The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extract...The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic oxides.This oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical techniques.Furthermore,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen production.This paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental conditions.It delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar regolith.The two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the Moon.Considering the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the Moon.This review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.展开更多
Water scarcity and environment deterioration have become main constraints to sustainable economic and social development.Scientifically assessing Water Resources Carrying Capacity(WRCC)is essential for the optimal all...Water scarcity and environment deterioration have become main constraints to sustainable economic and social development.Scientifically assessing Water Resources Carrying Capacity(WRCC)is essential for the optimal allocation of regional water resources.The hilly area at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountains is a key water conservation zone and an important water source for Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei.Grasping the current status and temporal trends of water quality and WRCC in representative small watersheds within this region is crucial for supporting rational water resources allocation and environment protection efforts.This study focuses on Pingquan City,a typical watershed in northern Hebei Province.Firstly,evaluation index systems for surface water quality,groundwater quality and WRCC were estab-lished based on the Pressure-State-Response(PSR)framework.Then,comprehensive evaluations of water quality and WRCC at the sub-watershed scale were conducted using the Varying Fuzzy Pattern Recogni-tion(VFPR)model.Finally,the rationality of the evaluation results was verified,and future scenarios were projected.Results showed that:(1)The average comprehensive evaluation scores for surface water and groundwater quality in the sub-watersheds were 1.44 and 1.46,respectively,indicating that both met the national Class II water quality standard and reflected a high-quality water environment.(2)From 2010 to 2020,the region's WRCC steadily improved,with scores rising from 2.99 to 2.83 and an average of 2.90,suggesting effective water resources management in Pingquan City.(3)According to scenario-based predic-tion,WRCC may slightly decline between 2025 and 2030,reaching 2.92 and 2.94,respectively,relative to 2020 levels.Therefore,future efforts should focus on strengthening scientific management and promoting the efficient use of water resources.Proactive measures are necessary to mitigate emerging contradiction and ensure the long-term stability and sustainability of the water resources system in the region.The evalua-tion system and spatiotemporal evolution patterns proposed in this study can provide a scientific basis for refined water resource management and ecological conservation in similar hilly areas.展开更多
Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their d...Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their distribution and attributes,offering critical guidance for their sustainable exploitation and utilization.This study integrates data from drilling and production tests across 21 geothermal wells to analyze the Jixianian strata,including depth,thickness,temperature,single-well water yield,Groundwater Level Depth(GWD),and Total Dissolved Solids(TDS).Employing fuzzy mathematics,a zoning analysis was performed,yielding quantitative evaluation scores and delineating favorable zones for development.Key findings include:(1)Geothermal reservoirs in the Rongcheng and Niutuozhen uplifts exhibit shallow burial depths,substantial thicknesses,high productivity,and relatively low temperatures,making them highly suitable for large-scale geothermal exploitation;(2)Zones with high resource potential but uncertain conditions require further exploration to mitigate development risks;(3)Areas near the Rongcheng fault or Jixianian strata buried deeper than 4,000 m are recommended for deferred exploitation;(4)Comprehensive evaluation reveals that the Jixianian carbonate geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area manifest 168 geothermal resources of 5,370.31×10 J,geothermal fluid reserves of 101.17×10 m3,and recoverable fluid 4 reserves of 93.41×10 m3/d under balanced extraction and reinjection.Recoverable geothermal heat 164 amounts to 9.36×10 J/a,equivalent to 319.4×10 t/a of standard coal.This study provides valuable insights into the exploration and sustainable exploitation of deep geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area,enhancing resource utilization and contributing to the development of a green and sustainable Xiong'an New Area.展开更多
To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review exp...To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of unconventional oil resources,focusing on the environmental and economic implica-tions of bitumen partial upgrading technologies,particularly within the Canadian context.With over 55%of the world’s oil reserves comprising of unconventional oil,which includes extra-heavy oil and oil sand bitumen,there is a growing trend to shift from traditional oil sources to these abundant yet under-utilized reserves.This review delves into the challenges and advancements in bitumen partial upgrading,highlighting the latest technologies in thermal cracking,hydrocracking,catalytic cracking,and innovative methods like surfactant integration,cavi-tation,microwave,and plasma-assisted upgrading.It also discusses the environmental implications and eco-nomic feasibility of these technologies,emphasizing the necessity for sustainable and cost-effective solutions at petroleum field sites.Furthermore,the report introduces the transformative concept of Bitumen Beyond Com-bustion(BBC),which explores the non-combustion uses of bitumen and its asphaltene fraction in manufacturing high-value carbon-based products.These novel approaches align with global sustainability goals,offering the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and new routes to diversify the economic ap-plications of bitumen.The review then concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future research directions,advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes technological innovation,environmental stewardship,and economic viability in the field of bitumen upgrading.展开更多
