Blockchain,as a distributed ledger,inherently possesses tamper-resistant capabilities,creating a natural channel for covert communication.However,the immutable nature of data storage might introduce challenges to comm...Blockchain,as a distributed ledger,inherently possesses tamper-resistant capabilities,creating a natural channel for covert communication.However,the immutable nature of data storage might introduce challenges to communication security.This study introduces a blockchain-based covert communication model utilizing dynamic Base-K encoding.The proposed encoding scheme utilizes the input address sequence to determine K to encode the secret message and determines the order of transactions based on K,thus ensuring effective concealment of the message.The dynamic encoding parameters enhance flexibility and address issues related to identical transaction amounts for the same secret message.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method maintains smooth communication and low susceptibility to tampering,achieving commendable concealment and embedding rates.展开更多
Bitcoin is widely used as the most classic electronic currency for various electronic services such as exchanges,gambling,marketplaces,and also scams such as high-yield investment projects.Identifying the services ope...Bitcoin is widely used as the most classic electronic currency for various electronic services such as exchanges,gambling,marketplaces,and also scams such as high-yield investment projects.Identifying the services operated by a Bitcoin address can help determine the risk level of that address and build an alert model accordingly.Feature engineering can also be used to flesh out labeled addresses and to analyze the current state of Bitcoin in a small way.In this paper,we address the problem of identifying multiple classes of Bitcoin services,and for the poor classification of individual addresses that do not have significant features,we propose a Bitcoin address identification scheme based on joint multi-model prediction using the mapping relationship between addresses and entities.The innovation of the method is to(1)Extract as many valuable features as possible when an address is given to facilitate the multi-class service identification task.(2)Unlike the general supervised model approach,this paper proposes a joint prediction scheme for multiple learners based on address-entity mapping relationships.Specifically,after obtaining the overall features,the address classification and entity clustering tasks are performed separately,and the results are subjected to graph-basedmaximization consensus.The final result ismade to baseline the individual address classification results while satisfying the constraint of having similarly behaving entities as far as possible.By testing and evaluating over 26,000 Bitcoin addresses,our feature extraction method captures more useful features.In addition,the combined multi-learner model obtained results that exceeded the baseline classifier reaching an accuracy of 77.4%.展开更多
Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical disease.Effective post-injury nerve repair remains a challenge in neurosurgery,and clinical outcomes are often unsatisfactory,resulting in social and economic burden.Partic...Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical disease.Effective post-injury nerve repair remains a challenge in neurosurgery,and clinical outcomes are often unsatisfactory,resulting in social and economic burden.Particularly,the repair of long-distance nerve defects remains a challenge.The existing nerve transplantation strategies show limitations,including donor site morbidity and immune rejection issues.The multiple studies have revealed the potential of tissue engineering strategies based on biomaterials in the repair of peripheral nerve injuries.We review the events of regeneration after peripheral nerve injury,evaluates the efficacy of existing nerve grafting strategies,and delves into the progress in the construction and application strategies of different nerve guidance conduits.A spotlight is cast on the materials,technologies,seed cells,and microenvironment within these conduits to facilitate optimal nerve regeneration.Further discussion was conducted on the approve of nerve guidance conduits and potential future research directions.This study anticipates and proposes potential avenues for future research,aiming to refine existing strategies and uncover innovative approaches in biomaterial-based nerve repair.This study endeavors to synthesize the collective insights from the fields of neuroscience,materials science,and regenerative medicine,offering a multifaceted perspective on the role of biomaterials in advancing the frontiers of peripheral nerve injury treatment.展开更多
1 Introduction Traditional covert communication[1]usually relies on centralized channels,which are efficient in transmission but susceptible to eavesdropping and attacks,leading to information leakage.However,distribu...1 Introduction Traditional covert communication[1]usually relies on centralized channels,which are efficient in transmission but susceptible to eavesdropping and attacks,leading to information leakage.However,distributed methods also exist,such as peer-to-peer networks and distributed hash tables.Blockchain technology,which is decentralized,anonymous,non-tamperable and anti-attack,can be applied to covert communication to solve the problems of traditional methods and improve the quality of communication.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.U24B201114,6247070859,62302114 and No.62172353Innovation Fund Program of the Engineering Research Center for Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology of Ministry of Education No.1331007 and No.1311022Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province No.2024A1515010177.
