The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered ...The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered solutions.This research explores how methodologies such as Participatory Action Research,post-occupancy evaluations,and Research through Design can be systematically embedded within design thinking to bridge the gap between academic rigor and empathy-driven,iterative design practices.By synthesizing these paradigms,the study proposes a framework for group housing design that prioritizes co-design processes,empathy-based data collection,and participatory evaluation,while emphasizing adaptability through sociocultural insights and user feedback.Case studies analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of flexible,community-driven design,while emerging technologies like IoT-enabled cohousing signal new opportunities for innovation.Challenges,including scalability,long-term validation,and reconciling user autonomy with professional expertise,are critically analyzed.Ultimately,this research advances a hybrid methodology to redefine the conceptualization,implementation,and assessment of group housing,offering actionable pathways to achieve affordable,inclusive,and context-sensitive housing solutions.展开更多
Today, the significance of the wireless communication is known all over the world. In order to achieve the better communication, many techniques and methods have been introduced. Among these techniques, smart/adaptive...Today, the significance of the wireless communication is known all over the world. In order to achieve the better communication, many techniques and methods have been introduced. Among these techniques, smart/adaptive antennas are trending topic in the research domain. The smart antennas consist of various antennas arrays and have the ability to optimize the radia-tion and reception of the desired signals dynamically. Also, in order to avoid or mitigate the interferences, smart antennas can introduce nulls in the in-terferers direction by adaptive updating of the weights linked at every antenna element. The smart antennas can also enhance the quality of reception and reduce the dropped calls. This paper discusses the various survey topics related to smart antennas, Adaptive Beam Forming (ABF) algorithm etc. Also the various existing researches are discussed to know the research gap for future research scope.展开更多
The three-dimensional(3D)cell culture system has garnered significant attention in recent years as a means of studying cell behavior and tissue development,as opposed to traditional two-dimensional cultures.These syst...The three-dimensional(3D)cell culture system has garnered significant attention in recent years as a means of studying cell behavior and tissue development,as opposed to traditional two-dimensional cultures.These systems can induce specific cell reactions,promote specific tissue functions,and serve as valuable tools for research in tissue engineering,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery.This paper discusses current developments in the field of three-dimensional cell culture and the potential applications of 3D type 1 collagen gels to enhance the growth and maturation of dendritic cells.展开更多
The age at which a woman enters natural menopause has also been associated to death from any cause.Menopause is a natural component of aging that happens between the ages of 45 and 55,with the average menopausal age b...The age at which a woman enters natural menopause has also been associated to death from any cause.Menopause is a natural component of aging that happens between the ages of 45 and 55,with the average menopausal age being 51.Previous research has revealed the age at which women reach menopause,but there is no evidence to support the link between menopause and longevity.We made a study in assessing the limits of maximum lifespan at menopausal age in our previous article.In this paper,we aim to predict the maximum lifespan of women at mean menopausal age.展开更多
This study seeks to establish a novel,semi-automatic system that utilizes Industry 4.0 principles to effectively determine both acceptable and rejectable concrete cubes with regard to their failure modes,significantly...This study seeks to establish a novel,semi-automatic system that utilizes Industry 4.0 principles to effectively determine both acceptable and rejectable concrete cubes with regard to their failure modes,significantly contributing to the dependability of concrete quality evaluations.The study utilizes image processing and machine learning(ML)methods,namely object detectionmodels such as YOLOv8 and Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs),to evaluate images of concrete cubes.These models are trained and validated on an extensive database of annotated images from real-world and laboratory conditions.Preliminary results indicate a good performance in the classification of concrete cube failure modes.The proposed system accurately identifies cracks,determines the severity of damage to structures,indicating the potential to minimize human errors and discrepancies that might occur through the current techniques to detect the failure mode of concrete cubes.Thedeveloped systemcould significantly improve the reliability of concrete cube assessments,reduce resource wastage,and contribute to more sustainable construction practices.By minimizing material costs and errors,this innovation supports the construction industry’s move towards sustainability.展开更多