The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the fin...The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the final frontiers of terrestrial biological exploration.Traditionally viewed as desolate,ice-covered lands,polar regions are now recognized as vibrant,complex,and highly sensitive ecosystems.展开更多
Natural resources,green energy,and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity,economic prosperity,and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful in...Natural resources,green energy,and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity,economic prosperity,and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful influence on the globe.However,the recognition of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG-7,SDG-13)is closely entangled with digital economy.In this pursuit,this study scrutinizes the effect of dig-italization,renewable energy,and natural resources on the ecological footprint in China from 1990Q1-2022Q4.The empirical analyses are carried out by employing the Quantile-on-Quantile regression,and cross-quantile and partial cross-quantile correlation approaches to inspect the tail dependence of model parameters.The empirical outcomes highlight how China’s environmental quality is influenced by exoge-nous variables,including digitalization index,renewable energy consumption,and natural resources.Digitalization has adverse impact on the ecological footprint in lower quantiles,while insignificant in higher quantiles.Moreover,a strong adverse association exists between ecological footprint and renew-able energy,which syndicate all the quantiles of renewable energy with linking over lower to middle quantiles and weak in higher quantiles of ecological footprint.Besides,the estimated analysis discloses nuanced dependencies across various quantiles.Similarly,it can be found that the strong negative effect of natural resources on ecological footprint in initial quantiles,moderate in middle quantiles,and less positive effect in higher quantiles.By explaining these dynamics,the current study offers valuable intu-itions designed at controlling China toward its dual-carbon target and encouraging the development of a sustainable digital and green economy and thereby,continuing towards achieving SDG-7,and SDG-13 objectives.展开更多
In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution o...In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.展开更多
The rapid development of novel energy materials has led to a sustained surge in the global demand for fluorine.Fluorite is the primary source of fluorine globally and is increasingly being exploited.The estimated annu...The rapid development of novel energy materials has led to a sustained surge in the global demand for fluorine.Fluorite is the primary source of fluorine globally and is increasingly being exploited.The estimated annual production of fluorite worldwide is approximately 8 million tons,with an additional 5 million tons of fluorite tailings.This accumulation not only consumes land resources,but also contributes to dust generation and F-percolation,leading to water and air contamination.This paper comprehensively reviews the utilization methods of fluorite tailings,including the flotation recovery of quartz and fluorite,the preparation of cement mineralizing agents,and the preparation of concrete mineral additives,autoclaved lime sand brick,and glass-ceramics.Furthermore,potential future applications and research directions are proposed,including the comprehensive recovery of valuable minerals,auxiliary cementitious materials preparation,and the functionalization of glass-ceramics.This study can serve as a reference for expediting the utilization of fluorite tailings,promoting the development of tailing-free mines,and establishing sustainable development strategies.展开更多
With the development of the new energy industry and the depletion of nickel sulfide ore resources,laterite nickel ore has become the main source of primary nickel,and nickel for power batteries has become a new growth...With the development of the new energy industry and the depletion of nickel sulfide ore resources,laterite nickel ore has become the main source of primary nickel,and nickel for power batteries has become a new growth point in consumption.This paper systematically summarizes the processes,parameters,products,recovery rates,environmental indicators,costs,advantages,disadvantages and the latest research progress of mainstream nickel extraction processes from laterite nickel ore.It also provides a comparative analysis of the environmental impact and economic efficiency of different nickel extraction processes.It is found that the current nickel extraction processes from laterite nickel ore globally for commercial production mainly include the RKEF process for producing ferronickel and the HPAL process for producing intermediate products.The former accounts for about 80%of laterite nickel ore production.Compared to each other,the investment cost per ton of nickel metal production capacity for the RKEF is about 43000$,with an operational cost of about 16000$per ton of nickel metal and a total nickel recovery rate of 77%–90%.Its products are mainly used in stainless steels.For the HPAL process,the investment cost per ton of nickel metal production capacity is about 56000$,with an operational cost of about 15000$per ton of nickel metal and a total nickel recovery rate of 83%–90%.Its products are mainly used in power batteries.The significant differences between the two lies in energy consumption and carbon emissions,with the RKEF being 2.18 and 2.37 times that of the HPAL,respectively.Although the use of clean energy can greatly reduce the operational cost and environmental impact of RKEF,if RKEF is converted to producing high Ni matte,its economic and environmental performance still cannot match that of the HPAL and oxygen-enriched side-blown processes.Therefore,it can be inferred that with the increasing demand for nickel in power batteries,HPAL and oxygen-enriched side blowing processes will play a greater role in laterite nickel extraction.展开更多
In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource e...In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource exploration and development,mine ecological restoration,green mine construction,new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,new measures in mineral resource management,new situations in scientific and technological innovation,as well as the new achievements of the international geological and mineral cooperation.展开更多