文摘Blockchain,as a distributed ledger,inherently possesses tamper-resistant capabilities,creating a natural channel for covert communication.However,the immutable nature of data storage might introduce challenges to communication security.This study introduces a blockchain-based covert communication model utilizing dynamic Base-K encoding.The proposed encoding scheme utilizes the input address sequence to determine K to encode the secret message and determines the order of transactions based on K,thus ensuring effective concealment of the message.The dynamic encoding parameters enhance flexibility and address issues related to identical transaction amounts for the same secret message.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method maintains smooth communication and low susceptibility to tampering,achieving commendable concealment and embedding rates.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Nos.62172353,62302114 and U20B2046Future Network Scientific Research Fund Project No.FNSRFP-2021-YB-48Innovation Fund Program of the Engineering Research Center for Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology of Ministry of Education No.1221045。
文摘Bitcoin is widely used as the most classic electronic currency for various electronic services such as exchanges,gambling,marketplaces,and also scams such as high-yield investment projects.Identifying the services operated by a Bitcoin address can help determine the risk level of that address and build an alert model accordingly.Feature engineering can also be used to flesh out labeled addresses and to analyze the current state of Bitcoin in a small way.In this paper,we address the problem of identifying multiple classes of Bitcoin services,and for the poor classification of individual addresses that do not have significant features,we propose a Bitcoin address identification scheme based on joint multi-model prediction using the mapping relationship between addresses and entities.The innovation of the method is to(1)Extract as many valuable features as possible when an address is given to facilitate the multi-class service identification task.(2)Unlike the general supervised model approach,this paper proposes a joint prediction scheme for multiple learners based on address-entity mapping relationships.Specifically,after obtaining the overall features,the address classification and entity clustering tasks are performed separately,and the results are subjected to graph-basedmaximization consensus.The final result ismade to baseline the individual address classification results while satisfying the constraint of having similarly behaving entities as far as possible.By testing and evaluating over 26,000 Bitcoin addresses,our feature extraction method captures more useful features.In addition,the combined multi-learner model obtained results that exceeded the baseline classifier reaching an accuracy of 77.4%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32130060,82401633,82072160)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20232023)+1 种基金Natural Science Research Projects in Universities of Jiangsu Province(No.24KJB310013,24KJA310007)Suzhou Science and Technology Development Program(No.SYW2024048).
文摘Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical disease.Effective post-injury nerve repair remains a challenge in neurosurgery,and clinical outcomes are often unsatisfactory,resulting in social and economic burden.Particularly,the repair of long-distance nerve defects remains a challenge.The existing nerve transplantation strategies show limitations,including donor site morbidity and immune rejection issues.The multiple studies have revealed the potential of tissue engineering strategies based on biomaterials in the repair of peripheral nerve injuries.We review the events of regeneration after peripheral nerve injury,evaluates the efficacy of existing nerve grafting strategies,and delves into the progress in the construction and application strategies of different nerve guidance conduits.A spotlight is cast on the materials,technologies,seed cells,and microenvironment within these conduits to facilitate optimal nerve regeneration.Further discussion was conducted on the approve of nerve guidance conduits and potential future research directions.This study anticipates and proposes potential avenues for future research,aiming to refine existing strategies and uncover innovative approaches in biomaterial-based nerve repair.This study endeavors to synthesize the collective insights from the fields of neuroscience,materials science,and regenerative medicine,offering a multifaceted perspective on the role of biomaterials in advancing the frontiers of peripheral nerve injury treatment.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62302114,62172353 and U20B2046)the Innovation Fund Program of the Engineering Research Center for Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology of Ministry of Education(Nos.1331007,1311022)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2024A1515010177).
文摘1 Introduction Traditional covert communication[1]usually relies on centralized channels,which are efficient in transmission but susceptible to eavesdropping and attacks,leading to information leakage.However,distributed methods also exist,such as peer-to-peer networks and distributed hash tables.Blockchain technology,which is decentralized,anonymous,non-tamperable and anti-attack,can be applied to covert communication to solve the problems of traditional methods and improve the quality of communication.
