The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extract...The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic oxides.This oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical techniques.Furthermore,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen production.This paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental conditions.It delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar regolith.The two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the Moon.Considering the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the Moon.This review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.展开更多
Pressure-preserved coring technologies are critical for deep-earth resource exploration but are constrained by the inability to achieve multidirectional coring,restricting exploration range while escalating costs and ...Pressure-preserved coring technologies are critical for deep-earth resource exploration but are constrained by the inability to achieve multidirectional coring,restricting exploration range while escalating costs and environmental impacts.We developed a multidirectional pressure-preserved coring system based on magnetic control for deep-earth environments up to 5000 m.The system integrates a magnetically controlled method and key pressure-preserved components to ensure precise self-triggering and self-sealing.It is supported by geometric control equations for optimizing structural stability.Their structure was verified and optimized through theoretical and numerical calculations to meet design objectives.To clarify the self-triggering mechanism in complex environments,a dynamic interference model was established,verifying stability during multidirectional coring.The prototype was fabricated,and functional tests confirmed that it met its design objectives.In a 300-meter-deep test inclined well,10 coring operations were completed with a 100%pressure-preserved success rate,confirming the accuracy of the dynamic interference model analysis.Field trials in a 1970-meter-deep inclined petroleum well,representative of complex environments,demonstrated an in-situ pressure preservation efficiency of 92.18%at 22 MPa.This system innovatively expands the application scope of pressure-preserved coring,providing technical support for efficient and sustainable deep resources exploration and mining.展开更多
Breakage is an important step in the resource processing chain.However,the mechanical crushing methods commonly used today suffer from low energy efficiency and high dust levels.Promoting environmental protection and ...Breakage is an important step in the resource processing chain.However,the mechanical crushing methods commonly used today suffer from low energy efficiency and high dust levels.Promoting environmental protection and improving energy efficiency are crucial to advancing China’s circular economy.Mining companies are actively exploring novel and innovative technologies to significantly cut down on operating costs and minimize emissions of dust and pollutants generated during processing.Recently,high voltage pulse discharge(HVPD)technology has received widespread attention and has been reported to have good application prospects in resource processing.This paper presents an extensive review of the operational principles of HVPD and the unique characteristics it engenders,such as non-polluting,selective material fragmentation,pre-weakening,pre-concentration,and enhanced permeability of coal seams.Additionally,this review explores the potential and obstacles confronting HVPD in industrial contexts,offering fresh insights for HVPD optimization and providing guidance and prospects for industrial deployment and further development.展开更多
In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource e...In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource exploration and development,mine ecological restoration,green mine construction,new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,new measures in mineral resource management,new situations in scientific and technological innovation,as well as the new achievements of the international geological and mineral cooperation.展开更多
Water scarcity and environment deterioration have become main constraints to sustainable economic and social development.Scientifically assessing Water Resources Carrying Capacity(WRCC)is essential for the optimal all...Water scarcity and environment deterioration have become main constraints to sustainable economic and social development.Scientifically assessing Water Resources Carrying Capacity(WRCC)is essential for the optimal allocation of regional water resources.The hilly area at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountains is a key water conservation zone and an important water source for Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei.Grasping the current status and temporal trends of water quality and WRCC in representative small watersheds within this region is crucial for supporting rational water resources allocation and environment protection efforts.This study focuses on Pingquan City,a typical watershed in northern Hebei Province.Firstly,evaluation index systems for surface water quality,groundwater quality and WRCC were estab-lished based on the Pressure-State-Response(PSR)framework.Then,comprehensive evaluations of water quality and WRCC at the sub-watershed scale were conducted using the Varying Fuzzy Pattern Recogni-tion(VFPR)model.Finally,the rationality of the evaluation results was verified,and future scenarios were projected.Results showed that:(1)The average comprehensive evaluation scores for surface water and groundwater quality in the sub-watersheds were 1.44 and 1.46,respectively,indicating that both met the national Class II water quality standard and reflected a high-quality water environment.(2)From 2010 to 2020,the region's WRCC steadily improved,with scores rising from 2.99 to 2.83 and an average of 2.90,suggesting effective water resources management in Pingquan City.(3)According to scenario-based predic-tion,WRCC may slightly decline between 2025 and 2030,reaching 2.92 and 2.94,respectively,relative to 2020 levels.Therefore,future efforts should focus on strengthening scientific management and promoting the efficient use of water resources.Proactive measures are necessary to mitigate emerging contradiction and ensure the long-term stability and sustainability of the water resources system in the region.The evalua-tion system and spatiotemporal evolution patterns proposed in this study can provide a scientific basis for refined water resource management and ecological conservation in similar hilly areas.展开更多
