In contrast to the conventional spermiogram, metabolomics approaches give insights into the molecular composition of semen and mayprovide more detailed information on the fertility status of the respective donor. Give...In contrast to the conventional spermiogram, metabolomics approaches give insights into the molecular composition of semen and mayprovide more detailed information on the fertility status of the respective donor. Given the intra-individual variability of spermiogramparameters between two donations, this study sought to elucidate the biological variability of the seminal plasma metabolome overan average period of 8 weeks. Two time-shifted semen samples from 15 healthy donors were compared by a targeted metabolomicsapproach utilizing the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. Next to intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), which represent a measureof reliability, coefficients of variation within individuals(CVW) and coefficients of variation between individuals (CVB) were calculatedfor each metabolite to demonstrate its stability. Furthermore, men were divided into two cohorts, a similar sperm concentration(SSC) and a differing sperm concentration (DSC) cohort, based on the observed variance in sperm concentration between the twosemen donations. The ICC was higher in the SSC compared to the DSC cohort. The levels of 18 metabolites, primarily acylcarnitines,varied between the initial and subsequent donations. After subdivision into subgroups, only ornithine and phosphatidylcholine 40:5exhibited differential levels between the two donations in the SSC group, compared to 14 metabolites in the DSCgroup.CVBwashigher than CVW but both differed between the metabolite subclasses. Biogenic amines were identified as the least reliable analytesover time, exhibiting the highest CVW,compared to sphingomyelins, which demonstrated the highest reliability with the lowestvariation.CVB was the highest for ether-bound glycerophosphatidylcholines and the lowest for amino acids.展开更多
Objectives 1） To explore the relationship between RTIs and mental status of Naxi women; 2） to compare the differences of depression ＆ anxiety between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs; and 3） to put forward so...Objectives 1） To explore the relationship between RTIs and mental status of Naxi women; 2） to compare the differences of depression ＆ anxiety between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs; and 3） to put forward some suggestions for improving Naxi women＇s reproductive health in psychological point of view. Methods A cross-sectional survey was adopted, 280 married Naxi female volunteers who aged above 20 years old were selected by cluster random sampling from the two selected villages of Lugufu Township of Yanyuan county in Sichuan. Two self-reporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. Results The facts of mental status of Sichuan Naxi women brook no optimism. Among 280 Naxi reproductive age women who were investigated in current study, only 74 （26.4%） have no depression symptoms, and 116 （41.4%） have no anxiety symptoms. For the study population, the average total scores （TS） of CES-D was 20.1, and the average total index scores （TIS） of SAS was 50.2, and both of them were above a minimum value doubted to have symptoms. There were big differences of both average TS of CES-D and TIS of SAS between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs. Further analysis revealed that RTI was a main risk factor influencing women＇s mental status （OR = 16. 043 for depression, and OR = 12.954 for anxiety）. In addition, Naxi women＇s depression and anxiety were related to order births （≤2, OR=3.149, 95% CI： 1.228, 8.076）, sex debut was younger （≤17, OR=3.043, 95% CI： 1.895, 4.884）, and multiple pregnancy （≥ 3, OR=2.728, 95% CI： 1.990, 4.173）, etc. Conclusion For improving Naxi women＇s mental status, a pressing matter of the moment is for local medical persons to gain the knowledge about mental health and the diagnosis and treatment levels of psychological disorders. At the same time, pssychological counselling should become a main activity of reproductive health services.展开更多
Background: Infertility is a unique medical challenge that can have health behavioral consequence on infertile women including lack of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, fertility problem in infertile couples. The aim ...Background: Infertility is a unique medical challenge that can have health behavioral consequence on infertile women including lack of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, fertility problem in infertile couples. The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation between self-efficacy and health behaviors scales in infertile women. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 89 infertile women with mild to moderate depression (Beck scores 10 - 47) who were recruited from Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center. All participants completed Self-efficacy Inventory (ISE) and other health behavioral scales (e.g., the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Cattle Anxiety Scale (CAS), Fertility Problem Infertility (FPI), and GHQ). Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rho correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Variables were included in the study if they had a p-value展开更多
This pilot study evaluated effectiveness and acceptance of a new hospital-based reproductive endocrinology curriculum among Iranian medical students. A voluntary, anonymous questionnaire was used to compare two teachi...This pilot study evaluated effectiveness and acceptance of a new hospital-based reproductive endocrinology curriculum among Iranian medical students. A voluntary, anonymous questionnaire was used to compare two teaching methods as applied to junior medical students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Students were randomly assigned to one of two clinical teaching settings;no student experienced both modules. Coursework for the pilot (experimental) group (n = 19) utilized a teaching approach comprising lectures, genetics laboratory, pelvic ultrasound, small group sessions, and opportunities to observe advanced reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization, ICSI, and embryo transfer. A control group (n = 34) received reproductive endocrinology instruction by the ‘traditional curriculum’, consisting mainly of lectures. Students were sampled at baseline and again atthe conclusion of their reproductive endocrinology session. Pre- and post-test data were analyzed for both groups;post-test differences between groups were also compared. No significant differences in mean age or gender mix were identified between the two study groups. Overall, the ques- tionnaire did not identify any significant intergroup differences for any parameter investigated. Although student acceptance rate appeared similar for both educational modules, the ratio of students having a “favorable regard” for reproductive medicine declined only among students randomized to the control group (41.2% vs. 32.3%). This report offers the first data on teaching reproductive endocrinology to medical students in Iran. Both traditional and innovative approaches to teaching reproductive endocrinology were well-accepted by students, although negative post-test responses were more common among students in the control group. While periodic quality assessments for existing clinical teaching methods are necessary, introduction of alternative teaching approaches is also important. Additional studies are planned to evaluate the impact this initiative may have on results on standardized tests measuring reproductive endocrinology knowledge, as well as election of further specialization in training.展开更多
