to organic acid secretion by the strains.In presence of L-tryptophan,five isolates synthesized IAA and the maximum IAA was produced by BRRh-2,followed by BRRh-1.Application of two most efficient phosphate solubilizing isolates BRRh-4 and BRRh-5 by root dipping(colonization) of seedling and spraying at the flowering stage significantly enhanced the growth and grain yield of rice variety BRRI dhan-29.Interestingly,application of both strains with 50% of recommended nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers produced equivalent or higher grain yield of rice compared to the control grown with full recommended fertilizer doses,which suggests that these strains may have the potential to be used as bioinoculants for sustainable rice production.
基金supported by the research fund of Rural Development Administration, South Korea (Grant No. PJ012281)
文摘The key for rice plant survival under Na Cl salt stress is maintaining a high K^+/Na^+ ratio in its cells. Selection for salt tolerance rice genotypes based on phenotypic performance alone will delay in progress in breeding. Use of molecular markers in tandem with physiological studies will help in better identification of salt tolerant rice accessions. Eight rice accessions along with the check Dongjin were screened using 1/2 Yoshida solution with 50 mmol/L NaCl at the seedling stage. The accessions IT001158, IT246674, IT260533 and IT291341 were classified as salt tolerant based on their K^+/Na^+ ratios. Seventeen SSR markers reported to be associated with K^+/Na^+ ratio were used to screen the accessions. Five SSR markers(RM8053, RM345, RM318, RM253 and RM7075) could differentiate accessions classified based on their K^+/Na^+ ratios. Banding pattern of the accessions was scored compared to the banding pattern of Dongjin. The study differentiated accessions based on their association of K^+/Na^+ ratio with molecular markers which are very reliable. These markers can play a significant role in screening large set of rice germplasms for salt tolerance and also help in identification of high-yielding varieties with better salt tolerance. The salt tolerant accessions can be taken forward into developing better varieties by conventional breeding and exploring genes for salt tolerance.
基金the support of the Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (PJ010896)the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
文摘Research on the occurrence of perfluorochemicals （PFCs） such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid （PFOS） and perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in the agricultural environment is lacking, in spite of their potential risk via food chain transfer from aquatic and soil-plant systems to animals and/or humans. In the present study, for the first time, soil and water samples collected from 243 different agricultural sites adjacent to waste water treatment plants （WWTPs） belonging to 81 cities and 5 provinces with different levels of industrialization in South Korea were monitored for concentrations of PFOS and PFOA by use of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy （LC-MS/MS）. Significant mean concentrations of PFOA （0.001-0.007 tJg L-1 water and 〈0.05-1.573 tJg kg-1 soil） and PFOS （0.001-0.22 tJg L-1 water and 〈0.05-0.741 pg kg-1 soil） were found in all samples. Concentrations of PFCs in soils were high, highlighting that soil is an important sink for PFCs in the agricultural environment. Samples from near WWTPs in Gyeongsang Province contained the highest concentrations of PFOS and PFOA, reflecting the concentration of heavy industry in the province. The concentrations of PFCs in agricultural water （most samples 〈0.05 pg L-~） and soils （most samples 〈1 IJg kg-~） from South Korea were less than acceptable guideline values, indicating that South Korea is not a hotspot of PFOS and PFOA contamination and that there is negligible risk to human and ecological health from these chemicals. However, further studies investigating the seasonal variation in PFOA, PFOS and other perfluorochemical concentrations in the agricultural environment are needed.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Academy of Agricultural Science(Code #200901FHT020508369)the BioGreen21 Program(Code #20050301034438 and Code #20070301034037),Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
文摘As a part of the Multinational Genome Sequencing Project of Brassica rapa, linkage group R9 and R3 were sequenced using a bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） by BAC strategy. The current physical contigs are expected to cover approximately 90% euchromatins of both chromosomes. As the project progresses, BAC selection for sequence extension becomes more limited because BAC libraries are restriction enzyme-specific. To support the project, a random sheared fosmid library was constructed. The library consists of 97536 clones with average insert size of approximately 40 kb corresponding to seven genome equivalents, assuming a Chinese cabbage genome size of 550 Mb. The library was screened with primers designed at the end of sequences of nine points of scaffold gaps where BAC clones cannot be selected to extend the physical contigs. The selected positive clones were end-sequenced to check the overlap between the fosmid clones and the adjacent BAC clones. Nine fosmid clones were selected and fully sequenced. The sequences revealed two completed gap filling and seven sequence extensions, which can be used for further selection of BAC clones confirming that the fosmid library will facilitate the sequence completion of B. rapa.
基金the support of“Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development(Project No.PJ01694303)”Rural Development Administration,Korea。
文摘Background The study evaluated the effects of bacteriophage cocktail(BP)and ZnO administered during weaning time for piglets exposed to a non-sanitary environment.The bacteriophages were designed to eliminate Escherichia coli(K88,K99 and F41),Salmonella(typhimurium and enteritidis),and Clostridium perfreingens(types A and C).Forty 21-day-old crossbreed piglets were assigned to four treatments,including the PC(sanitary environment),NC(nonsanitary environment),BP(NC plus 108 pfu/kg BP),and ZO(NC plus 2,500 mg/kg ZnO).Piglets in the NC,BP and ZO were kept in a non-sanitary environment for 14 d,which was contaminated with the feces of infected pigs.Results Pigs in the BP and ZO treatments had a higher final body weight compared with the NC.The NC treatment showed the highest concentration of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin the plasma.The administration of BP and ZO showed lower myeloperoxidase concentrations compared with the NC.The NC treatment showed a lower concentration of superoxide dismutase in serum compared with the PC.Among the treatments in non-sanitary environment,the NC treatment showed a higher concentration of malondialdehyde compared with the ZO.The PC treatment showed a lower concentration of butyric acid in the feces compared with the BP treatment.Among non-sanitary treatments,the villus height in the duodenum was greater in the BP and ZO compared with the NC.The lower abundance of Proteobacteria phylum was observed in the BP and PC treatments compared with the NC.The highest relative abundance of Eubacterium was recorded in the BP treatment.The abundance of Megasphaera and Schwartzia was higher in the NC pigs compared with the BP piglets.The abundance of Desulfovibrio was lower in the supplemented treatments(BP and ZO)compared with non-supplemented(NC and PC).The abundance of Cellulosilyticum genera was higher in the BP and ZO treatments rather than in the NC.The piglets in the NC treatment had the highest abundance of Escherichia-Shigella,followed by the PC and ZO treatments.Conclusion In conclusion,these results suggest that the supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail could effectively control Proteobacteria phylum,Clostridium spp.and coliforms population and mitigated the adverse influences of weaning stress in piglets.