To investigate the cytotoxic activity of actinomycete isolated from marine sediment. Methods: In the present study the DNA was isolated and the ITS region of 16s rRNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using ...To investigate the cytotoxic activity of actinomycete isolated from marine sediment. Methods: In the present study the DNA was isolated and the ITS region of 16s rRNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using two universal bacterial primers, 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTAC GACTT-3′) and Eubac27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC AG-3′). The amplified products were purified using TIANgel mini purification kit, ligated to MD18-T simple vector (TaKaRa), and transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli DH5α. 16S rRNA gene fragment was sequenced using forward primer M13F (-47) and reverse primer M13R (-48). Blast search sequence similarity was found against the existing non-redundant nucleotide sequence database thus, identified as Streptomyces sp SU, Streptomyces rubralavandulae strain SU1, Streptomyces cacaoi strain SU2, Streptomyces cavourensis strain SU3, Streptomyces avidinii strain SU4, Streptomyces globisporus strain SU5, Streptomyces variabilis strain SU6, Streptomycescoelicolor strain SU 7. Among the eight identified isolates, one actinomycete Streptomyces avidinii strain SU4 was selected for further study. Results: Crude extract of the actinomycete isolate exhibited IC50 in 64.5 μg against Hep-2 cell line, 250 μg in VERO cell line. This value is very close to the criteria of cytotoxicity activity for the crude extracts, as established by the American National Cancer Institute (NCI) is in IC50 < 30 μg /mL. The GC MS analysis showed that the active principle might be 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester (12.17%), isooctyl phthalate (15.29%) with the retention time 15.642 and 21.612, respectively. Conclusions: This study clearly proves that the marine sediment derived actinomycetes with bioactive metabolites can be expected to provide high quality biological material for high throughout biochemical and anticancer screening programs. These results help us to conclude that the potential of using metabolic engineering and post genomic approaches to isolate more bioactive compounds and make their possible commercial application is not far off.展开更多
Objective:To explore antibacterial activity and characterization of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis(A.officinalis).Methods:In the present study the leaf extracts of A.officinal...Objective:To explore antibacterial activity and characterization of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis(A.officinalis).Methods:In the present study the leaf extracts of A.officinalis were examined for its antibacterial potential using five different solvents against some reference strains of human pathogenic bacteria for the crude extract.Maximum activity was observed for ethyl acetate and hence different concentrations like 15μL,25μL,and 50μL of ethyl extracts was checked for its antibacterial activity.Partial purification of crude extract was carried by column chromatography and fractions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to identify compounds.Results:The crude ethyl acetate extracts of A.officinalis showed remarkable antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition of 13 mm against Eschericia coli(E.coli) and 11 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus).Fraction 13(ethyl acetate:methanol= 8:2) as the most potent one against with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 30 mm against E.coli and 25 mm against S.aureus.The GCMS resultsof active column fraction(F13) revealed that the active principals were a mixture of hydroxy- 4 methoxybenzoic acid,diethyl phthalate,oleic acid.Conclusions:The leaf extracts with proven antibacterial effects can clearly be directed towards cancer treatment as to inhibiting cancer cell growth.The limited number of test organisms owes to a constraint of resource.So,the effect of strong bursts of leaf extracts on human pathogenic bacteria should further be tested on a wide range of test organisms.展开更多
Mobile sink is the challenging task for wireless sensor networks(WSNs).In this paper we propose to design an efficient routing protocol for single mobile sink and multiple mobile sink for data gathering in WSN.In this...Mobile sink is the challenging task for wireless sensor networks(WSNs).In this paper we propose to design an efficient routing protocol for single mobile sink and multiple mobile sink for data gathering in WSN.In this process,a biased random walk method is used to determine the next position of the sink.Then,a rendezvous point selection with splitting tree technique is used to find the optimal data transmission path.If the sink moves within the range of the rendezvous point,it receives the gathered data and if moved out,it selects a relay node from its neighbours to relay packets from rendezvous point to the sink.Proposed algorithm reduces the signal overhead and improves the triangular routing problem.Here the sink acts as a vehicle and collect the data from the sensor.The results show that the proposed model effectively supports sink mobility with low overhead and delay when compared with Intelligent Agent-based Routing protocol(IAR) and also increases the reliability and delivery ratio when the number of sources increases.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by G...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by GC-MS analysis.Methods:Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of ethanol,petroleum ether,acetone,methanol and ethyl acetate.The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test organisms using agar well diffusion technique were carried out.Ethyl acetate extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity and hence minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was performed for the same.Column chromatography was done for partial purification of crude extract and fractions were analyzed by GC-MS.Results:A column chromatographic fractionation of the extracts and further UV visible and GS-MS analysis suggested the active principle compound were a mixture of squalene(19.19%),n-Hexadecanoic acid(6.59%),phytol(4.74%).2-cyclohexane-l- one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,(4.20%) and oleic acid(2.88%).Conclusions:The results are good enough to serve to transform the practice of research in this sub field across a range of different benefit streams that include drug development.By and large this type of structure analyses are most important as aids to more rational decision taking in safety models versus effectiveness.In general,structural data provide prima facie support for drug hypothesis.展开更多