Effective management of water resources,especially groundwater,is crucial and requires a precise understanding of aquifer characteristics,imposed stresses,and the groundwater balance.Simulation-optimization models pla...Effective management of water resources,especially groundwater,is crucial and requires a precise understanding of aquifer characteristics,imposed stresses,and the groundwater balance.Simulation-optimization models plays a vital role in guiding planners toword sustainable long-term aquifer exploita-tion.This study simulated monthly water table variations in the Kashan Plain over a ten-year period from 2008 to 2019 across 125 stress periods using the GMS model.The model was calibrated for both steady-state and transient conditions for the 2008–2016 period and validated for the 2016–2019 period.Results indicated a 4.4 m decline in groundwater levels over the 10-year study period.Given the plain's location in a arid climatic zone with limited effective precipitation for aquifer recharge,the study focused on ground-water extraction management.A modified two-point hedging policy was employed as a solution to mitigate critical groundwater depletion,reducing the annual drawdown rate from 0.44 m to 0.31 m and conserving 255 million cubic meters(mcm)of water annually.Although this approach slightly decreased reliability(i.e.the number of months meeting full water demands),it effectively minimized the risk of severe droughts and irreparable damages.This policy offers managers a dynamical and intelligent tool for regulating groundwater extraction,balancing aquifer sustainability with agricultural and urban water requirements.展开更多
This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility betwee...This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China's mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China's mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China's mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.展开更多
Water scarcity in Khuzestan Province,Iran,has attracted growing concerns despite the region's abundant water resources.The province predominantly relies on surface water,prompting an assessment of groundwater'...Water scarcity in Khuzestan Province,Iran,has attracted growing concerns despite the region's abundant water resources.The province predominantly relies on surface water,prompting an assessment of groundwater's potential to supplement water supplies during surface water shortages.This study assesses the province's groundwater availability and quality under increased exploitation conditions.Between 2008 and 2018,data on groundwater quantity and quality were collected from 204 exploration wells and 70 piezometric wells across 19 aquifers.The analysis revealed that 53%of aquifers in the eastern and northeastern regions experienced declining groundwater levels.Hydrochemical assessments indicated low concentrations of major ions in the northeastern,while high levels were observed from the central region towards the southeast.These variations were attributed to agricultural and industrial activities,seawater intrusion,and the influences of evaporation and geological factors.The dominant hydrochemical facies identified were of the Ca-Cl type.Water quality classification showed that 48%of groundwater samples fell within the C4S4-C4S1 category,primarily in the western,central,and southern regions,while 27%were classified as C3S2,C3S1,and 25%as C2S1,mainly in the northern and eastern regions.The Irrigation WWater Quality(IWQ)index indicated that many samples were suitable for irrigation.Additionally,the analysis potable groundwater was primarily found in the northern,northeastern,and eastern aquifers,with quality declining toward the south.The study highlights that certain aquifers in the northern and eastern regions offer greater potential for sustainable groundwater exploitation during water shortages.These findings provide valuable insights for on how to implement effective land and water management strategies to mitigate future water crises.展开更多
The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysac...The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysaccharides,and alkaloids,and have high nutritional value.However,the lack of available genomic resources for this species has hindered research on its medicinal and evolutionary mechanisms.In this study,we developed the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)nearly gapless genome of L.ruthenicum(2.26 Gb)by integrating PacBio HiFi,Nanopore Ultra-Long,and Hi-C technologies.The assembled genome comprised 12 chromosomes with 37,149 protein-coding genes functionally annotated.Approximately 80%of the repetitive sequences were identified,of which long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant,accounting for 73.01%.The abundance of LTRs might be the main reason for the larger genome of this species compared to that of other Lycium species.The species-specific genes of L.ruthenicum were related to defense mechanisms,salt tolerance,drought resistance,and oxidative stress,further demonstrating their superior adaptability to arid environments.Based on the assembled genome and fruit transcriptome data,we further constructed an anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and identified 19 candidate structural genes and seven transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit developmental stage of L.ruthenicum,most of which were highly expressed at a later stage in fruit development.Furthermore,154 potential disease resistance-related nucleotidebinding genes have been identified in the L.ruthenicum genome.The whole-genome and proximal,dispersed,and tandem duplication genes in the L.ruthenicum genome enriched the number of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and resistance-related pathways.These results provide an important genetic basis for understanding genome evolution and biosynthesis of pharmacologically active components in the Lycium genus.展开更多