Natural resources,green energy,and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity,economic prosperity,and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful in...Natural resources,green energy,and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity,economic prosperity,and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful influence on the globe.However,the recognition of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG-7,SDG-13)is closely entangled with digital economy.In this pursuit,this study scrutinizes the effect of dig-italization,renewable energy,and natural resources on the ecological footprint in China from 1990Q1-2022Q4.The empirical analyses are carried out by employing the Quantile-on-Quantile regression,and cross-quantile and partial cross-quantile correlation approaches to inspect the tail dependence of model parameters.The empirical outcomes highlight how China’s environmental quality is influenced by exoge-nous variables,including digitalization index,renewable energy consumption,and natural resources.Digitalization has adverse impact on the ecological footprint in lower quantiles,while insignificant in higher quantiles.Moreover,a strong adverse association exists between ecological footprint and renew-able energy,which syndicate all the quantiles of renewable energy with linking over lower to middle quantiles and weak in higher quantiles of ecological footprint.Besides,the estimated analysis discloses nuanced dependencies across various quantiles.Similarly,it can be found that the strong negative effect of natural resources on ecological footprint in initial quantiles,moderate in middle quantiles,and less positive effect in higher quantiles.By explaining these dynamics,the current study offers valuable intu-itions designed at controlling China toward its dual-carbon target and encouraging the development of a sustainable digital and green economy and thereby,continuing towards achieving SDG-7,and SDG-13 objectives.展开更多
Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their d...Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their distribution and attributes,offering critical guidance for their sustainable exploitation and utilization.This study integrates data from drilling and production tests across 21 geothermal wells to analyze the Jixianian strata,including depth,thickness,temperature,single-well water yield,Groundwater Level Depth(GWD),and Total Dissolved Solids(TDS).Employing fuzzy mathematics,a zoning analysis was performed,yielding quantitative evaluation scores and delineating favorable zones for development.Key findings include:(1)Geothermal reservoirs in the Rongcheng and Niutuozhen uplifts exhibit shallow burial depths,substantial thicknesses,high productivity,and relatively low temperatures,making them highly suitable for large-scale geothermal exploitation;(2)Zones with high resource potential but uncertain conditions require further exploration to mitigate development risks;(3)Areas near the Rongcheng fault or Jixianian strata buried deeper than 4,000 m are recommended for deferred exploitation;(4)Comprehensive evaluation reveals that the Jixianian carbonate geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area manifest 168 geothermal resources of 5,370.31×10 J,geothermal fluid reserves of 101.17×10 m3,and recoverable fluid 4 reserves of 93.41×10 m3/d under balanced extraction and reinjection.Recoverable geothermal heat 164 amounts to 9.36×10 J/a,equivalent to 319.4×10 t/a of standard coal.This study provides valuable insights into the exploration and sustainable exploitation of deep geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area,enhancing resource utilization and contributing to the development of a green and sustainable Xiong'an New Area.展开更多
To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review exp...To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of unconventional oil resources,focusing on the environmental and economic implica-tions of bitumen partial upgrading technologies,particularly within the Canadian context.With over 55%of the world’s oil reserves comprising of unconventional oil,which includes extra-heavy oil and oil sand bitumen,there is a growing trend to shift from traditional oil sources to these abundant yet under-utilized reserves.This review delves into the challenges and advancements in bitumen partial upgrading,highlighting the latest technologies in thermal cracking,hydrocracking,catalytic cracking,and innovative methods like surfactant integration,cavi-tation,microwave,and plasma-assisted upgrading.It also discusses the environmental implications and eco-nomic feasibility of these technologies,emphasizing the necessity for sustainable and cost-effective solutions at petroleum field sites.Furthermore,the report introduces the transformative concept of Bitumen Beyond Com-bustion(BBC),which explores the non-combustion uses of bitumen and its asphaltene fraction in manufacturing high-value carbon-based products.These novel approaches align with global sustainability goals,offering the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and new routes to diversify the economic ap-plications of bitumen.The review then concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future research directions,advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes technological innovation,environmental stewardship,and economic viability in the field of bitumen upgrading.展开更多
The Chinese tree shrew has gained prominence as a model organism due to its phylogenetic proximity to primates,offering distinct advantages over traditional rodent models in biomedical research.However,the neuroanatom...The Chinese tree shrew has gained prominence as a model organism due to its phylogenetic proximity to primates,offering distinct advantages over traditional rodent models in biomedical research.However,the neuroanatomy of this species remains insufficiently defined,limiting its utility in neurophysiological and neuropathological studies.In this study,immunofluorescence microscopy was employed to comprehensively map the distribution of three calciumbinding proteins,parvalbumin,calbindin D-28k,and calretinin,across the tree shrew cerebrum.Serial brain sections in sagittal,coronal,and horizontal planes from 12 individuals generated a dataset of 3638 cellular-resolution images.This dataset,accessible via Science Data Bank(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.23471),provides detailed region-and laminar-selective distributions of calcium-binding proteins valuable for the cyto-and chemoarchitectural characterization of the tree shrew cerebrum.This resource will not only advance our understanding of brain organization and facilitate basic and translational neuroscience research in tree shrews but also enhance comparative and evolutionary analyses across species.展开更多
Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the...Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the evaluation results of global NGH resource are greatly different.This paper establishes a quantitative relationship between NGH resource potential and conventional oil and gas resource and a NGH resource evaluation model based on the whole petroleum system(WPS)and through the analysis of dynamic field controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.The global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are inverted through the Monte Carlo simulation,and verified by using the volume analogy method based on drilling results and the trend analysis method of previous evaluation results.The proposed evaluation model considers two genetic mechanisms of natural gas(biological degradation and thermal degradation),surface volume conversion factor difference between conventional natural gas and NGH,and the impacts of differences in favorable distribution area and thickness and in other aspects on the results of NGH resource evaluation.The study shows that the global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are 99×10^(12) m^(3) and 30×10^(12) m3,with averages of 214×10^(12) m^(3) and 68×10^(12) m^(3),respectively,less than 5% of the total conventional oil and gas resources,and they can be used as a supplement for the future energy of the world.The proposed NGH resource evaluation model creates a new option of evaluation method and technology,and generates reliable data of NGH resource according to the reliability comprehensive analysis and test,providing a parameter basis for subsequent NGH exploration and development.展开更多
Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an important task in ecological civilization governance.The audit of outgoing officials'natural resource ass...Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an important task in ecological civilization governance.The audit of outgoing officials'natural resource asset management is an audit of the natural resources within the jurisdiction of each province to ensure that senior officials implement policies to protect natural resources.Therefore,this paper empirically verifies the impact of audit outgoing officials'natural resource asset management on carbon emission reduction based on panel data of 297 prefecture-level cities in China from 2012 to 2021.The study finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.Further research finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can promote technological innovation and industrial structure optimization,providing a reference for the country to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the green transformation and upgrading of social development.展开更多
Sludge,the massive by-product of the sewage system,became a major challenge for the wastewater treatment industry.Yet,conventional methods often face challenges like low efficiency,high energy consumption,and environm...Sludge,the massive by-product of the sewage system,became a major challenge for the wastewater treatment industry.Yet,conventional methods often face challenges like low efficiency,high energy consumption,and environmental pollution.Especially,the improper treatment and disposal of toxic sludge generated from different industrial processes or specific wastewater treatment operations exerted significant pressure and threat to hydrosphere,pedosphere,atmosphere and even biosphere.展开更多
Medium-low temperature geothermal resources are abundant in the Guanxian fault depression.An essential foundation for the effective development and use of geothermal resources is the study of the genetic model and res...Medium-low temperature geothermal resources are abundant in the Guanxian fault depression.An essential foundation for the effective development and use of geothermal resources is the study of the genetic model and resource assessment of the geothermal system.This study examines the geothermal geological circumstances,hydrochemical features,and geothermal field characteristics based on the regional geological structure and prior research findings.The appraisal of geothermal resources is done,and a conceptual model of the geothermal system in the research area is built.The findings indicate that the Guan xian fault depression's geothermal resources are primarily Guantao Formation sandstone heat reservoirs.The geothermal water at the wellhead has a temperature between 54℃and 60℃,and its primary chemistry is Cl·SO_(4)-Na.Deep thermal conduction heats the geothermal water,which is then laterally supplied to the reservoir after being largely restored by air precipitation from the western Taihang Mountains.With an annual exploitable geothermal resource of 6,782×10^(12)J,or 23.14×10^(4)tons of standard coal,the Guantao Formation sandstone reservoir in the Guanxian depression has a geothermal resource of about 620.10×10^(16)J.An area of 18 million m^(2)can be heated by geothermal extraction per year,demonstrating the potential for geothermal resources and their high development and use value.展开更多
This paper first analyzes the fundamental characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages in the development and utilization of land resources in China s mountainous areas. It then explores the five major strateg...This paper first analyzes the fundamental characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages in the development and utilization of land resources in China s mountainous areas. It then explores the five major strategic tasks facing the sustainable development and utilization of mountainous land resources in China. From the perspective of human-land coordination and sustainable development, the paper proposes countermeasures and recommendations for the sustainable development and utilization of land resources in China s mountainous areas.展开更多
The Turpan−Hami Basin in Xinjiang is a resource−scarce area where glaciers are important water resources.Based on the data of the Chinese Glacier Inventory of Xinjiang in 2020(CGI-XJ2020),this study analyzed andexplai...The Turpan−Hami Basin in Xinjiang is a resource−scarce area where glaciers are important water resources.Based on the data of the Chinese Glacier Inventory of Xinjiang in 2020(CGI-XJ2020),this study analyzed andexplained the distribution characteristics of glaciers in the Turpan−Hami Basin in 2020.Additionally,by inte-grating the updated First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventories,the study examined changes within the basinfrom 1962 to 2020.It also assessed the specific impact of glacier changes in the Hami region on the runoff of fourtypical basins.The results indicated that in 2020,the Turpan−Hami Basin contained 354 glaciers,covering anarea of 155.82 km^(2)and an estimated ice volume of 5.81 km3.Small glaciers(<0.5 km^(2))were the most numerous,accounting for 78%of the total,while glaciers ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 km^(2)were the largest area,covering39.37 km^(2),which represents 25.3%of the total glacier area.From 1962 to 2020,the glacier area decreased by85.06 km^(2)(35.3%).Between 1962 and 2009,the area decreased by 72.53 km^(2)(30.11%),with an average annualretreat of 1.54 km^(2)/a(0.64%/a).From 2009 to 2020,the area decreased by 12.53 km^(2)(7.44%),and the averageannual retreat slowed to 1.14 km^(2)/a(0.68%/a).These results suggested that while the total glacier area con-tinues to decline,the rate of decrease in absolute terms has slowed,whereas the relative rate of change hasincreased,indicating an accelerating trend in glacier melt.Climate-driven glacier changes have significantly impacted river hydrology and water resources in Hami.In basins without glaciers,runoff has shown a decreasingtrend,suggesting that the positive effect of increased precipitation on runoff may not be sufficient to offset thenegative impact of rising temperatures.In basins with smaller glaciers,the'peak water'for glacier runoff likelyoccurred in the 1980s and 1990s,and water resources are expected to continue deteriorating.In contrast,basinswith larger glaciers have not yet reached a'peak water'and high flow is projected to persist for decades.展开更多
Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mec...Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mechanistic risk models. This study demonstrated large-scale and high-resolution modelling of wind damage vulnerability in Norway. The hybrid mechanistic wind damage model, ForestGALES, was adapted to map the critical wind speeds(CWS) of damage across Norway using a national forest attribute map at a 16 m × 16 m spatial resolution. P arametrization of the model for the Norwegian context was done using the literature and the National Forest Inventory data. This new parametrization of the model for Norwegian forests yielded estimates of CWS significantly different from the default parametrization. Both parametrizations fell short of providing acceptable discrimination of the damaged area following the storm of November 19, 2021 in the central southern region of Norway when using unadjusted CWS. After adjusting the CWS and the storm wind speeds by a constant factor, the Norwegian parametrization provided acceptable discrimination and was thus defined as suitable to use in future studies, despite the lack of field-and laboratory experiments to directly derive parameters for Norwegian forests. The windstorm event used for model validation in this study highlighted the challenges of predicting wind damage to forests in landscapes with complex topography. Future studies should focus on further developing ForestGALES and new datasets describing extreme wind climates to better represent the wind and tree interactions in complex topography, and predict the level of risk in order to develop local climate-smart forest management strategies.展开更多
In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution o...In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.展开更多
The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the fin...The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the final frontiers of terrestrial biological exploration.Traditionally viewed as desolate,ice-covered lands,polar regions are now recognized as vibrant,complex,and highly sensitive ecosystems.展开更多
There have been at least 29 groups of estimates on the global natural gas hydrate(NGH)resource since1973,varying greatly with up to 10,000 times and showing a decreasing trend with time.For the South China Sea(SCS),35...There have been at least 29 groups of estimates on the global natural gas hydrate(NGH)resource since1973,varying greatly with up to 10,000 times and showing a decreasing trend with time.For the South China Sea(SCS),35 groups of estimations were conducted on NGH resource potential since 2000,while these estimates kept almost the same with time,varying between 60 and 90 billion tons of oil equivalent(toe).What are the key factors controlling the variation trend?What are the implications of these variations for the NGH development in the world and the SCS?By analyzing the investigation characteristics of NGH resources in the world,this study divided the evaluation process into six stages and confirmed four essential factors for controlling the variations of estimates.Results indicated that the reduction trend reflects an improved understanding of the NGH formation mechanism and advancement in the resource evaluation methods,and promoted more objective evaluation results.Furthermore,the analysis process and improved evaluation method was applied to evaluate the NGH resources in the SCS,showing the similar decreasing trend of NGH resources with time.By utilizing the decreasing trend model,the predicted recoverable resources in the world and the SCS are(205-500)×10^(12)m^(3)and(0.8-6.5)×10^(12)m^(3),respectively,accounting for 20%of the total conventional oil and gas resources.Recoverable NGH resource in the SCS is only about 4%-6%of the previous estimates of 60-90 billion toe.If extracted completely,it only can support the sustainable development of China for 7 years at the current annual consumption level of oil and gas.NGH cannot be the main energy resource in future due to its low resource potential and lack of advantages in recovery.展开更多
China Geological Survey conducted the second trial production of natural gas hydrate(NGH)in the Shenhu Area in South China Sea(SCS)from 2019 to 2020.Compared with the first trial production in 2017,the second trial sh...China Geological Survey conducted the second trial production of natural gas hydrate(NGH)in the Shenhu Area in South China Sea(SCS)from 2019 to 2020.Compared with the first trial production in 2017,the second trial showed significantly increased daily gas production and total gas production,and removed some technical obstacles for large-scale NGH resource developments in the SCS.However,current NGH resource evaluation in the SCS is still at the stage of prospective gas content assessment,which is unable to guide further NGH exploration and development.This study utilized the hydrate phase balance to delineate the NGH distribution range and effective thickness and volumetric method to evaluate NGH resource.Based on the latest exploration and production data from the Shenhu Area,Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the NGH resource amount with different probabilities.By assuming a 50%cumulative probability,the in-situ NGH resources in the SCS was estimated to be11.7×10^(12)m^(3) and the recoverable NGH resources was 2.8×10^(12)m^(3).These results will provide a more reliable resource basis for China to formulate comprehensive development strategies for oil and gas exploration in the SCS.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52404328,52274412,and 52374418)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M753248)。
文摘The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial resources.Oxygen,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic oxides.This oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical techniques.Furthermore,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen production.This paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental conditions.It delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar regolith.The two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the Moon.Considering the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the Moon.This review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0615401)Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U24A2087)+1 种基金Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.SKLGME022009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42477191)。
文摘Pressure-preserved coring technologies are critical for deep-earth resource exploration but are constrained by the inability to achieve multidirectional coring,restricting exploration range while escalating costs and environmental impacts.We developed a multidirectional pressure-preserved coring system based on magnetic control for deep-earth environments up to 5000 m.The system integrates a magnetically controlled method and key pressure-preserved components to ensure precise self-triggering and self-sealing.It is supported by geometric control equations for optimizing structural stability.Their structure was verified and optimized through theoretical and numerical calculations to meet design objectives.To clarify the self-triggering mechanism in complex environments,a dynamic interference model was established,verifying stability during multidirectional coring.The prototype was fabricated,and functional tests confirmed that it met its design objectives.In a 300-meter-deep test inclined well,10 coring operations were completed with a 100%pressure-preserved success rate,confirming the accuracy of the dynamic interference model analysis.Field trials in a 1970-meter-deep inclined petroleum well,representative of complex environments,demonstrated an in-situ pressure preservation efficiency of 92.18%at 22 MPa.This system innovatively expands the application scope of pressure-preserved coring,providing technical support for efficient and sustainable deep resources exploration and mining.