This paper presents isothermal uniaxial compression test results of M300 grade maraging steel over a wide range of temperatures(900 e1200℃) and strain rates(0.001 e100 s^(-1)) to examine hot deformability and concurr...This paper presents isothermal uniaxial compression test results of M300 grade maraging steel over a wide range of temperatures(900 e1200℃) and strain rates(0.001 e100 s^(-1)) to examine hot deformability and concurrent microstructural evolution. Processing map is generated and indicated the optimum processing parameters in the temperature range of 1125℃-1200℃ and strain rate range of 0.001 e0.1 s^(-1). High values of the efficiency of power dissipation, microstructural observations and EBSD results indicate softening mechanism to be the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation. Material constants in a constitutive relation are evaluated from the flow stress data useful in computer modelling.展开更多
Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urba...Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urban farming activities in China,community gardens have not caught on as an ecologically and socially sustainable urban development strategy. Based on a comparison of community garden development in China and the U.S.,the authors of this article fi nd that the development of community gardens in China will require close collaboration between city planning officials,real estate agencies,urban citizens,and landscape architects.展开更多
Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) sought over other conventional materials in the field of aerospace, automotive and marine applications owing to their excellent improved properties. These materials are of much ...Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) sought over other conventional materials in the field of aerospace, automotive and marine applications owing to their excellent improved properties. These materials are of much interest to the researchers from few decades. These composites initially replaced Cast Iron and Bronze alloys but owing to their poor wear and seizure resistance, they were subjected to many experiments and the wear behavior of these composites were explored to a maximum extent and were reported by number of research scholars for the past 25 years. In this paper an attempt has been made to consolidate some of the aspects of mechanical and wear behavior of Al-MMCs and the prediction of the Mechanical and Tribological properties of Aluminum MMCs.展开更多
Seawater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation from coastal aquifers poses a severe problem in many regions. Formulation of proper pumping strategy using a simulation model can assure sustainable supply of...Seawater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation from coastal aquifers poses a severe problem in many regions. Formulation of proper pumping strategy using a simulation model can assure sustainable supply of fresh water from the coastal aquifers. The focus of the present study is on the development of a numerical model based on Meshfree (MFree) method to study the seawater intrusion problem. For the simulation of seawater intrusion problem, widely used models are based on Finite Difference (FDM) and Finite Element (FEM) Methods, which demand well defined grids/meshes and considerable pre-processing efforts. Here, MFree Point Collocation Method (PCM) based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) is proposed for the simulation. Diffusive interface approach with density-dependent dispersion and solution of flow and solute transport is adopted. These equations are solved using PCM with appropriate boundary conditions. The developed model has been verified with Henry’s problem, and found to be satisfactory. Further the model has been applied to another established problem and an attempt is made to examine the influence of important system parameters including pumping and recharge on the seawater intrusion. The PCM based MFree model is found computationally efficient as preprocessing is avoided when compared to other numerical methods.展开更多
To ensure the safe operation of any software controlled critical systems,quality factors like reliability and safety are given utmost importance.In this paper,we have chosen to analyze the impact of logic error that i...To ensure the safe operation of any software controlled critical systems,quality factors like reliability and safety are given utmost importance.In this paper,we have chosen to analyze the impact of logic error that is one of the contributors to the above factors.In view of this,we propose a novel framework based on a data driven approach known as software failure estimation with logic error(SFELE).Here,the probabilistic nature of software error is explored by observing the operation of a safety critical system by injecting logic fault.The occurrence of error,its propagations and transformations are analyzed from its inception to end of its execution cycle through the hidden Markov model(HMM)technique.We found that the proposed framework SFELE supports in labeling and quantifying the behavioral properties of selected errors in a safety critical system while traversing across its system components in addition to reliability estimation of the system.Our attempt at the design level can help the design engineers to improve their system quality in a costeffective manner.展开更多