With the increasing consumption of non renewable resources such as oil,the traditional polymer manufacturing industry that relies on fossil resources is facing unprecedented challenges.The design,synthesis,and recycli...With the increasing consumption of non renewable resources such as oil,the traditional polymer manufacturing industry that relies on fossil resources is facing unprecedented challenges.The design,synthesis,and recycling of renewable and environmentally friendly bio-based polymers as alternatives to petroleum based polymers have become hot topics in research and industrial fields.Biomass has been used as a raw material to design and synthesize closed-loop recyclable polymers,which is of great significance in addressing the waste of resources and negative impact on the environment in the traditional polymer preparation process.This review summarized recent advances in the design,synthesis,and properties of closed-loop recyclable bio-based polymers,focusing on the sustainability and recyclability of bio-based materials,followed by a brief discussion of the potential applications of closed-loop recyclable bio-based polymers in emerging applications such as 3D printing and friction electric nanogenerators.In addition,perspectives and recommendations for future research on closedloop recyclable bio-based polymers were presented.展开更多
Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city env...Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.展开更多
Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mec...Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mechanistic risk models. This study demonstrated large-scale and high-resolution modelling of wind damage vulnerability in Norway. The hybrid mechanistic wind damage model, ForestGALES, was adapted to map the critical wind speeds(CWS) of damage across Norway using a national forest attribute map at a 16 m × 16 m spatial resolution. P arametrization of the model for the Norwegian context was done using the literature and the National Forest Inventory data. This new parametrization of the model for Norwegian forests yielded estimates of CWS significantly different from the default parametrization. Both parametrizations fell short of providing acceptable discrimination of the damaged area following the storm of November 19, 2021 in the central southern region of Norway when using unadjusted CWS. After adjusting the CWS and the storm wind speeds by a constant factor, the Norwegian parametrization provided acceptable discrimination and was thus defined as suitable to use in future studies, despite the lack of field-and laboratory experiments to directly derive parameters for Norwegian forests. The windstorm event used for model validation in this study highlighted the challenges of predicting wind damage to forests in landscapes with complex topography. Future studies should focus on further developing ForestGALES and new datasets describing extreme wind climates to better represent the wind and tree interactions in complex topography, and predict the level of risk in order to develop local climate-smart forest management strategies.展开更多
Groundwater,the world’s largest freshwater supply,is facing increasing strain due to various uses such as agriculture,industry,livestock,and household.This study aims to investigate groundwater prospective zonation i...Groundwater,the world’s largest freshwater supply,is facing increasing strain due to various uses such as agriculture,industry,livestock,and household.This study aims to investigate groundwater prospective zonation in the Bandu Sub-watershed in Purulia,West Bengal,using the AHP model and RS&GIS methodologies.To achieve Goal 6 of the UN-initiated 17 SDGs,it is crucial to determine the spatial distribution of groundwater prospective zones village-by-village,with 1/3 of the regions falling under red alert zones for sustainable development.The 16 most crucial elements affecting groundwater prospective zones(GWPZs)were mapped using AHP,and the final prospective map was obtained through Weighted Overlay analysis.The study identified five different classes within the Sub-watershed as excellent,good,moderate,poor,and very poor.The validation results showed that the approach used to derive GWPZ is reliable,and the results can be applied to future sustainable developments to reduce water shortages through suitable management methods.The research aims to increase the effectiveness of sustainable groundwater zone management,ensuring long-term water management and access.展开更多
Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has attracted much attention as a new alternative energy globally.However,evaluations of global NGH resources in the past few decades have casted a decreasing trend,where the estimate as of tod...Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has attracted much attention as a new alternative energy globally.However,evaluations of global NGH resources in the past few decades have casted a decreasing trend,where the estimate as of today is less than one ten-thousandth of the estimate forty years ago.The NGH researches in China started relatively late,but achievements have been made in the South China Sea(SCS)in the past two decades.Thirty-five studies had been carried out to evaluate NGH resource,and results showed a flat trend,ranging from 60 to 90 billion tons of oil equivalent,which was 2-3 times of the evaluation results of technical recoverable oil and gas resources in the SCS.The big difference is that the previous 35 group of NGH resource evaluations for the SCS only refers to the prospective gas resource with low grade level and high uncertainty,which cannot be used to guide exploration or researches on development strategies.Based on the analogy with the genetic mechanism of conventional oil and gas resources,this study adopts the newly proposed genetic method and geological analogy method to evaluate the NGH resource.Results show that the conventional oil and gas resources are 346.29×10^(8)t,the volume of NGH and free dynamic field are 25.19×10^(4)km^(3) and(2.05-2.48)×10^(6)km^(3),and the total amount of in-situ NGH resources in the SCS is about(4.47-6.02)×10^(12)m^(3).It is considered that the resource of hydrate should not exceed that of conventional oil and gas,so it is 30 times lower than the previous estimate.This study provides a more reliable geological basis for further NGH exploration and development.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52404328,52274412,and 52374418)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M753248)。
文摘The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic oxides.This oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical techniques.Furthermore,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen production.This paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental conditions.It delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar regolith.The two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the Moon.Considering the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the Moon.This review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.