基金Foundation item:Project(2023YFC2909000) supported by the National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists,ChinaProject(2023JH3/10200010) supported by the Excellent Youth Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China+3 种基金Project (XLYC2203167) supported by the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program,ChinaProject(RC231175) supported by the Mid-career and Young Scientific and Technological Talents Program of Shenyang,ChinaProject(2023A03003-2) supported by the Key Special Program of Xinjiang,ChinaProject(N2301026) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘Breakage is an important step in the resource processing chain.However,the mechanical crushing methods commonly used today suffer from low energy efficiency and high dust levels.Promoting environmental protection and improving energy efficiency are crucial to advancing China’s circular economy.Mining companies are actively exploring novel and innovative technologies to significantly cut down on operating costs and minimize emissions of dust and pollutants generated during processing.Recently,high voltage pulse discharge(HVPD)technology has received widespread attention and has been reported to have good application prospects in resource processing.This paper presents an extensive review of the operational principles of HVPD and the unique characteristics it engenders,such as non-polluting,selective material fragmentation,pre-weakening,pre-concentration,and enhanced permeability of coal seams.Additionally,this review explores the potential and obstacles confronting HVPD in industrial contexts,offering fresh insights for HVPD optimization and providing guidance and prospects for industrial deployment and further development.
文摘In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource exploration and development,mine ecological restoration,green mine construction,new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,new measures in mineral resource management,new situations in scientific and technological innovation,as well as the new achievements of the international geological and mineral cooperation.
基金financially supported by China Geological Survey Project(No.DD20220954)Open Funding Project of the Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering,Ministry of Natural Resources(No.SK202301-4)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Comprehensive Survey&Command Center for Natural Resources(No.KC20240003)Yanzhao Shanshui Science and Innovation Fund of Langfang Integrated Natural Resources Survey Center,China Geological Survey(No.YZSSJJ202401-001)Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements(No.2022KFKTC009).
文摘Water scarcity and environment deterioration have become main constraints to sustainable economic and social development.Scientifically assessing Water Resources Carrying Capacity(WRCC)is essential for the optimal allocation of regional water resources.The hilly area at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountains is a key water conservation zone and an important water source for Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei.Grasping the current status and temporal trends of water quality and WRCC in representative small watersheds within this region is crucial for supporting rational water resources allocation and environment protection efforts.This study focuses on Pingquan City,a typical watershed in northern Hebei Province.Firstly,evaluation index systems for surface water quality,groundwater quality and WRCC were estab-lished based on the Pressure-State-Response(PSR)framework.Then,comprehensive evaluations of water quality and WRCC at the sub-watershed scale were conducted using the Varying Fuzzy Pattern Recogni-tion(VFPR)model.Finally,the rationality of the evaluation results was verified,and future scenarios were projected.Results showed that:(1)The average comprehensive evaluation scores for surface water and groundwater quality in the sub-watersheds were 1.44 and 1.46,respectively,indicating that both met the national Class II water quality standard and reflected a high-quality water environment.(2)From 2010 to 2020,the region's WRCC steadily improved,with scores rising from 2.99 to 2.83 and an average of 2.90,suggesting effective water resources management in Pingquan City.(3)According to scenario-based predic-tion,WRCC may slightly decline between 2025 and 2030,reaching 2.92 and 2.94,respectively,relative to 2020 levels.Therefore,future efforts should focus on strengthening scientific management and promoting the efficient use of water resources.Proactive measures are necessary to mitigate emerging contradiction and ensure the long-term stability and sustainability of the water resources system in the region.The evalua-tion system and spatiotemporal evolution patterns proposed in this study can provide a scientific basis for refined water resource management and ecological conservation in similar hilly areas.
文摘Natural resources,green energy,and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity,economic prosperity,and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful influence on the globe.However,the recognition of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG-7,SDG-13)is closely entangled with digital economy.In this pursuit,this study scrutinizes the effect of dig-italization,renewable energy,and natural resources on the ecological footprint in China from 1990Q1-2022Q4.The empirical analyses are carried out by employing the Quantile-on-Quantile regression,and cross-quantile and partial cross-quantile correlation approaches to inspect the tail dependence of model parameters.The empirical outcomes highlight how China’s environmental quality is influenced by exoge-nous variables,including digitalization index,renewable energy consumption,and natural resources.Digitalization has adverse impact on the ecological footprint in lower quantiles,while insignificant in higher quantiles.Moreover,a strong adverse association exists between ecological footprint and renew-able energy,which syndicate all the quantiles of renewable energy with linking over lower to middle quantiles and weak in higher quantiles of ecological footprint.Besides,the estimated analysis discloses nuanced dependencies across various quantiles.Similarly,it can be found that the strong negative effect of natural resources on ecological footprint in initial quantiles,moderate in middle quantiles,and less positive effect in higher quantiles.By explaining these dynamics,the current study offers valuable intu-itions designed at controlling China toward its dual-carbon target and encouraging the development of a sustainable digital and green economy and thereby,continuing towards achieving SDG-7,and SDG-13 objectives.