The vibrational spectral analysis was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 4 000~400and 4 000~400cm-1 respectively,for N-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl ethyl)amino]ethyl]phenyl]methane sulfona...The vibrational spectral analysis was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 4 000~400and 4 000~400cm-1 respectively,for N-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl ethyl)amino]ethyl]phenyl]methane sulfonamide(HPAEPMS)molecule.Theoretical calculations were performed by ab initio Density Functional Theory(DFT)method using 6-31G(d,p)basis set.The complete vibrational assignments of wavenumbers were made on the basis of potential energy distribution(PED).The results of the calculations were applied to simulated spectra of the title compound,which show excellent agreement.展开更多
The molecular structure of(1S,2R)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan^(-1)-ol(abbreviated as 2APPO)conformers have been studied in the gas phase.Natural Bond Orbital Analysis and Non Linear Optical properties of 2APPO have been pe...The molecular structure of(1S,2R)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan^(-1)-ol(abbreviated as 2APPO)conformers have been studied in the gas phase.Natural Bond Orbital Analysis and Non Linear Optical properties of 2APPO have been performed by DFT level of theory using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)basis set.The atomic charges,electronic exchange interaction and charge delocalization of the molecule have been performed by Natural Bond Orbital(NBO)analysis,Natural Population Analysis(NPA) and Non Linear Optical(NLO)properties have been constructed at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)level to underst and the optical properties.展开更多
Evolution of computational modeling and simulation has given more emphasis on the research activities related to carbon nanotube(CNT)reinforced polymer composites recently.This paper presents the composite cylinder as...Evolution of computational modeling and simulation has given more emphasis on the research activities related to carbon nanotube(CNT)reinforced polymer composites recently.This paper presents the composite cylinder assemblage(CCA)approach based on continuum mechanics for investigating the elastic properties of a polymer resin reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs).A three-phase cylindrical representative volume element(RVE)model is employed based on CCA technique to elucidate the effects of inter layers,chirality,interspacing,volume fraction of MWCNT,interphase properties and temperature conditions on the elastic modulus of the composite.The interface region between CNT and polymer matrix is modeled as the third phase with varying material properties.The constitutive relations for each material system have been derived based on solid mechanics and proper interfacial traction continuity conditions are imposed.The predicted results from the CCA approach are in well agreement with RVE-based finite element model.The outcomes reveal that temperature softening effect becomes more pronounced at higher volume fractions of CNTs.展开更多
This paper focuses on the development of a diagnostic tool for detect-ing insulated gate bipolar transistor power electronic switchflaws caused by both open and short circuit faults in multi-level inverter time-frequen...This paper focuses on the development of a diagnostic tool for detect-ing insulated gate bipolar transistor power electronic switchflaws caused by both open and short circuit faults in multi-level inverter time-frequency output voltage specifications.High-resolution laboratory virtual instrument engineering work-bench software testing tool with a sample rate data collection system,as well as specialized signal processing and soft computing technologies,are used in this proposed method.On a single-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter,simu-lation and experimental investigations of both open and short issues of the insu-lated gate bipolar transistor components are performed out.In all conceivable switch issues,the output voltage signals are evaluated for different modulation index values.Fast fourier transform and discrete wavelet transform methods are used to investigate the frequency domain properties of output voltage signals.In the artificial neural network,the back propagation training technique was employed,and the generated neural parameter values were used in the Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench real-time fault diagnosis model.展开更多
The wind energy generation,utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing world-wide.The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time varying nature and causing stability problem....The wind energy generation,utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing world-wide.The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time varying nature and causing stability problem.This weak interconnection of wind generating source in the electrical network affects the power quality and reliability.The localized energy storages shall compensate the fluctuating power and support to strengthen the wind generator in the power system.In this paper,it is proposed to control the voltage source inverter （VSI） in current control mode with energy storage,that is,batteries across the dc bus.The generated wind power can be extracted under varying wind speed and stored in the batteries.This energy storage maintains the stiff voltage across the dc bus of the voltage source inverter.The proposed scheme enhances the stability and reliability of the power system and maintains unity power factor.It can also be operated in stand-alone mode in the power system.The power exchange across the wind generation and the load under dynamic situation is feasible while maintaining the power quality norms at the common point of coupling.It strengthens the weak grid in the power system.This control strategy is evaluated on the test system under dynamic condition by using simulation.The results are verified by comparing the performance of controllers.展开更多