基金financially supported by China Geological Survey Project(No.DD20220954)Open Funding Project of the Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering,Ministry of Natural Resources(No.SK202301-4)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Comprehensive Survey&Command Center for Natural Resources(No.KC20240003)Yanzhao Shanshui Science and Innovation Fund of Langfang Integrated Natural Resources Survey Center,China Geological Survey(No.YZSSJJ202401-001)Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements(No.2022KFKTC009).
文摘Water scarcity and environment deterioration have become main constraints to sustainable economic and social development.Scientifically assessing Water Resources Carrying Capacity(WRCC)is essential for the optimal allocation of regional water resources.The hilly area at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountains is a key water conservation zone and an important water source for Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei.Grasping the current status and temporal trends of water quality and WRCC in representative small watersheds within this region is crucial for supporting rational water resources allocation and environment protection efforts.This study focuses on Pingquan City,a typical watershed in northern Hebei Province.Firstly,evaluation index systems for surface water quality,groundwater quality and WRCC were estab-lished based on the Pressure-State-Response(PSR)framework.Then,comprehensive evaluations of water quality and WRCC at the sub-watershed scale were conducted using the Varying Fuzzy Pattern Recogni-tion(VFPR)model.Finally,the rationality of the evaluation results was verified,and future scenarios were projected.Results showed that:(1)The average comprehensive evaluation scores for surface water and groundwater quality in the sub-watersheds were 1.44 and 1.46,respectively,indicating that both met the national Class II water quality standard and reflected a high-quality water environment.(2)From 2010 to 2020,the region's WRCC steadily improved,with scores rising from 2.99 to 2.83 and an average of 2.90,suggesting effective water resources management in Pingquan City.(3)According to scenario-based predic-tion,WRCC may slightly decline between 2025 and 2030,reaching 2.92 and 2.94,respectively,relative to 2020 levels.Therefore,future efforts should focus on strengthening scientific management and promoting the efficient use of water resources.Proactive measures are necessary to mitigate emerging contradiction and ensure the long-term stability and sustainability of the water resources system in the region.The evalua-tion system and spatiotemporal evolution patterns proposed in this study can provide a scientific basis for refined water resource management and ecological conservation in similar hilly areas.
基金funded by the Study on enhanced heat transfer mechanism of low-permeability carbonate rocks under in-situ conditions under Grant number YK202305the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 42272350the Geothermal Survey Project of the China Geological Survey under Grant number DD20221676.
文摘Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their distribution and attributes,offering critical guidance for their sustainable exploitation and utilization.This study integrates data from drilling and production tests across 21 geothermal wells to analyze the Jixianian strata,including depth,thickness,temperature,single-well water yield,Groundwater Level Depth(GWD),and Total Dissolved Solids(TDS).Employing fuzzy mathematics,a zoning analysis was performed,yielding quantitative evaluation scores and delineating favorable zones for development.Key findings include:(1)Geothermal reservoirs in the Rongcheng and Niutuozhen uplifts exhibit shallow burial depths,substantial thicknesses,high productivity,and relatively low temperatures,making them highly suitable for large-scale geothermal exploitation;(2)Zones with high resource potential but uncertain conditions require further exploration to mitigate development risks;(3)Areas near the Rongcheng fault or Jixianian strata buried deeper than 4,000 m are recommended for deferred exploitation;(4)Comprehensive evaluation reveals that the Jixianian carbonate geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area manifest 168 geothermal resources of 5,370.31×10 J,geothermal fluid reserves of 101.17×10 m3,and recoverable fluid 4 reserves of 93.41×10 m3/d under balanced extraction and reinjection.Recoverable geothermal heat 164 amounts to 9.36×10 J/a,equivalent to 319.4×10 t/a of standard coal.This study provides valuable insights into the exploration and sustainable exploitation of deep geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area,enhancing resource utilization and contributing to the development of a green and sustainable Xiong'an New Area.
文摘To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of unconventional oil resources,focusing on the environmental and economic implica-tions of bitumen partial upgrading technologies,particularly within the Canadian context.With over 55%of the world’s oil reserves comprising of unconventional oil,which includes extra-heavy oil and oil sand bitumen,there is a growing trend to shift from traditional oil sources to these abundant yet under-utilized reserves.This review delves into the challenges and advancements in bitumen partial upgrading,highlighting the latest technologies in thermal cracking,hydrocracking,catalytic cracking,and innovative methods like surfactant integration,cavi-tation,microwave,and plasma-assisted upgrading.It also discusses the environmental implications and eco-nomic feasibility of these technologies,emphasizing the necessity for sustainable and cost-effective solutions at petroleum field sites.Furthermore,the report introduces the transformative concept of Bitumen Beyond Com-bustion(BBC),which explores the non-combustion uses of bitumen and its asphaltene fraction in manufacturing high-value carbon-based products.These novel approaches align with global sustainability goals,offering the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and new routes to diversify the economic ap-plications of bitumen.The review then concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future research directions,advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes technological innovation,environmental stewardship,and economic viability in the field of bitumen upgrading.