Background: Assessment of healthcare students’ mental health problems is an important aspect of health promotion. This study examined the roles of moral intelligence (MI) and identity styles in prediction of mental h...Background: Assessment of healthcare students’ mental health problems is an important aspect of health promotion. This study examined the roles of moral intelligence (MI) and identity styles in prediction of mental health problems in healthcare students. Methods: In a correlation study, two hundred healthcare students (100 girls, 100 boys) of Medicine, Density, and Paramedicine Colleges of Bobol University of Medical Sciences were selected. The subjects filled out three questionnaires;General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Moral Competency Inventory (MCI), and Identity Style Inventory (ISI), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Pearson correlation, multivariate analysis variance model (MANOVA), and multivariate regression used to analyze the data. Results: Boys and girls did not have a meaningful difference in the mean of total GHQ, MCI, normative and informational identity. Girls had significantly higher mean level of diffused-avoidant identity than boys. There was a positive and significant relationship between moral intelligence, normative identity and mental health problems of students. Also, there was a negative relationship (p < 0.05) between diffused-avoidant identity and mental health problems of students. Moral intelligence, informational and normative identity predicted 25.8% of the variance in mental health problems for girls’ students. Normative and diffused-avoidant identity predicted 21.6% of the variance in mental health problems for girls’ students. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that moral intelligence and identity status contributed to the mental health problems of healthcare students. University administrators should adopt strategies that strengthen the moral intelligence and identity maturity associated with university students’ mental health.展开更多
Dear Editor,Semen analysis is a basic test to assess male fertility and is a fundamental test in assisted reproductive technology.From the first publication of World Health Organization(WHO)Laboratory Manual of Human ...Dear Editor,Semen analysis is a basic test to assess male fertility and is a fundamental test in assisted reproductive technology.From the first publication of World Health Organization(WHO)Laboratory Manual of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction in 1980,to the publication of the WHO Manual,6th edition in 2021,these 40 years have been recognized as providing a global standard that is widely used in research and clinical laboratories worldwide.The WHO Manual,6th edition in Chinese,which we have been authorized by the WHO to translate,will be published soon.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Analgesic and wound-healing effects of cinnamon, a widely used spice, have been shown in laboratory rats. However, we found no human studies in this area. OBJECTIVE： The aim of this study was to assess t...BACKGROUND： Analgesic and wound-healing effects of cinnamon, a widely used spice, have been shown in laboratory rats. However, we found no human studies in this area. OBJECTIVE： The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cinnamon on perineal pain and healing of episiotomy incision. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 144 postpartum women were allocated into two groups, using stratified block randomization, 1 h after completion of episiotomy repair. They received cinnamon or placebo ointment, 2 mL every 12 h for 10 d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Perineal pain and wound healing were assessed using visual analogue scale （0-10）and Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation scale （0-15）, respectively. General linear model was used to compare the groups on the outcomes adjusted for baseline values and stratified factors. RESULTS： Follow-up rate was 100% up to the 8 h time point in both groups, and 86% （62 of 72） in the cinnamon group and 85% （61 of 72） in the placebo group at day 10-11 after delivery. Pain score in the cinnamon group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group at （4±1） h （adjusted difference： -0.6, 95% confidence interval： -1.0 to -0.2） and （8＋1） h （-0.9, -1.4 to -0.3） after intervention, and on the 10-11th day after delivery （-1.4, -2.0 to -0.7）. Also the cinnamon group showed significantly more improvement than the control group in healing score at （8±1） h （-0.2, -0.4 to -0.04） and the 10-11th day after delivery （-1.6, -2.0 to -1.1）. CONCLUSION： Cinnamon can be used for reducing perineal pain and improving healing of episiotomy incision.展开更多
Background: Perineal traumas particularly caused by following vaginal delivery are associated with short and long term morbidity for women. Therefore, interventions that increase the probability of intact perineum are...Background: Perineal traumas particularly caused by following vaginal delivery are associated with short and long term morbidity for women. Therefore, interventions that increase the probability of intact perineum are necessary. The aim of study was to determine the effect of perineal massage with a sterile lubricant on the incidence of episiotomy and perinea laceration. Materials: This clinical trial study was performed on 145 nulliparous women who referred to Amol Emam Ali teaching center for normal delivery. They were randomly participating in interventional group (massage with lubricant) (45 cases) or control group (100 cases). In massage group when they progressed to full dilatation of the cervix, the midwife inserted two fingers inside vagina and using a sweeping motion gently stretched the perineum with lubricant 5 up to 10 minutes, in and between mother’s pushing in the second stage of labour. In control group just Ritgen Maneuver was applied. At last, we compared the rate of intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration, mean duration of the second stage of labor and Apgar score in 1 and 5 minutes between two groups. Statistical analyses were performed using t-test, Chi Square to determine potentially significant associations, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The incidences of intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration were 22.2% (10), 44.4% (20), 33.3% (15) respectively in interventional group. In control group, intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration were: 20.2% (20), 49.3% (71), 28.3% (28) respectively. This difference was not statis- tically significant. Rate of first-degree laceration was 33.3% (15) in massage group, while this percent was 28.3% (28) in control group. This difference was not statistically significant. In massage and control groups, second, third and fourth-degree lacerations did not occur. Conclusion: The results showed that massage with a sterile lubricant provides no apparent and significant advantage or disadvantage in reducing perineal trauma. Therefore, the use of massage as technique for perineal control is safe based on labour criteria and woman’s preference during delivery.展开更多
Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the firs...Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women. Design, setting, participants and interventions： This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aro- matherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation （4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm）. Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation （4-7 and 8-10 cm）. The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Main outcome measures： Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics （including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery）, demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures. Results： Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damoscena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment （cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement （cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduc- tion during the first stage of labor.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar...Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.展开更多
Introduction: This study aimed to discuss about neuroimmune-pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Nerve growth factor (NGF) as modulator of neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) system plays a critical role in t...Introduction: This study aimed to discuss about neuroimmune-pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Nerve growth factor (NGF) as modulator of neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) system plays a critical role in tissue survival and homeostasis maintenance. It is a strong marker for sympathetic nerve activity. Women with PCO have enhanced ovarian NGF production. Over the past few decades, PCOS has been discussed as a low grade chronic inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated the neuromodulator role of serum NGF and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, β, 17A and TNF-α) in women with PCOS. Material and Methods: 171 patients were investigated in two groups: study (n = 85 PCO) and control (n = 86). Serum levels of NGF-α and interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17A and TNFα were determined in both groups by ELISA kit. Results: Data of this study showed that the level of NGF-α and IL-17A in serum of PCO women were lower than control group (p α, IL-1β were higher than control group in PCO women (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Probably inflammatory background in PCOS is the main cause of increased serum levels of IL-1α, IL-1β. Reduction of IL-17A and NGF in serum of PCO patients might be under the direct influence of the hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS).展开更多
Background: Infertility is a complex crisis of life and increases psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression. Identification of copy strategies for stressful events like infertility is important. The ai...Background: Infertility is a complex crisis of life and increases psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression. Identification of copy strategies for stressful events like infertility is important. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies with anxiety and depression symptoms in men and women’s infertile. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted from 2011-2012 on 168 Iranian infertile couples referred to the Fatemeh Zahra infertility and reproductive health research center of Babol university of medical science to initiate assistant reproductive technologies and completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).The results were analyzed using t-test, the Pearson correlation and the stepwise model of multiple regression analysis. P Results: Escape/ avoidance contributed the greatest amount of unique variance to the model for anxiety/de-pression of infertile women (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001) and followed by distancing (P < 0.0001, P < 0.01), accepting responsibility(P < 0.0001, P < 0.01). Seeking social support was the negative significantly predictor for both anxiety and depression in infertile women (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), but planful problem solving was the inversely predictor for only depression in infertile women (P < 0.01). Escape/avoidance was the only predictor factor of the model anxiety for infertile men (P < 0.01). Escape/avoidance and self controlling were the positive predictor (P < 0.001) and planful problem solving was the negative predictor for men depression (P Conclusion: men and women infertile who use disproportionally maladaptive coping strategies such as escape/avoidance are predisposed to anxiety and depression symptoms. How using the coping strategies is very important in expressing anxiety and depression in infertile couples and training the adaptive coping strategies suggested by counseling centers.展开更多
Objectives To explore the risk factors influencing the mental status of unmarried female youth. Methods ,4 cross-sectional survey and a qualitative interview were adopted. 1200 unmarried female volunteers （600 with ...Objectives To explore the risk factors influencing the mental status of unmarried female youth. Methods ,4 cross-sectional survey and a qualitative interview were adopted. 1200 unmarried female volunteers （600 with 1,4） who aged 15-29 years in Yibin city were investigated, and 8 focus group discussions （FGDs） and 8 in-depth interviews were conducted. Except the investigation of subject＇s personal information, econ-socio status, sexual behavior, contraception and reproductive health problems they face, two selfreporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. Results 1） Depression and anxiety among unmarried female youth investigated in current study are relatively common. Proportions of the females with depression and anxiety to the total sample are 27.4% and 33.4%, respectively; 2） Depression and anxiety of the females with 1,4 are more serious than that of the female without 1,4. Proportions of unmarried females with IA have depression and anxiety to the total unmarried females with 1,4 are 3.45 times and 2.61 times that of unmarried females without 1,4 have depression and anxiety to the total unmarried females without 1,4, respectively; 3） IA is one of the key risk factors influencing depression and anxiety of unmarried female youth. Other risk factors are lack on basic knowledge about sex/ STD/HIV/AIDS, reproductive tract infections, relatively lower income, age at sex debut is relatively younger, etc. In addition, multiple sex partners and repeat pregnancies were risk factors influencing anxiety of unmarried female youth. Conclusion Depession and anxiety was more popular in unmarried females with IA Intervention for improving mental health of unmarried females should be developred Key words：展开更多
Wenzhou has improved its environmental quality because of comprehensive environmental remediation;nevertheless,the semen quality of infertile males remains unclear.This study determined whether better environmental qu...Wenzhou has improved its environmental quality because of comprehensive environmental remediation;nevertheless,the semen quality of infertile males remains unclear.This study determined whether better environmental quality improved semen quality in this region.We recorded semen quality data from 22962 infertile males from January 2014 to November 2019 at the Center for Reproductive Health of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Wenzhou,China).Patients were predominantly 30–35 years old(33.1%)and workers(82.0%),with high school education or lower(77.6%);more than a half of the patients(52.6%)were Wenzhou household registration;and most patients(77.5%)had abnormal semen quality.Patients who were older than 40 years and workers,and those with Wenzhou household registration,had significantly worse semen quality(all P<0.05).From 2014 to 2019,progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume showed increasing linear trends in all patients(P=0.021,0.030,and 0.005,respectively),yet normal sperm morphology showed a linearly decreasing trend(P=0.046).Sensitivity analyses for subgroups yielded similar results.In conclusion,the improvement of environmental quality and better function of the accessory glands are associated with progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume.Normal sperm morphology is influenced by occupational exposures and personal lifestyle and does not improve with environmental quality.展开更多