Breakwaters have been built throughout the centuries for the coastal protection and the port development,but changes occurred in their layout and criteria used for the design.Quarter circle breakwater(QBW)is a new typ...Breakwaters have been built throughout the centuries for the coastal protection and the port development,but changes occurred in their layout and criteria used for the design.Quarter circle breakwater(QBW)is a new type evolved having advantages of both caisson type and perforated type breakwaters.The present study extracts the effect of change in the percentage of perforations on the stable conditions of seaside perforated QBW by using various physical models.The results were graphically analyzed using dimensionless parameters and it was concluded that there is a reduction in dimensionless stability parameter with an increase in steepness of the wave and change in water depth to the height of breakwater structure.Multiple non–linear regression analysis was done and the equation for the best fit curve with a higher regression coefficient was obtained by using Excel statistical software—XLSTAT.展开更多
文摘The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered solutions.This research explores how methodologies such as Participatory Action Research,post-occupancy evaluations,and Research through Design can be systematically embedded within design thinking to bridge the gap between academic rigor and empathy-driven,iterative design practices.By synthesizing these paradigms,the study proposes a framework for group housing design that prioritizes co-design processes,empathy-based data collection,and participatory evaluation,while emphasizing adaptability through sociocultural insights and user feedback.Case studies analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of flexible,community-driven design,while emerging technologies like IoT-enabled cohousing signal new opportunities for innovation.Challenges,including scalability,long-term validation,and reconciling user autonomy with professional expertise,are critically analyzed.Ultimately,this research advances a hybrid methodology to redefine the conceptualization,implementation,and assessment of group housing,offering actionable pathways to achieve affordable,inclusive,and context-sensitive housing solutions.
文摘Today, the significance of the wireless communication is known all over the world. In order to achieve the better communication, many techniques and methods have been introduced. Among these techniques, smart/adaptive antennas are trending topic in the research domain. The smart antennas consist of various antennas arrays and have the ability to optimize the radia-tion and reception of the desired signals dynamically. Also, in order to avoid or mitigate the interferences, smart antennas can introduce nulls in the in-terferers direction by adaptive updating of the weights linked at every antenna element. The smart antennas can also enhance the quality of reception and reduce the dropped calls. This paper discusses the various survey topics related to smart antennas, Adaptive Beam Forming (ABF) algorithm etc. Also the various existing researches are discussed to know the research gap for future research scope.
文摘The three-dimensional(3D)cell culture system has garnered significant attention in recent years as a means of studying cell behavior and tissue development,as opposed to traditional two-dimensional cultures.These systems can induce specific cell reactions,promote specific tissue functions,and serve as valuable tools for research in tissue engineering,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery.This paper discusses current developments in the field of three-dimensional cell culture and the potential applications of 3D type 1 collagen gels to enhance the growth and maturation of dendritic cells.
文摘The age at which a woman enters natural menopause has also been associated to death from any cause.Menopause is a natural component of aging that happens between the ages of 45 and 55,with the average menopausal age being 51.Previous research has revealed the age at which women reach menopause,but there is no evidence to support the link between menopause and longevity.We made a study in assessing the limits of maximum lifespan at menopausal age in our previous article.In this paper,we aim to predict the maximum lifespan of women at mean menopausal age.
文摘This study seeks to establish a novel,semi-automatic system that utilizes Industry 4.0 principles to effectively determine both acceptable and rejectable concrete cubes with regard to their failure modes,significantly contributing to the dependability of concrete quality evaluations.The study utilizes image processing and machine learning(ML)methods,namely object detectionmodels such as YOLOv8 and Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs),to evaluate images of concrete cubes.These models are trained and validated on an extensive database of annotated images from real-world and laboratory conditions.Preliminary results indicate a good performance in the classification of concrete cube failure modes.The proposed system accurately identifies cracks,determines the severity of damage to structures,indicating the potential to minimize human errors and discrepancies that might occur through the current techniques to detect the failure mode of concrete cubes.Thedeveloped systemcould significantly improve the reliability of concrete cube assessments,reduce resource wastage,and contribute to more sustainable construction practices.By minimizing material costs and errors,this innovation supports the construction industry’s move towards sustainability.