文摘The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the final frontiers of terrestrial biological exploration.Traditionally viewed as desolate,ice-covered lands,polar regions are now recognized as vibrant,complex,and highly sensitive ecosystems.
文摘Natural resources,green energy,and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity,economic prosperity,and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful influence on the globe.However,the recognition of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG-7,SDG-13)is closely entangled with digital economy.In this pursuit,this study scrutinizes the effect of dig-italization,renewable energy,and natural resources on the ecological footprint in China from 1990Q1-2022Q4.The empirical analyses are carried out by employing the Quantile-on-Quantile regression,and cross-quantile and partial cross-quantile correlation approaches to inspect the tail dependence of model parameters.The empirical outcomes highlight how China’s environmental quality is influenced by exoge-nous variables,including digitalization index,renewable energy consumption,and natural resources.Digitalization has adverse impact on the ecological footprint in lower quantiles,while insignificant in higher quantiles.Moreover,a strong adverse association exists between ecological footprint and renew-able energy,which syndicate all the quantiles of renewable energy with linking over lower to middle quantiles and weak in higher quantiles of ecological footprint.Besides,the estimated analysis discloses nuanced dependencies across various quantiles.Similarly,it can be found that the strong negative effect of natural resources on ecological footprint in initial quantiles,moderate in middle quantiles,and less positive effect in higher quantiles.By explaining these dynamics,the current study offers valuable intu-itions designed at controlling China toward its dual-carbon target and encouraging the development of a sustainable digital and green economy and thereby,continuing towards achieving SDG-7,and SDG-13 objectives.
基金Under the auspices of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.41125005)
文摘In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3903901)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,CHina(No.2022BAA029)the Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum(Group)Co.,Ltd.,China(No.yc-whlg-2023ky-03).
文摘The rapid development of novel energy materials has led to a sustained surge in the global demand for fluorine.Fluorite is the primary source of fluorine globally and is increasingly being exploited.The estimated annual production of fluorite worldwide is approximately 8 million tons,with an additional 5 million tons of fluorite tailings.This accumulation not only consumes land resources,but also contributes to dust generation and F-percolation,leading to water and air contamination.This paper comprehensively reviews the utilization methods of fluorite tailings,including the flotation recovery of quartz and fluorite,the preparation of cement mineralizing agents,and the preparation of concrete mineral additives,autoclaved lime sand brick,and glass-ceramics.Furthermore,potential future applications and research directions are proposed,including the comprehensive recovery of valuable minerals,auxiliary cementitious materials preparation,and the functionalization of glass-ceramics.This study can serve as a reference for expediting the utilization of fluorite tailings,promoting the development of tailing-free mines,and establishing sustainable development strategies.
基金This research was jointly supported by the China Geological Survey Project(DD20211404)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2019LH05028).
文摘With the development of the new energy industry and the depletion of nickel sulfide ore resources,laterite nickel ore has become the main source of primary nickel,and nickel for power batteries has become a new growth point in consumption.This paper systematically summarizes the processes,parameters,products,recovery rates,environmental indicators,costs,advantages,disadvantages and the latest research progress of mainstream nickel extraction processes from laterite nickel ore.It also provides a comparative analysis of the environmental impact and economic efficiency of different nickel extraction processes.It is found that the current nickel extraction processes from laterite nickel ore globally for commercial production mainly include the RKEF process for producing ferronickel and the HPAL process for producing intermediate products.The former accounts for about 80%of laterite nickel ore production.Compared to each other,the investment cost per ton of nickel metal production capacity for the RKEF is about 43000$,with an operational cost of about 16000$per ton of nickel metal and a total nickel recovery rate of 77%–90%.Its products are mainly used in stainless steels.For the HPAL process,the investment cost per ton of nickel metal production capacity is about 56000$,with an operational cost of about 15000$per ton of nickel metal and a total nickel recovery rate of 83%–90%.Its products are mainly used in power batteries.The significant differences between the two lies in energy consumption and carbon emissions,with the RKEF being 2.18 and 2.37 times that of the HPAL,respectively.Although the use of clean energy can greatly reduce the operational cost and environmental impact of RKEF,if RKEF is converted to producing high Ni matte,its economic and environmental performance still cannot match that of the HPAL and oxygen-enriched side-blown processes.Therefore,it can be inferred that with the increasing demand for nickel in power batteries,HPAL and oxygen-enriched side blowing processes will play a greater role in laterite nickel extraction.