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multifaceted, heterogeneous disorder, affecting 4% to 18% of reproductive-aged women and is associated with reproductive, metabolic and psychological dysfunction. In this...Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multifaceted, heterogeneous disorder, affecting 4% to 18% of reproductive-aged women and is associated with reproductive, metabolic and psychological dysfunction. In this study we determined the relationship between the time to sleep and serum levels of neurohormones in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Totally 77 PCO patients(case group) and 97 non-PCOS infertile women (control subjects) participated in this study between February 2012 and February 2013. A PSQI sleep questionnaire was completed by each patient in both groups. PSQI sleep questionnaire score and serum concentration of adrenaline, noradrenaline, melatonin, β-endorphin, cortisol and progesterone were compared in two groups. The results of the study indicate that serum levels of melatonin and β-endorphin were lower in women with PCOS. Serum level of stress hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline were significantly correlated with patients’ sleep time in study group. Serum level of adrenaline in control group was significantly lower in women who wake up earlier in the morning. All hormones except for cortisol had no significant correlation with PSQI global score in both groups and also the people who sleep less than 8 hours had lower cortisol level. These data showed that changes in cortisol in PCO women were due to damage of disturbed sleep at night. Our preliminary work provided this study with new insight into the interactions between sleep-wake cycles in PCO women with specific sleep patterns.展开更多
Chronic hepatitis B, as a global health problem, is a disease that begins in the prenatal period and its complications gradually become clear later in life. About 5% of women worldwide are carriers of chronic hepatiti...Chronic hepatitis B, as a global health problem, is a disease that begins in the prenatal period and its complications gradually become clear later in life. About 5% of women worldwide are carriers of chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV). The most common method of transmission of HBV around the world is from mother to infant. This article aims to review the unique challenges of hepatitis B in pregnancy. Data for this review were collected from our previous studiesand experiences plus various data banks, such as Pub Med, EMBASE, ISI Web of science, Scopus, Google Scholar and Iranian databases. A comprehensive search was performed using the combinations of the keywords to review relevant literature and higher education journals. All published data up to February 2014 have been included in this review. This article addresses several interesting aspects. First, hepatitis B in pregnancy can vary regarding prevalence, virus behavior, prenatal transmission and outcome of the pregnancy. Second, the women of reproductive age with chronic HBV remain a major source for continued spread of the virus. Finally, pregnant women need screening in prenatal care to enable early intervention when necessary.展开更多
Background: Kind of delivery affect many aspects of individuals, families and health systems situations. The aim of this study was to identify the Role of non-medical factors on choice of delivery (CS/NVD) in hospital...Background: Kind of delivery affect many aspects of individuals, families and health systems situations. The aim of this study was to identify the Role of non-medical factors on choice of delivery (CS/NVD) in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was performed to identify the factors involved in the choice of delivery (CS/NVD) among women attending hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data was derived from the medical records of women who gave birth in the hospitals. Results: A significant statistical relationship was found between factors such as age of mother, level of education, occupational status, type of previous delivery, person supervising the pregnancy and dissatisfaction about delivery were more frequent in women who underwent CS than those who gave birth by NVD. Conclusion: The highly increasing rise in the rate of unnecessary CS during throughout the world, and its adverse effect on maternal and child health, the financial burden imposed on families and health systems, has highlighted the importance of studies to identify the non-medical factors that affect decision-making concerning type of delivery as well as to determine the appropriate medical indications of CS.展开更多
Objective: To compare the effect of shallomin (pure fraction of Allium hirtifolium) with podophyllin 25% solution on external genital human papillomavirus warts in women. Methods: This study was a randomized controlle...Objective: To compare the effect of shallomin (pure fraction of Allium hirtifolium) with podophyllin 25% solution on external genital human papillomavirus warts in women. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial which was performed on two groups of 25 Iranian women with external genital warts at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. In the first group, shallomin was used once a day for six weeks at home. In the second group, 25% podophyllin solution, was applied on the lesion once weekly for six weeks. Results: Shallomin and podophyllin resulted in wart clearance in 13/23 (56.5%), and 12/24 (50%) of patients, respectively. The clearance rate for shallomin was not significantly different from that of podophyllin (P=0.082). Six weeks after the treatment, the sizes of the lesions in the shallomin group and the podophyllin group decreased by (1.43±0.53) mm and (1.64±0.70) mm, respectively. Conclusion: Shallomin is an effective treatment for genital warts, with similar efficacy to that of podophyllin.展开更多