文摘To investigate the cytotoxic activity of actinomycete isolated from marine sediment. Methods: In the present study the DNA was isolated and the ITS region of 16s rRNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using two universal bacterial primers, 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTAC GACTT-3′) and Eubac27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC AG-3′). The amplified products were purified using TIANgel mini purification kit, ligated to MD18-T simple vector (TaKaRa), and transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli DH5α. 16S rRNA gene fragment was sequenced using forward primer M13F (-47) and reverse primer M13R (-48). Blast search sequence similarity was found against the existing non-redundant nucleotide sequence database thus, identified as Streptomyces sp SU, Streptomyces rubralavandulae strain SU1, Streptomyces cacaoi strain SU2, Streptomyces cavourensis strain SU3, Streptomyces avidinii strain SU4, Streptomyces globisporus strain SU5, Streptomyces variabilis strain SU6, Streptomycescoelicolor strain SU 7. Among the eight identified isolates, one actinomycete Streptomyces avidinii strain SU4 was selected for further study. Results: Crude extract of the actinomycete isolate exhibited IC50 in 64.5 μg against Hep-2 cell line, 250 μg in VERO cell line. This value is very close to the criteria of cytotoxicity activity for the crude extracts, as established by the American National Cancer Institute (NCI) is in IC50 < 30 μg /mL. The GC MS analysis showed that the active principle might be 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester (12.17%), isooctyl phthalate (15.29%) with the retention time 15.642 and 21.612, respectively. Conclusions: This study clearly proves that the marine sediment derived actinomycetes with bioactive metabolites can be expected to provide high quality biological material for high throughout biochemical and anticancer screening programs. These results help us to conclude that the potential of using metabolic engineering and post genomic approaches to isolate more bioactive compounds and make their possible commercial application is not far off.
文摘Objective:To explore antibacterial activity and characterization of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis(A.officinalis).Methods:In the present study the leaf extracts of A.officinalis were examined for its antibacterial potential using five different solvents against some reference strains of human pathogenic bacteria for the crude extract.Maximum activity was observed for ethyl acetate and hence different concentrations like 15μL,25μL,and 50μL of ethyl extracts was checked for its antibacterial activity.Partial purification of crude extract was carried by column chromatography and fractions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to identify compounds.Results:The crude ethyl acetate extracts of A.officinalis showed remarkable antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition of 13 mm against Eschericia coli(E.coli) and 11 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus).Fraction 13(ethyl acetate:methanol= 8:2) as the most potent one against with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 30 mm against E.coli and 25 mm against S.aureus.The GCMS resultsof active column fraction(F13) revealed that the active principals were a mixture of hydroxy- 4 methoxybenzoic acid,diethyl phthalate,oleic acid.Conclusions:The leaf extracts with proven antibacterial effects can clearly be directed towards cancer treatment as to inhibiting cancer cell growth.The limited number of test organisms owes to a constraint of resource.So,the effect of strong bursts of leaf extracts on human pathogenic bacteria should further be tested on a wide range of test organisms.
文摘Mobile sink is the challenging task for wireless sensor networks(WSNs).In this paper we propose to design an efficient routing protocol for single mobile sink and multiple mobile sink for data gathering in WSN.In this process,a biased random walk method is used to determine the next position of the sink.Then,a rendezvous point selection with splitting tree technique is used to find the optimal data transmission path.If the sink moves within the range of the rendezvous point,it receives the gathered data and if moved out,it selects a relay node from its neighbours to relay packets from rendezvous point to the sink.Proposed algorithm reduces the signal overhead and improves the triangular routing problem.Here the sink acts as a vehicle and collect the data from the sensor.The results show that the proposed model effectively supports sink mobility with low overhead and delay when compared with Intelligent Agent-based Routing protocol(IAR) and also increases the reliability and delivery ratio when the number of sources increases.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of foliar extracts of Rhizophora mucronnata(R. mucronata) against pathogens belonging to human origin and to identify the compound hitherto unprecedented in nature by GC-MS analysis.Methods:Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of ethanol,petroleum ether,acetone,methanol and ethyl acetate.The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test organisms using agar well diffusion technique were carried out.Ethyl acetate extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity and hence minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was performed for the same.Column chromatography was done for partial purification of crude extract and fractions were analyzed by GC-MS.Results:A column chromatographic fractionation of the extracts and further UV visible and GS-MS analysis suggested the active principle compound were a mixture of squalene(19.19%),n-Hexadecanoic acid(6.59%),phytol(4.74%).2-cyclohexane-l- one, 4-hydroxy-3,5,(4.20%) and oleic acid(2.88%).Conclusions:The results are good enough to serve to transform the practice of research in this sub field across a range of different benefit streams that include drug development.By and large this type of structure analyses are most important as aids to more rational decision taking in safety models versus effectiveness.In general,structural data provide prima facie support for drug hypothesis.