文摘In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource exploration and development,mine ecological restoration,green mine construction,new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,new measures in mineral resource management,new situations in scientific and technological innovation,as well as the new achievements of the international geological and mineral cooperation.
文摘Effective management of water resources,especially groundwater,is crucial and requires a precise understanding of aquifer characteristics,imposed stresses,and the groundwater balance.Simulation-optimization models plays a vital role in guiding planners toword sustainable long-term aquifer exploita-tion.This study simulated monthly water table variations in the Kashan Plain over a ten-year period from 2008 to 2019 across 125 stress periods using the GMS model.The model was calibrated for both steady-state and transient conditions for the 2008–2016 period and validated for the 2016–2019 period.Results indicated a 4.4 m decline in groundwater levels over the 10-year study period.Given the plain's location in a arid climatic zone with limited effective precipitation for aquifer recharge,the study focused on ground-water extraction management.A modified two-point hedging policy was employed as a solution to mitigate critical groundwater depletion,reducing the annual drawdown rate from 0.44 m to 0.31 m and conserving 255 million cubic meters(mcm)of water annually.Although this approach slightly decreased reliability(i.e.the number of months meeting full water demands),it effectively minimized the risk of severe droughts and irreparable damages.This policy offers managers a dynamical and intelligent tool for regulating groundwater extraction,balancing aquifer sustainability with agricultural and urban water requirements.
文摘This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China's mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China's mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China's mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.
文摘Water scarcity in Khuzestan Province,Iran,has attracted growing concerns despite the region's abundant water resources.The province predominantly relies on surface water,prompting an assessment of groundwater's potential to supplement water supplies during surface water shortages.This study assesses the province's groundwater availability and quality under increased exploitation conditions.Between 2008 and 2018,data on groundwater quantity and quality were collected from 204 exploration wells and 70 piezometric wells across 19 aquifers.The analysis revealed that 53%of aquifers in the eastern and northeastern regions experienced declining groundwater levels.Hydrochemical assessments indicated low concentrations of major ions in the northeastern,while high levels were observed from the central region towards the southeast.These variations were attributed to agricultural and industrial activities,seawater intrusion,and the influences of evaporation and geological factors.The dominant hydrochemical facies identified were of the Ca-Cl type.Water quality classification showed that 48%of groundwater samples fell within the C4S4-C4S1 category,primarily in the western,central,and southern regions,while 27%were classified as C3S2,C3S1,and 25%as C2S1,mainly in the northern and eastern regions.The Irrigation WWater Quality(IWQ)index indicated that many samples were suitable for irrigation.Additionally,the analysis potable groundwater was primarily found in the northern,northeastern,and eastern aquifers,with quality declining toward the south.The study highlights that certain aquifers in the northern and eastern regions offer greater potential for sustainable groundwater exploitation during water shortages.These findings provide valuable insights for on how to implement effective land and water management strategies to mitigate future water crises.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360058)the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects,China(2023ZYZX1224)Xinjiang University Excellent Doctoral Student Innovation Project(XJU2022BS051)。
文摘The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysaccharides,and alkaloids,and have high nutritional value.However,the lack of available genomic resources for this species has hindered research on its medicinal and evolutionary mechanisms.In this study,we developed the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)nearly gapless genome of L.ruthenicum(2.26 Gb)by integrating PacBio HiFi,Nanopore Ultra-Long,and Hi-C technologies.The assembled genome comprised 12 chromosomes with 37,149 protein-coding genes functionally annotated.Approximately 80%of the repetitive sequences were identified,of which long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant,accounting for 73.01%.The abundance of LTRs might be the main reason for the larger genome of this species compared to that of other Lycium species.The species-specific genes of L.ruthenicum were related to defense mechanisms,salt tolerance,drought resistance,and oxidative stress,further demonstrating their superior adaptability to arid environments.Based on the assembled genome and fruit transcriptome data,we further constructed an anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and identified 19 candidate structural genes and seven transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit developmental stage of L.ruthenicum,most of which were highly expressed at a later stage in fruit development.Furthermore,154 potential disease resistance-related nucleotidebinding genes have been identified in the L.ruthenicum genome.The whole-genome and proximal,dispersed,and tandem duplication genes in the L.ruthenicum genome enriched the number of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and resistance-related pathways.These results provide an important genetic basis for understanding genome evolution and biosynthesis of pharmacologically active components in the Lycium genus.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32471815 and 32401528)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant Nos.BK20241745 and BK20240294).