Objective:To describe the outcome of female anterior wall(pubic side)onlay urethroplasty with buccal mucosal graft using laterally extended surgical dissection in patients with previously failed minimally invasive tec...Objective:To describe the outcome of female anterior wall(pubic side)onlay urethroplasty with buccal mucosal graft using laterally extended surgical dissection in patients with previously failed minimally invasive techniques.Methods:From January 2016 to April 2018,17 symptomatic patients with previously failed minimally invasive procedures were enrolled in the study.The diagnosis of urethral stricture was confirmed based on a combination of patients’symptoms,post-void residual urine,video-urodynamics,and cystoscopy.Urethroplasty with lower lip mucosal graft was performed using the modified laterally extended dissection.Patients were evaluated pre-operatively and 12-month post-operatively with the American Urological Association symptom score,post-void residual urine,and maximum flow rate.Results:Despite the previously failed minimally invasive procedures,urethroplasty with lower lip buccal graft and laterally extended dissection resulted in favorable outcomes(success rateZ94%).The meanstandard deviation of American urological association symptom score improved from pre-operative levels at the 12-month post-operative follow-up(25.823.97 to 10.885.57);so did postvoid residual urine(71.1274.98 mL to 15.0028.30 mL),and maximum flow rate(7.881.72 mL/s to 25.825.59 mL/s)with all statistically significant(p<0.05).Conclusion:The current study showed that female urethroplasty with buccal graft could be highly successful in experienced hands.An anterior approach could be superior to the posterior one due to higher mechanical support and lower sacculation rate.A laterally extended incision may improve visualization and better graft placement by providing wider working space.The results should be evaluated in the future studies with larger sample size.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Final comprehensive exam is the most important examination for midwifery students to evaluate their professional ability and Test anxiety is a common phenomenon among college students. Because test anxiety...BACKGROUND: Final comprehensive exam is the most important examination for midwifery students to evaluate their professional ability and Test anxiety is a common phenomenon among college students. Because test anxiety is one of the problems of educational systems, this study was performed to compare test anxiety in objective structured clinical examinations (OS-CEs) and traditional assessment methods (TAM) among Undergraduate Midwifery Students. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 52 students of Babol Midwifery College were participated in the study. 20 students were evaluated using TAM in November 2010, and 32 students were evaluated using the OSCE method in July 2011. Data were collected via a two-component questionnaire including demographic data and the test anxiety inventory (TAI). Results: All of midwifery students were women;the mean age of students, ages of father and mother’s were 23.1 ± 0.7, 52.3 ± 3.5 and 47.8 ± 4.9 years, respectively. Most of the students were single (61.5%). The mean education levels of father and mother’s were 11.6 ± 4.5 and 9.9 ± 4.0 years, respectively. The mean score of test anxiety in students was 42.51 ± 13.16. The most of participants did have moderate test anxiety (56.9%), two present not had any test anxiety, 37.3% had low test anxiety, and 3.9% had severe test anxiety. In sum, 98% had some degrees of test anxiety. There were the statistical differences in the mean score of text anxiety in OSCEs Compared with TAM in Undergraduate Midwifery Students (39.38 ± 13.81 vs. 47.35 ± 10.67, P = 0.033). Also, the mean severity of anxiety was different in two groups. The mean of moderate/severe test anxiety was more in TAM compared with OSCEs (52.57% vs. 49.56%, p = 0.000). The test anxiety had a positive correlation with father’s education, mother’s education (0.286, p = 0.042), father’s age, mother’s age, marital status, residency (0.292, p = 0.042). Also, there are negative correlations with student age, satisfaction, total Grade Point Average (GPA) (-0.387, p = 0.007), final score, type of assessment (-0.298, p = 0.033). There is a significant difference between the severity anxiety residency in total (p = 0.10) and OSCEs (p = 0.049) groups, mother’s education in total (p = 0.005) and OSCEs groups (0.012) and GPA (p = 0.028). Conclusion: OSCEs were superior to TAM in the reduction of test anxiety in midwifery students. The prevalence of test anxiety was in TAM than OSCEs method;therefore, using OSCEs is acknowledged as an effective assessment tool and is seen as the gold standard for evaluating clinical performance.展开更多
文摘In contrast to the conventional spermiogram, metabolomics approaches give insights into the molecular composition of semen and mayprovide more detailed information on the fertility status of the respective donor. Given the intra-individual variability of spermiogramparameters between two donations, this study sought to elucidate the biological variability of the seminal plasma metabolome overan average period of 8 weeks. Two time-shifted semen samples from 15 healthy donors were compared by a targeted metabolomicsapproach utilizing the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. Next to intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), which represent a measureof reliability, coefficients of variation within individuals(CVW) and coefficients of variation between individuals (CVB) were calculatedfor each metabolite to demonstrate its stability. Furthermore, men were divided into two cohorts, a similar sperm concentration(SSC) and a differing sperm concentration (DSC) cohort, based on the observed variance in sperm concentration between the twosemen donations. The ICC was higher in the SSC compared to the DSC cohort. The levels of 18 metabolites, primarily acylcarnitines,varied between the initial and subsequent donations. After subdivision into subgroups, only ornithine and phosphatidylcholine 40:5exhibited differential levels between the two donations in the SSC group, compared to 14 metabolites in the DSCgroup.CVBwashigher than CVW but both differed between the metabolite subclasses. Biogenic amines were identified as the least reliable analytesover time, exhibiting the highest CVW,compared to sphingomyelins, which demonstrated the highest reliability with the lowestvariation.CVB was the highest for ether-bound glycerophosphatidylcholines and the lowest for amino acids.
文摘Objectives 1） To explore the relationship between RTIs and mental status of Naxi women; 2） to compare the differences of depression ＆ anxiety between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs; and 3） to put forward some suggestions for improving Naxi women＇s reproductive health in psychological point of view. Methods A cross-sectional survey was adopted, 280 married Naxi female volunteers who aged above 20 years old were selected by cluster random sampling from the two selected villages of Lugufu Township of Yanyuan county in Sichuan. Two self-reporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. Results The facts of mental status of Sichuan Naxi women brook no optimism. Among 280 Naxi reproductive age women who were investigated in current study, only 74 （26.4%） have no depression symptoms, and 116 （41.4%） have no anxiety symptoms. For the study population, the average total scores （TS） of CES-D was 20.1, and the average total index scores （TIS） of SAS was 50.2, and both of them were above a minimum value doubted to have symptoms. There were big differences of both average TS of CES-D and TIS of SAS between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs. Further analysis revealed that RTI was a main risk factor influencing women＇s mental status （OR = 16. 043 for depression, and OR = 12.954 for anxiety）. In addition, Naxi women＇s depression and anxiety were related to order births （≤2, OR=3.149, 95% CI： 1.228, 8.076）, sex debut was younger （≤17, OR=3.043, 95% CI： 1.895, 4.884）, and multiple pregnancy （≥ 3, OR=2.728, 95% CI： 1.990, 4.173）, etc. Conclusion For improving Naxi women＇s mental status, a pressing matter of the moment is for local medical persons to gain the knowledge about mental health and the diagnosis and treatment levels of psychological disorders. At the same time, pssychological counselling should become a main activity of reproductive health services.