文摘This paper presents isothermal uniaxial compression test results of M300 grade maraging steel over a wide range of temperatures(900 e1200℃) and strain rates(0.001 e100 s^(-1)) to examine hot deformability and concurrent microstructural evolution. Processing map is generated and indicated the optimum processing parameters in the temperature range of 1125℃-1200℃ and strain rate range of 0.001 e0.1 s^(-1). High values of the efficiency of power dissipation, microstructural observations and EBSD results indicate softening mechanism to be the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation. Material constants in a constitutive relation are evaluated from the flow stress data useful in computer modelling.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Fund of China(51178198)
文摘Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urban farming activities in China,community gardens have not caught on as an ecologically and socially sustainable urban development strategy. Based on a comparison of community garden development in China and the U.S.,the authors of this article fi nd that the development of community gardens in China will require close collaboration between city planning officials,real estate agencies,urban citizens,and landscape architects.
文摘Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) sought over other conventional materials in the field of aerospace, automotive and marine applications owing to their excellent improved properties. These materials are of much interest to the researchers from few decades. These composites initially replaced Cast Iron and Bronze alloys but owing to their poor wear and seizure resistance, they were subjected to many experiments and the wear behavior of these composites were explored to a maximum extent and were reported by number of research scholars for the past 25 years. In this paper an attempt has been made to consolidate some of the aspects of mechanical and wear behavior of Al-MMCs and the prediction of the Mechanical and Tribological properties of Aluminum MMCs.
文摘Seawater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation from coastal aquifers poses a severe problem in many regions. Formulation of proper pumping strategy using a simulation model can assure sustainable supply of fresh water from the coastal aquifers. The focus of the present study is on the development of a numerical model based on Meshfree (MFree) method to study the seawater intrusion problem. For the simulation of seawater intrusion problem, widely used models are based on Finite Difference (FDM) and Finite Element (FEM) Methods, which demand well defined grids/meshes and considerable pre-processing efforts. Here, MFree Point Collocation Method (PCM) based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) is proposed for the simulation. Diffusive interface approach with density-dependent dispersion and solution of flow and solute transport is adopted. These equations are solved using PCM with appropriate boundary conditions. The developed model has been verified with Henry’s problem, and found to be satisfactory. Further the model has been applied to another established problem and an attempt is made to examine the influence of important system parameters including pumping and recharge on the seawater intrusion. The PCM based MFree model is found computationally efficient as preprocessing is avoided when compared to other numerical methods.
文摘To ensure the safe operation of any software controlled critical systems,quality factors like reliability and safety are given utmost importance.In this paper,we have chosen to analyze the impact of logic error that is one of the contributors to the above factors.In view of this,we propose a novel framework based on a data driven approach known as software failure estimation with logic error(SFELE).Here,the probabilistic nature of software error is explored by observing the operation of a safety critical system by injecting logic fault.The occurrence of error,its propagations and transformations are analyzed from its inception to end of its execution cycle through the hidden Markov model(HMM)technique.We found that the proposed framework SFELE supports in labeling and quantifying the behavioral properties of selected errors in a safety critical system while traversing across its system components in addition to reliability estimation of the system.Our attempt at the design level can help the design engineers to improve their system quality in a costeffective manner.
