Rabies virus presents a global public health problem. Our current understanding of the molecular determinants of rabies virulence stems from rodent models and laboratory strains of the virus, however, it is unclear ho...Rabies virus presents a global public health problem. Our current understanding of the molecular determinants of rabies virulence stems from rodent models and laboratory strains of the virus, however, it is unclear how well rodent models represent viral response in natural reservoirs. Here, we examined interactions between the raccoon variant of rabies virus (RRV) and its natural host, raccoons, to gain a better understanding of molecular determinants of virulence in this system. We found expression patterns of RRV genes under tight control until the virus reached the central nervous system where replication increased significantly. Further, our examination of viral variants within an individual revealed that variant diversity may have an effect on virulence. We found that a mutation at a region of a T helper cell epitope on the nucleoprotein was associated with viral challenge outcomes and could be associated with RRV pathogenicity.展开更多
Heat and mass transfer of a LiBr/water absorption heat pump system(AHP)was experimentally studied during working a heating-up mode.The examination was performed for a single spiral tube,which was simulated for heat tr...Heat and mass transfer of a LiBr/water absorption heat pump system(AHP)was experimentally studied during working a heating-up mode.The examination was performed for a single spiral tube,which was simulated for heat transfer tubes in an absorber.The inside and outside of the tube were subjected to a film flow of the absorption liquid and exposed to the atmosphere,respectively.The maximum temperature of the absorption liquid was observed not at the entrance but in the region a little downward from the entrance in the tube.The steam absorption convective heat transfer coefficient between the liquid film flowing down and the inside wall of the temperature and the film temperature at the maximum temperature location and the bottom.The film heat and mass transfer coefficients rose with increasing Reynolds number of the liquid film stream.The coefficients showed opposite trend to the empirical correlation reported for laminar film flow on a straight smooth tube in a refrigeration mode in the past work.The fact can be caused due to a turbulent promotion effect of the liquid in a spiral tube.展开更多
We have carried out systematic field investigations on calcareous concretions in the loess sections of Luochuan, Yulin and Weinan of Shaanxi, and Lishi and Wucheng of Shanxi as well as laboratory studies using methods...We have carried out systematic field investigations on calcareous concretions in the loess sections of Luochuan, Yulin and Weinan of Shaanxi, and Lishi and Wucheng of Shanxi as well as laboratory studies using methods of polarizing microscopy, SEM. etc.展开更多
文摘Rabies virus presents a global public health problem. Our current understanding of the molecular determinants of rabies virulence stems from rodent models and laboratory strains of the virus, however, it is unclear how well rodent models represent viral response in natural reservoirs. Here, we examined interactions between the raccoon variant of rabies virus (RRV) and its natural host, raccoons, to gain a better understanding of molecular determinants of virulence in this system. We found expression patterns of RRV genes under tight control until the virus reached the central nervous system where replication increased significantly. Further, our examination of viral variants within an individual revealed that variant diversity may have an effect on virulence. We found that a mutation at a region of a T helper cell epitope on the nucleoprotein was associated with viral challenge outcomes and could be associated with RRV pathogenicity.
基金The authorsacknowledge financial support by the Research and Development Program for Innovative Energy Efficiency Technology under the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO)project(Grant no.11501835-O).
文摘Heat and mass transfer of a LiBr/water absorption heat pump system(AHP)was experimentally studied during working a heating-up mode.The examination was performed for a single spiral tube,which was simulated for heat transfer tubes in an absorber.The inside and outside of the tube were subjected to a film flow of the absorption liquid and exposed to the atmosphere,respectively.The maximum temperature of the absorption liquid was observed not at the entrance but in the region a little downward from the entrance in the tube.The steam absorption convective heat transfer coefficient between the liquid film flowing down and the inside wall of the temperature and the film temperature at the maximum temperature location and the bottom.The film heat and mass transfer coefficients rose with increasing Reynolds number of the liquid film stream.The coefficients showed opposite trend to the empirical correlation reported for laminar film flow on a straight smooth tube in a refrigeration mode in the past work.The fact can be caused due to a turbulent promotion effect of the liquid in a spiral tube.
基金Project supported by the Xi'an Research and Development Section of Loess and Quaternary Geology of Academia Sinica.
文摘We have carried out systematic field investigations on calcareous concretions in the loess sections of Luochuan, Yulin and Weinan of Shaanxi, and Lishi and Wucheng of Shanxi as well as laboratory studies using methods of polarizing microscopy, SEM. etc.