基金funded by the Study on enhanced heat transfer mechanism of low-permeability carbonate rocks under in-situ conditions under Grant number YK202305the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 42272350the Geothermal Survey Project of the China Geological Survey under Grant number DD20221676.
文摘Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their distribution and attributes,offering critical guidance for their sustainable exploitation and utilization.This study integrates data from drilling and production tests across 21 geothermal wells to analyze the Jixianian strata,including depth,thickness,temperature,single-well water yield,Groundwater Level Depth(GWD),and Total Dissolved Solids(TDS).Employing fuzzy mathematics,a zoning analysis was performed,yielding quantitative evaluation scores and delineating favorable zones for development.Key findings include:(1)Geothermal reservoirs in the Rongcheng and Niutuozhen uplifts exhibit shallow burial depths,substantial thicknesses,high productivity,and relatively low temperatures,making them highly suitable for large-scale geothermal exploitation;(2)Zones with high resource potential but uncertain conditions require further exploration to mitigate development risks;(3)Areas near the Rongcheng fault or Jixianian strata buried deeper than 4,000 m are recommended for deferred exploitation;(4)Comprehensive evaluation reveals that the Jixianian carbonate geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area manifest 168 geothermal resources of 5,370.31×10 J,geothermal fluid reserves of 101.17×10 m3,and recoverable fluid 4 reserves of 93.41×10 m3/d under balanced extraction and reinjection.Recoverable geothermal heat 164 amounts to 9.36×10 J/a,equivalent to 319.4×10 t/a of standard coal.This study provides valuable insights into the exploration and sustainable exploitation of deep geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area,enhancing resource utilization and contributing to the development of a green and sustainable Xiong'an New Area.
文摘To satisfy the increasing global energy demand,while searching for new energy sources,it’s important to take a closer look at the resources already at our disposal and optimize their use.This comprehensive review explores the evolving landscape of unconventional oil resources,focusing on the environmental and economic implica-tions of bitumen partial upgrading technologies,particularly within the Canadian context.With over 55%of the world’s oil reserves comprising of unconventional oil,which includes extra-heavy oil and oil sand bitumen,there is a growing trend to shift from traditional oil sources to these abundant yet under-utilized reserves.This review delves into the challenges and advancements in bitumen partial upgrading,highlighting the latest technologies in thermal cracking,hydrocracking,catalytic cracking,and innovative methods like surfactant integration,cavi-tation,microwave,and plasma-assisted upgrading.It also discusses the environmental implications and eco-nomic feasibility of these technologies,emphasizing the necessity for sustainable and cost-effective solutions at petroleum field sites.Furthermore,the report introduces the transformative concept of Bitumen Beyond Com-bustion(BBC),which explores the non-combustion uses of bitumen and its asphaltene fraction in manufacturing high-value carbon-based products.These novel approaches align with global sustainability goals,offering the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and new routes to diversify the economic ap-plications of bitumen.The review then concludes with an assessment of current challenges and future research directions,advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes technological innovation,environmental stewardship,and economic viability in the field of bitumen upgrading.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation(STI)2030-Major Projects(2022ZD0205000 to L.L.)CAS“Light of West China”Program(xbzg-zdsys-202404 to L.L.)+1 种基金Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program Yunling Scholar Project(to L.L.)Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202305AH340006,202301AS070060 to L.L.,202401AT070206 to X.C.)。
文摘The Chinese tree shrew has gained prominence as a model organism due to its phylogenetic proximity to primates,offering distinct advantages over traditional rodent models in biomedical research.However,the neuroanatomy of this species remains insufficiently defined,limiting its utility in neurophysiological and neuropathological studies.In this study,immunofluorescence microscopy was employed to comprehensively map the distribution of three calciumbinding proteins,parvalbumin,calbindin D-28k,and calretinin,across the tree shrew cerebrum.Serial brain sections in sagittal,coronal,and horizontal planes from 12 individuals generated a dataset of 3638 cellular-resolution images.This dataset,accessible via Science Data Bank(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.23471),provides detailed region-and laminar-selective distributions of calcium-binding proteins valuable for the cyto-and chemoarchitectural characterization of the tree shrew cerebrum.This resource will not only advance our understanding of brain organization and facilitate basic and translational neuroscience research in tree shrews but also enhance comparative and evolutionary analyses across species.
