In vivo imaging of neurodegenerative diseases provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.Many ocular diseases are closely linked to neurodegenerative conditions affectin...In vivo imaging of neurodegenerative diseases provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.Many ocular diseases are closely linked to neurodegenerative conditions affecting the brain,making the eye a unique and accessible model for studying these disorders.The transparency of eyes allows researchers to monitor disease progression non-invasively,offering a window into neural health.展开更多
Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using re...Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision-and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ,and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.展开更多
The retina is a highly specialized neural tissue that encodes information of vision,a vital sensory modality for most species.Although the retina also contributes to other non‐image‐forming signals(e.g.entrainment o...The retina is a highly specialized neural tissue that encodes information of vision,a vital sensory modality for most species.Although the retina also contributes to other non‐image‐forming signals(e.g.entrainment of circadian clocks),vision chiefly enables animals to interpret and navigate their environment(despite the diverse variety of species and lifestyles;Baden et al.,2020)and also to interact with other animals.Thus,features such as high visual resolution and color discrimination are important for interactive behaviors like prey capture and also for social animals,including primates,that establish a dominance hierarchy.Among vertebrates,the laminar structure of the retina is notably conserved.The photoreceptor layer(rods and cones)initiates the process of converting light energy into nerve impulses by absorbing photons and transferring the signals to interneurons.展开更多
基金supported[in part]by the IntramuralResearch Program of the National Institutes ofHealth(NIH)(to KJM),and also supported by theOffice by the Office of the Assistant Secretary ofDefense for Health Affairs and the Defense HealthAgency J9,Research and Development Directorate,through the Vision Research Program under AwardNo.(CDMRPL-18-0-VR180205 to KJM and FMN-N).
文摘In vivo imaging of neurodegenerative diseases provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.Many ocular diseases are closely linked to neurodegenerative conditions affecting the brain,making the eye a unique and accessible model for studying these disorders.The transparency of eyes allows researchers to monitor disease progression non-invasively,offering a window into neural health.
基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(PID2019-106498GB-I0)Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional“Una manera de hacer Europa”(PI19/00071)+2 种基金Fundación Séneca,Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología Región de Murcia(19881/GERM/15)Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(PID 2019-106498 GB-I00)Intramural Research Program of the National Eye Institute,National Institutes of Health(NIH/NEI RO1 EY029087)。
文摘Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision-and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ,and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.
文摘The retina is a highly specialized neural tissue that encodes information of vision,a vital sensory modality for most species.Although the retina also contributes to other non‐image‐forming signals(e.g.entrainment of circadian clocks),vision chiefly enables animals to interpret and navigate their environment(despite the diverse variety of species and lifestyles;Baden et al.,2020)and also to interact with other animals.Thus,features such as high visual resolution and color discrimination are important for interactive behaviors like prey capture and also for social animals,including primates,that establish a dominance hierarchy.Among vertebrates,the laminar structure of the retina is notably conserved.The photoreceptor layer(rods and cones)initiates the process of converting light energy into nerve impulses by absorbing photons and transferring the signals to interneurons.