文摘The vibrational spectral analysis was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 4 000~400and 4 000~400cm-1 respectively,for N-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl ethyl)amino]ethyl]phenyl]methane sulfonamide(HPAEPMS)molecule.Theoretical calculations were performed by ab initio Density Functional Theory(DFT)method using 6-31G(d,p)basis set.The complete vibrational assignments of wavenumbers were made on the basis of potential energy distribution(PED).The results of the calculations were applied to simulated spectra of the title compound,which show excellent agreement.
文摘The molecular structure of(1S,2R)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan^(-1)-ol(abbreviated as 2APPO)conformers have been studied in the gas phase.Natural Bond Orbital Analysis and Non Linear Optical properties of 2APPO have been performed by DFT level of theory using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)basis set.The atomic charges,electronic exchange interaction and charge delocalization of the molecule have been performed by Natural Bond Orbital(NBO)analysis,Natural Population Analysis(NPA) and Non Linear Optical(NLO)properties have been constructed at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)level to underst and the optical properties.
文摘Evolution of computational modeling and simulation has given more emphasis on the research activities related to carbon nanotube(CNT)reinforced polymer composites recently.This paper presents the composite cylinder assemblage(CCA)approach based on continuum mechanics for investigating the elastic properties of a polymer resin reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs).A three-phase cylindrical representative volume element(RVE)model is employed based on CCA technique to elucidate the effects of inter layers,chirality,interspacing,volume fraction of MWCNT,interphase properties and temperature conditions on the elastic modulus of the composite.The interface region between CNT and polymer matrix is modeled as the third phase with varying material properties.The constitutive relations for each material system have been derived based on solid mechanics and proper interfacial traction continuity conditions are imposed.The predicted results from the CCA approach are in well agreement with RVE-based finite element model.The outcomes reveal that temperature softening effect becomes more pronounced at higher volume fractions of CNTs.
文摘This paper focuses on the development of a diagnostic tool for detect-ing insulated gate bipolar transistor power electronic switchflaws caused by both open and short circuit faults in multi-level inverter time-frequency output voltage specifications.High-resolution laboratory virtual instrument engineering work-bench software testing tool with a sample rate data collection system,as well as specialized signal processing and soft computing technologies,are used in this proposed method.On a single-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter,simu-lation and experimental investigations of both open and short issues of the insu-lated gate bipolar transistor components are performed out.In all conceivable switch issues,the output voltage signals are evaluated for different modulation index values.Fast fourier transform and discrete wavelet transform methods are used to investigate the frequency domain properties of output voltage signals.In the artificial neural network,the back propagation training technique was employed,and the generated neural parameter values were used in the Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench real-time fault diagnosis model.
文摘The wind energy generation,utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing world-wide.The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time varying nature and causing stability problem.This weak interconnection of wind generating source in the electrical network affects the power quality and reliability.The localized energy storages shall compensate the fluctuating power and support to strengthen the wind generator in the power system.In this paper,it is proposed to control the voltage source inverter （VSI） in current control mode with energy storage,that is,batteries across the dc bus.The generated wind power can be extracted under varying wind speed and stored in the batteries.This energy storage maintains the stiff voltage across the dc bus of the voltage source inverter.The proposed scheme enhances the stability and reliability of the power system and maintains unity power factor.It can also be operated in stand-alone mode in the power system.The power exchange across the wind generation and the load under dynamic situation is feasible while maintaining the power quality norms at the common point of coupling.It strengthens the weak grid in the power system.This control strategy is evaluated on the test system under dynamic condition by using simulation.The results are verified by comparing the performance of controllers.
基金The authors are thankful to Director,NITK Surathkal and the Head of Applied Mechanics Department,NITK Surathkal for all the support and encouragement in the preparation of this paper.
文摘Breakwaters have been built throughout the centuries for the coastal protection and the port development,but changes occurred in their layout and criteria used for the design.Quarter circle breakwater(QBW)is a new type evolved having advantages of both caisson type and perforated type breakwaters.The present study extracts the effect of change in the percentage of perforations on the stable conditions of seaside perforated QBW by using various physical models.The results were graphically analyzed using dimensionless parameters and it was concluded that there is a reduction in dimensionless stability parameter with an increase in steepness of the wave and change in water depth to the height of breakwater structure.Multiple non–linear regression analysis was done and the equation for the best fit curve with a higher regression coefficient was obtained by using Excel statistical software—XLSTAT.