基金Supported by the Major Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019-ZW11-Z-035)Technology Development Project of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development(2021DJ0101)。
文摘Natural gas hydrate(NGH),as a widely recognized clean energy,has shown a significant resource potential.However,due to the lack of a unified evaluation methodology and the difficult determination of key parameters,the evaluation results of global NGH resource are greatly different.This paper establishes a quantitative relationship between NGH resource potential and conventional oil and gas resource and a NGH resource evaluation model based on the whole petroleum system(WPS)and through the analysis of dynamic field controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.The global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are inverted through the Monte Carlo simulation,and verified by using the volume analogy method based on drilling results and the trend analysis method of previous evaluation results.The proposed evaluation model considers two genetic mechanisms of natural gas(biological degradation and thermal degradation),surface volume conversion factor difference between conventional natural gas and NGH,and the impacts of differences in favorable distribution area and thickness and in other aspects on the results of NGH resource evaluation.The study shows that the global NGH initially in-place and recoverable resources are 99×10^(12) m^(3) and 30×10^(12) m3,with averages of 214×10^(12) m^(3) and 68×10^(12) m^(3),respectively,less than 5% of the total conventional oil and gas resources,and they can be used as a supplement for the future energy of the world.The proposed NGH resource evaluation model creates a new option of evaluation method and technology,and generates reliable data of NGH resource according to the reliability comprehensive analysis and test,providing a parameter basis for subsequent NGH exploration and development.
基金supported by the National Pre-Research Project of Hebei GEO University(Grant No.KY2024YB19)the 2023-2024 Hebei Higher Education Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project(Grant No.2023GJJG302)+4 种基金Regional System Research Center of Hebei GEO University(Grant No.QYZDYJZX202525)Smart Financial Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province(Grant No.HBZX202401004)Hebei Geo University graduate course construction project in 2025(Grant No.YKSZ2025006)Major Research Project on Humanities and Social Sciences in Colleges and Universities of Hebei Province(Grant No.ZD202418)Teaching Case of Hebei GEO University MBA Case Center in 2025(Grant No.AL202511).
文摘Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an important task in ecological civilization governance.The audit of outgoing officials'natural resource asset management is an audit of the natural resources within the jurisdiction of each province to ensure that senior officials implement policies to protect natural resources.Therefore,this paper empirically verifies the impact of audit outgoing officials'natural resource asset management on carbon emission reduction based on panel data of 297 prefecture-level cities in China from 2012 to 2021.The study finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.Further research finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can promote technological innovation and industrial structure optimization,providing a reference for the country to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the green transformation and upgrading of social development.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52370025,22176012)BUCEA Post Graduate Innovation Project(No.PG2024086)。
文摘Sludge,the massive by-product of the sewage system,became a major challenge for the wastewater treatment industry.Yet,conventional methods often face challenges like low efficiency,high energy consumption,and environmental pollution.Especially,the improper treatment and disposal of toxic sludge generated from different industrial processes or specific wastewater treatment operations exerted significant pressure and threat to hydrosphere,pedosphere,atmosphere and even biosphere.
基金funded by the Hebei Province Natural Resources Science and Technology Project(13000024P00F2D410443X).
文摘Medium-low temperature geothermal resources are abundant in the Guanxian fault depression.An essential foundation for the effective development and use of geothermal resources is the study of the genetic model and resource assessment of the geothermal system.This study examines the geothermal geological circumstances,hydrochemical features,and geothermal field characteristics based on the regional geological structure and prior research findings.The appraisal of geothermal resources is done,and a conceptual model of the geothermal system in the research area is built.The findings indicate that the Guan xian fault depression's geothermal resources are primarily Guantao Formation sandstone heat reservoirs.The geothermal water at the wellhead has a temperature between 54℃and 60℃,and its primary chemistry is Cl·SO_(4)-Na.Deep thermal conduction heats the geothermal water,which is then laterally supplied to the reservoir after being largely restored by air precipitation from the western Taihang Mountains.With an annual exploitable geothermal resource of 6,782×10^(12)J,or 23.14×10^(4)tons of standard coal,the Guantao Formation sandstone reservoir in the Guanxian depression has a geothermal resource of about 620.10×10^(16)J.An area of 18 million m^(2)can be heated by geothermal extraction per year,demonstrating the potential for geothermal resources and their high development and use value.
文摘This paper first analyzes the fundamental characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages in the development and utilization of land resources in China s mountainous areas. It then explores the five major strategic tasks facing the sustainable development and utilization of mountainous land resources in China. From the perspective of human-land coordination and sustainable development, the paper proposes countermeasures and recommendations for the sustainable development and utilization of land resources in China s mountainous areas.
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2022xjkk0101)Second Qinghai-Tibet Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0201)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42301166)National Science Foundation of Gansu Province(Grant No.23JRRA658)Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone(XJYS0907-2024-yb-11)
文摘The Turpan−Hami Basin in Xinjiang is a resource−scarce area where glaciers are important water resources.Based on the data of the Chinese Glacier Inventory of Xinjiang in 2020(CGI-XJ2020),this study analyzed andexplained the distribution characteristics of glaciers in the Turpan−Hami Basin in 2020.Additionally,by inte-grating the updated First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventories,the study examined changes within the basinfrom 1962 to 2020.It also assessed the specific impact of glacier changes in the Hami region on the runoff of fourtypical basins.The results indicated that in 2020,the Turpan−Hami Basin contained 354 glaciers,covering anarea of 155.82 km^(2)and an estimated ice volume of 5.81 km3.Small glaciers(<0.5 km^(2))were the most numerous,accounting for 78%of the total,while glaciers ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 km^(2)were the largest area,covering39.37 km^(2),which represents 25.3%of the total glacier area.From 1962 to 2020,the glacier area decreased by85.06 km^(2)(35.3%).Between 1962 and 2009,the area decreased by 72.53 km^(2)(30.11%),with an average annualretreat of 1.54 km^(2)/a(0.64%/a).From 2009 to 2020,the area decreased by 12.53 km^(2)(7.44%),and the averageannual retreat slowed to 1.14 km^(2)/a(0.68%/a).These results suggested that while the total glacier area con-tinues to decline,the rate of decrease in absolute terms has slowed,whereas the relative rate of change hasincreased,indicating an accelerating trend in glacier melt.Climate-driven glacier changes have significantly impacted river hydrology and water resources in Hami.In basins without glaciers,runoff has shown a decreasingtrend,suggesting that the positive effect of increased precipitation on runoff may not be sufficient to offset thenegative impact of rising temperatures.In basins with smaller glaciers,the'peak water'for glacier runoff likelyoccurred in the 1980s and 1990s,and water resources are expected to continue deteriorating.In contrast,basinswith larger glaciers have not yet reached a'peak water'and high flow is projected to persist for decades.