文摘Background: Infertility is a unique medical challenge that can have health behavioral consequence on infertile women including lack of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, fertility problem in infertile couples. The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation between self-efficacy and health behaviors scales in infertile women. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 89 infertile women with mild to moderate depression (Beck scores 10 - 47) who were recruited from Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center. All participants completed Self-efficacy Inventory (ISE) and other health behavioral scales (e.g., the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Cattle Anxiety Scale (CAS), Fertility Problem Infertility (FPI), and GHQ). Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rho correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Variables were included in the study if they had a p-value
文摘This pilot study evaluated effectiveness and acceptance of a new hospital-based reproductive endocrinology curriculum among Iranian medical students. A voluntary, anonymous questionnaire was used to compare two teaching methods as applied to junior medical students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Students were randomly assigned to one of two clinical teaching settings;no student experienced both modules. Coursework for the pilot (experimental) group (n = 19) utilized a teaching approach comprising lectures, genetics laboratory, pelvic ultrasound, small group sessions, and opportunities to observe advanced reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization, ICSI, and embryo transfer. A control group (n = 34) received reproductive endocrinology instruction by the ‘traditional curriculum’, consisting mainly of lectures. Students were sampled at baseline and again atthe conclusion of their reproductive endocrinology session. Pre- and post-test data were analyzed for both groups;post-test differences between groups were also compared. No significant differences in mean age or gender mix were identified between the two study groups. Overall, the ques- tionnaire did not identify any significant intergroup differences for any parameter investigated. Although student acceptance rate appeared similar for both educational modules, the ratio of students having a “favorable regard” for reproductive medicine declined only among students randomized to the control group (41.2% vs. 32.3%). This report offers the first data on teaching reproductive endocrinology to medical students in Iran. Both traditional and innovative approaches to teaching reproductive endocrinology were well-accepted by students, although negative post-test responses were more common among students in the control group. While periodic quality assessments for existing clinical teaching methods are necessary, introduction of alternative teaching approaches is also important. Additional studies are planned to evaluate the impact this initiative may have on results on standardized tests measuring reproductive endocrinology knowledge, as well as election of further specialization in training.
文摘Background: Assessment of healthcare students’ mental health problems is an important aspect of health promotion. This study examined the roles of moral intelligence (MI) and identity styles in prediction of mental health problems in healthcare students. Methods: In a correlation study, two hundred healthcare students (100 girls, 100 boys) of Medicine, Density, and Paramedicine Colleges of Bobol University of Medical Sciences were selected. The subjects filled out three questionnaires;General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Moral Competency Inventory (MCI), and Identity Style Inventory (ISI), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Pearson correlation, multivariate analysis variance model (MANOVA), and multivariate regression used to analyze the data. Results: Boys and girls did not have a meaningful difference in the mean of total GHQ, MCI, normative and informational identity. Girls had significantly higher mean level of diffused-avoidant identity than boys. There was a positive and significant relationship between moral intelligence, normative identity and mental health problems of students. Also, there was a negative relationship (p < 0.05) between diffused-avoidant identity and mental health problems of students. Moral intelligence, informational and normative identity predicted 25.8% of the variance in mental health problems for girls’ students. Normative and diffused-avoidant identity predicted 21.6% of the variance in mental health problems for girls’ students. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that moral intelligence and identity status contributed to the mental health problems of healthcare students. University administrators should adopt strategies that strengthen the moral intelligence and identity maturity associated with university students’ mental health.
基金supported by Nonprofit Central Research Institute Fund of National Research Institute for Family Planning(2022GJM02 and 2022GJZD01).
文摘Dear Editor,Semen analysis is a basic test to assess male fertility and is a fundamental test in assisted reproductive technology.From the first publication of World Health Organization(WHO)Laboratory Manual of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction in 1980,to the publication of the WHO Manual,6th edition in 2021,these 40 years have been recognized as providing a global standard that is widely used in research and clinical laboratories worldwide.The WHO Manual,6th edition in Chinese,which we have been authorized by the WHO to translate,will be published soon.
文摘BACKGROUND： Analgesic and wound-healing effects of cinnamon, a widely used spice, have been shown in laboratory rats. However, we found no human studies in this area. OBJECTIVE： The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cinnamon on perineal pain and healing of episiotomy incision. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 144 postpartum women were allocated into two groups, using stratified block randomization, 1 h after completion of episiotomy repair. They received cinnamon or placebo ointment, 2 mL every 12 h for 10 d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Perineal pain and wound healing were assessed using visual analogue scale （0-10）and Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation scale （0-15）, respectively. General linear model was used to compare the groups on the outcomes adjusted for baseline values and stratified factors. RESULTS： Follow-up rate was 100% up to the 8 h time point in both groups, and 86% （62 of 72） in the cinnamon group and 85% （61 of 72） in the placebo group at day 10-11 after delivery. Pain score in the cinnamon group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group at （4±1） h （adjusted difference： -0.6, 95% confidence interval： -1.0 to -0.2） and （8＋1） h （-0.9, -1.4 to -0.3） after intervention, and on the 10-11th day after delivery （-1.4, -2.0 to -0.7）. Also the cinnamon group showed significantly more improvement than the control group in healing score at （8±1） h （-0.2, -0.4 to -0.04） and the 10-11th day after delivery （-1.6, -2.0 to -1.1）. CONCLUSION： Cinnamon can be used for reducing perineal pain and improving healing of episiotomy incision.