文摘With the increasing consumption of non renewable resources such as oil,the traditional polymer manufacturing industry that relies on fossil resources is facing unprecedented challenges.The design,synthesis,and recycling of renewable and environmentally friendly bio-based polymers as alternatives to petroleum based polymers have become hot topics in research and industrial fields.Biomass has been used as a raw material to design and synthesize closed-loop recyclable polymers,which is of great significance in addressing the waste of resources and negative impact on the environment in the traditional polymer preparation process.This review summarized recent advances in the design,synthesis,and properties of closed-loop recyclable bio-based polymers,focusing on the sustainability and recyclability of bio-based materials,followed by a brief discussion of the potential applications of closed-loop recyclable bio-based polymers in emerging applications such as 3D printing and friction electric nanogenerators.In addition,perspectives and recommendations for future research on closedloop recyclable bio-based polymers were presented.
基金This research is supported by National Key Research and Development Project,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2018YFC1504700).
文摘Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.
基金funded by the Norwegian Research Council(NFR project 302701 Climate Smart Forestry Norway).
文摘Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mechanistic risk models. This study demonstrated large-scale and high-resolution modelling of wind damage vulnerability in Norway. The hybrid mechanistic wind damage model, ForestGALES, was adapted to map the critical wind speeds(CWS) of damage across Norway using a national forest attribute map at a 16 m × 16 m spatial resolution. P arametrization of the model for the Norwegian context was done using the literature and the National Forest Inventory data. This new parametrization of the model for Norwegian forests yielded estimates of CWS significantly different from the default parametrization. Both parametrizations fell short of providing acceptable discrimination of the damaged area following the storm of November 19, 2021 in the central southern region of Norway when using unadjusted CWS. After adjusting the CWS and the storm wind speeds by a constant factor, the Norwegian parametrization provided acceptable discrimination and was thus defined as suitable to use in future studies, despite the lack of field-and laboratory experiments to directly derive parameters for Norwegian forests. The windstorm event used for model validation in this study highlighted the challenges of predicting wind damage to forests in landscapes with complex topography. Future studies should focus on further developing ForestGALES and new datasets describing extreme wind climates to better represent the wind and tree interactions in complex topography, and predict the level of risk in order to develop local climate-smart forest management strategies.
文摘Groundwater,the world’s largest freshwater supply,is facing increasing strain due to various uses such as agriculture,industry,livestock,and household.This study aims to investigate groundwater prospective zonation in the Bandu Sub-watershed in Purulia,West Bengal,using the AHP model and RS&GIS methodologies.To achieve Goal 6 of the UN-initiated 17 SDGs,it is crucial to determine the spatial distribution of groundwater prospective zones village-by-village,with 1/3 of the regions falling under red alert zones for sustainable development.The 16 most crucial elements affecting groundwater prospective zones(GWPZs)were mapped using AHP,and the final prospective map was obtained through Weighted Overlay analysis.The study identified five different classes within the Sub-watershed as excellent,good,moderate,poor,and very poor.The validation results showed that the approach used to derive GWPZ is reliable,and the results can be applied to future sustainable developments to reduce water shortages through suitable management methods.The research aims to increase the effectiveness of sustainable groundwater zone management,ensuring long-term water management and access.
基金supported by a major consulting project of"South China Sea Oil and Gas Comprehensive Development Strategy Research"led by Academician Gao Deli and the Faculty of Chinese Academy of SciencesCounsulting Project of Chinese Academy of Science(Approval Number:2019-ZW11-Z-035)+1 种基金National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973)(Nos:2006CB202300,2011CB201100)China High-tech R&D Program(863)(2013AA092600)。
文摘Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has attracted much attention as a new alternative energy globally.However,evaluations of global NGH resources in the past few decades have casted a decreasing trend,where the estimate as of today is less than one ten-thousandth of the estimate forty years ago.The NGH researches in China started relatively late,but achievements have been made in the South China Sea(SCS)in the past two decades.Thirty-five studies had been carried out to evaluate NGH resource,and results showed a flat trend,ranging from 60 to 90 billion tons of oil equivalent,which was 2-3 times of the evaluation results of technical recoverable oil and gas resources in the SCS.The big difference is that the previous 35 group of NGH resource evaluations for the SCS only refers to the prospective gas resource with low grade level and high uncertainty,which cannot be used to guide exploration or researches on development strategies.Based on the analogy with the genetic mechanism of conventional oil and gas resources,this study adopts the newly proposed genetic method and geological analogy method to evaluate the NGH resource.Results show that the conventional oil and gas resources are 346.29×10^(8)t,the volume of NGH and free dynamic field are 25.19×10^(4)km^(3) and(2.05-2.48)×10^(6)km^(3),and the total amount of in-situ NGH resources in the SCS is about(4.47-6.02)×10^(12)m^(3).It is considered that the resource of hydrate should not exceed that of conventional oil and gas,so it is 30 times lower than the previous estimate.This study provides a more reliable geological basis for further NGH exploration and development.