基金funded by the Norwegian Research Council(NFR project 302701 Climate Smart Forestry Norway).
文摘Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mechanistic risk models. This study demonstrated large-scale and high-resolution modelling of wind damage vulnerability in Norway. The hybrid mechanistic wind damage model, ForestGALES, was adapted to map the critical wind speeds(CWS) of damage across Norway using a national forest attribute map at a 16 m × 16 m spatial resolution. P arametrization of the model for the Norwegian context was done using the literature and the National Forest Inventory data. This new parametrization of the model for Norwegian forests yielded estimates of CWS significantly different from the default parametrization. Both parametrizations fell short of providing acceptable discrimination of the damaged area following the storm of November 19, 2021 in the central southern region of Norway when using unadjusted CWS. After adjusting the CWS and the storm wind speeds by a constant factor, the Norwegian parametrization provided acceptable discrimination and was thus defined as suitable to use in future studies, despite the lack of field-and laboratory experiments to directly derive parameters for Norwegian forests. The windstorm event used for model validation in this study highlighted the challenges of predicting wind damage to forests in landscapes with complex topography. Future studies should focus on further developing ForestGALES and new datasets describing extreme wind climates to better represent the wind and tree interactions in complex topography, and predict the level of risk in order to develop local climate-smart forest management strategies.
基金Under the auspices of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.41125005)
文摘In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.
文摘The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the final frontiers of terrestrial biological exploration.Traditionally viewed as desolate,ice-covered lands,polar regions are now recognized as vibrant,complex,and highly sensitive ecosystems.
基金financially supported by the CAS consultation project(2019-ZW11-Z-035)the National Basic Research Program of China(973)(2006CB202300,2011CB201100)China High-Tech R&D(863)Program Project(2013AA092600)。
文摘There have been at least 29 groups of estimates on the global natural gas hydrate(NGH)resource since1973,varying greatly with up to 10,000 times and showing a decreasing trend with time.For the South China Sea(SCS),35 groups of estimations were conducted on NGH resource potential since 2000,while these estimates kept almost the same with time,varying between 60 and 90 billion tons of oil equivalent(toe).What are the key factors controlling the variation trend?What are the implications of these variations for the NGH development in the world and the SCS?By analyzing the investigation characteristics of NGH resources in the world,this study divided the evaluation process into six stages and confirmed four essential factors for controlling the variations of estimates.Results indicated that the reduction trend reflects an improved understanding of the NGH formation mechanism and advancement in the resource evaluation methods,and promoted more objective evaluation results.Furthermore,the analysis process and improved evaluation method was applied to evaluate the NGH resources in the SCS,showing the similar decreasing trend of NGH resources with time.By utilizing the decreasing trend model,the predicted recoverable resources in the world and the SCS are(205-500)×10^(12)m^(3)and(0.8-6.5)×10^(12)m^(3),respectively,accounting for 20%of the total conventional oil and gas resources.Recoverable NGH resource in the SCS is only about 4%-6%of the previous estimates of 60-90 billion toe.If extracted completely,it only can support the sustainable development of China for 7 years at the current annual consumption level of oil and gas.NGH cannot be the main energy resource in future due to its low resource potential and lack of advantages in recovery.
基金funded by the major consulting project of“South China Sea Oil and Gas Comprehensive Development Strategy Research”led by Academician Gao Deli and the Faculty of Chinese Academy of SciencesConsulting Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019-ZW11-Z-035)+1 种基金National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973)(2006CB202300,2011CB201100)China High-Tech R&D Project(863)(2013AA092600)。
文摘China Geological Survey conducted the second trial production of natural gas hydrate(NGH)in the Shenhu Area in South China Sea(SCS)from 2019 to 2020.Compared with the first trial production in 2017,the second trial showed significantly increased daily gas production and total gas production,and removed some technical obstacles for large-scale NGH resource developments in the SCS.However,current NGH resource evaluation in the SCS is still at the stage of prospective gas content assessment,which is unable to guide further NGH exploration and development.This study utilized the hydrate phase balance to delineate the NGH distribution range and effective thickness and volumetric method to evaluate NGH resource.Based on the latest exploration and production data from the Shenhu Area,Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the NGH resource amount with different probabilities.By assuming a 50%cumulative probability,the in-situ NGH resources in the SCS was estimated to be11.7×10^(12)m^(3) and the recoverable NGH resources was 2.8×10^(12)m^(3).These results will provide a more reliable resource basis for China to formulate comprehensive development strategies for oil and gas exploration in the SCS.