文摘Background: Perineal traumas particularly caused by following vaginal delivery are associated with short and long term morbidity for women. Therefore, interventions that increase the probability of intact perineum are necessary. The aim of study was to determine the effect of perineal massage with a sterile lubricant on the incidence of episiotomy and perinea laceration. Materials: This clinical trial study was performed on 145 nulliparous women who referred to Amol Emam Ali teaching center for normal delivery. They were randomly participating in interventional group (massage with lubricant) (45 cases) or control group (100 cases). In massage group when they progressed to full dilatation of the cervix, the midwife inserted two fingers inside vagina and using a sweeping motion gently stretched the perineum with lubricant 5 up to 10 minutes, in and between mother’s pushing in the second stage of labour. In control group just Ritgen Maneuver was applied. At last, we compared the rate of intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration, mean duration of the second stage of labor and Apgar score in 1 and 5 minutes between two groups. Statistical analyses were performed using t-test, Chi Square to determine potentially significant associations, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The incidences of intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration were 22.2% (10), 44.4% (20), 33.3% (15) respectively in interventional group. In control group, intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration were: 20.2% (20), 49.3% (71), 28.3% (28) respectively. This difference was not statis- tically significant. Rate of first-degree laceration was 33.3% (15) in massage group, while this percent was 28.3% (28) in control group. This difference was not statistically significant. In massage and control groups, second, third and fourth-degree lacerations did not occur. Conclusion: The results showed that massage with a sterile lubricant provides no apparent and significant advantage or disadvantage in reducing perineal trauma. Therefore, the use of massage as technique for perineal control is safe based on labour criteria and woman’s preference during delivery.
文摘Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women. Design, setting, participants and interventions： This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aro- matherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation （4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm）. Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation （4-7 and 8-10 cm）. The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Main outcome measures： Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics （including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery）, demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures. Results： Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damoscena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment （cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement （cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduc- tion during the first stage of labor.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.
文摘Introduction: This study aimed to discuss about neuroimmune-pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Nerve growth factor (NGF) as modulator of neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) system plays a critical role in tissue survival and homeostasis maintenance. It is a strong marker for sympathetic nerve activity. Women with PCO have enhanced ovarian NGF production. Over the past few decades, PCOS has been discussed as a low grade chronic inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated the neuromodulator role of serum NGF and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, β, 17A and TNF-α) in women with PCOS. Material and Methods: 171 patients were investigated in two groups: study (n = 85 PCO) and control (n = 86). Serum levels of NGF-α and interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17A and TNFα were determined in both groups by ELISA kit. Results: Data of this study showed that the level of NGF-α and IL-17A in serum of PCO women were lower than control group (p α, IL-1β were higher than control group in PCO women (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Probably inflammatory background in PCOS is the main cause of increased serum levels of IL-1α, IL-1β. Reduction of IL-17A and NGF in serum of PCO patients might be under the direct influence of the hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
文摘Background: Infertility is a complex crisis of life and increases psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression. Identification of copy strategies for stressful events like infertility is important. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies with anxiety and depression symptoms in men and women’s infertile. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted from 2011-2012 on 168 Iranian infertile couples referred to the Fatemeh Zahra infertility and reproductive health research center of Babol university of medical science to initiate assistant reproductive technologies and completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).The results were analyzed using t-test, the Pearson correlation and the stepwise model of multiple regression analysis. P Results: Escape/ avoidance contributed the greatest amount of unique variance to the model for anxiety/de-pression of infertile women (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001) and followed by distancing (P < 0.0001, P < 0.01), accepting responsibility(P < 0.0001, P < 0.01). Seeking social support was the negative significantly predictor for both anxiety and depression in infertile women (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), but planful problem solving was the inversely predictor for only depression in infertile women (P < 0.01). Escape/avoidance was the only predictor factor of the model anxiety for infertile men (P < 0.01). Escape/avoidance and self controlling were the positive predictor (P < 0.001) and planful problem solving was the negative predictor for men depression (P Conclusion: men and women infertile who use disproportionally maladaptive coping strategies such as escape/avoidance are predisposed to anxiety and depression symptoms. How using the coping strategies is very important in expressing anxiety and depression in infertile couples and training the adaptive coping strategies suggested by counseling centers.
文摘Objectives To explore the risk factors influencing the mental status of unmarried female youth. Methods ,4 cross-sectional survey and a qualitative interview were adopted. 1200 unmarried female volunteers （600 with 1,4） who aged 15-29 years in Yibin city were investigated, and 8 focus group discussions （FGDs） and 8 in-depth interviews were conducted. Except the investigation of subject＇s personal information, econ-socio status, sexual behavior, contraception and reproductive health problems they face, two selfreporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. Results 1） Depression and anxiety among unmarried female youth investigated in current study are relatively common. Proportions of the females with depression and anxiety to the total sample are 27.4% and 33.4%, respectively; 2） Depression and anxiety of the females with 1,4 are more serious than that of the female without 1,4. Proportions of unmarried females with IA have depression and anxiety to the total unmarried females with 1,4 are 3.45 times and 2.61 times that of unmarried females without 1,4 have depression and anxiety to the total unmarried females without 1,4, respectively; 3） IA is one of the key risk factors influencing depression and anxiety of unmarried female youth. Other risk factors are lack on basic knowledge about sex/ STD/HIV/AIDS, reproductive tract infections, relatively lower income, age at sex debut is relatively younger, etc. In addition, multiple sex partners and repeat pregnancies were risk factors influencing anxiety of unmarried female youth. Conclusion Depession and anxiety was more popular in unmarried females with IA Intervention for improving mental health of unmarried females should be developred Key words：
基金This study was supported by the Project of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau(No.Y2020048)the Education Project of Zhejiang Province(No.Y202146906)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Planning Project of Wenzhou(S2020002)the Research Project of Wenzhou Medical University(KJHX2014).
文摘Wenzhou has improved its environmental quality because of comprehensive environmental remediation;nevertheless,the semen quality of infertile males remains unclear.This study determined whether better environmental quality improved semen quality in this region.We recorded semen quality data from 22962 infertile males from January 2014 to November 2019 at the Center for Reproductive Health of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Wenzhou,China).Patients were predominantly 30–35 years old(33.1%)and workers(82.0%),with high school education or lower(77.6%);more than a half of the patients(52.6%)were Wenzhou household registration;and most patients(77.5%)had abnormal semen quality.Patients who were older than 40 years and workers,and those with Wenzhou household registration,had significantly worse semen quality(all P<0.05).From 2014 to 2019,progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume showed increasing linear trends in all patients(P=0.021,0.030,and 0.005,respectively),yet normal sperm morphology showed a linearly decreasing trend(P=0.046).Sensitivity analyses for subgroups yielded similar results.In conclusion,the improvement of environmental quality and better function of the accessory glands are associated with progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume.Normal sperm morphology is influenced by occupational exposures and personal lifestyle and does not improve with environmental quality.
文摘Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multifaceted, heterogeneous disorder, affecting 4% to 18% of reproductive-aged women and is associated with reproductive, metabolic and psychological dysfunction. In this study we determined the relationship between the time to sleep and serum levels of neurohormones in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Totally 77 PCO patients(case group) and 97 non-PCOS infertile women (control subjects) participated in this study between February 2012 and February 2013. A PSQI sleep questionnaire was completed by each patient in both groups. PSQI sleep questionnaire score and serum concentration of adrenaline, noradrenaline, melatonin, β-endorphin, cortisol and progesterone were compared in two groups. The results of the study indicate that serum levels of melatonin and β-endorphin were lower in women with PCOS. Serum level of stress hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline were significantly correlated with patients’ sleep time in study group. Serum level of adrenaline in control group was significantly lower in women who wake up earlier in the morning. All hormones except for cortisol had no significant correlation with PSQI global score in both groups and also the people who sleep less than 8 hours had lower cortisol level. These data showed that changes in cortisol in PCO women were due to damage of disturbed sleep at night. Our preliminary work provided this study with new insight into the interactions between sleep-wake cycles in PCO women with specific sleep patterns.
文摘Chronic hepatitis B, as a global health problem, is a disease that begins in the prenatal period and its complications gradually become clear later in life. About 5% of women worldwide are carriers of chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV). The most common method of transmission of HBV around the world is from mother to infant. This article aims to review the unique challenges of hepatitis B in pregnancy. Data for this review were collected from our previous studiesand experiences plus various data banks, such as Pub Med, EMBASE, ISI Web of science, Scopus, Google Scholar and Iranian databases. A comprehensive search was performed using the combinations of the keywords to review relevant literature and higher education journals. All published data up to February 2014 have been included in this review. This article addresses several interesting aspects. First, hepatitis B in pregnancy can vary regarding prevalence, virus behavior, prenatal transmission and outcome of the pregnancy. Second, the women of reproductive age with chronic HBV remain a major source for continued spread of the virus. Finally, pregnant women need screening in prenatal care to enable early intervention when necessary.
文摘Background: Kind of delivery affect many aspects of individuals, families and health systems situations. The aim of this study was to identify the Role of non-medical factors on choice of delivery (CS/NVD) in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was performed to identify the factors involved in the choice of delivery (CS/NVD) among women attending hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data was derived from the medical records of women who gave birth in the hospitals. Results: A significant statistical relationship was found between factors such as age of mother, level of education, occupational status, type of previous delivery, person supervising the pregnancy and dissatisfaction about delivery were more frequent in women who underwent CS than those who gave birth by NVD. Conclusion: The highly increasing rise in the rate of unnecessary CS during throughout the world, and its adverse effect on maternal and child health, the financial burden imposed on families and health systems, has highlighted the importance of studies to identify the non-medical factors that affect decision-making concerning type of delivery as well as to determine the appropriate medical indications of CS.
文摘Objective: To compare the effect of shallomin (pure fraction of Allium hirtifolium) with podophyllin 25% solution on external genital human papillomavirus warts in women. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial which was performed on two groups of 25 Iranian women with external genital warts at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. In the first group, shallomin was used once a day for six weeks at home. In the second group, 25% podophyllin solution, was applied on the lesion once weekly for six weeks. Results: Shallomin and podophyllin resulted in wart clearance in 13/23 (56.5%), and 12/24 (50%) of patients, respectively. The clearance rate for shallomin was not significantly different from that of podophyllin (P=0.082). Six weeks after the treatment, the sizes of the lesions in the shallomin group and the podophyllin group decreased by (1.43±0.53) mm and (1.64±0.70) mm, respectively. Conclusion: Shallomin is an effective treatment for genital warts, with similar efficacy to that of podophyllin.
文摘Objective:To describe the outcome of female anterior wall(pubic side)onlay urethroplasty with buccal mucosal graft using laterally extended surgical dissection in patients with previously failed minimally invasive techniques.Methods:From January 2016 to April 2018,17 symptomatic patients with previously failed minimally invasive procedures were enrolled in the study.The diagnosis of urethral stricture was confirmed based on a combination of patients’symptoms,post-void residual urine,video-urodynamics,and cystoscopy.Urethroplasty with lower lip mucosal graft was performed using the modified laterally extended dissection.Patients were evaluated pre-operatively and 12-month post-operatively with the American Urological Association symptom score,post-void residual urine,and maximum flow rate.Results:Despite the previously failed minimally invasive procedures,urethroplasty with lower lip buccal graft and laterally extended dissection resulted in favorable outcomes(success rateZ94%).The meanstandard deviation of American urological association symptom score improved from pre-operative levels at the 12-month post-operative follow-up(25.823.97 to 10.885.57);so did postvoid residual urine(71.1274.98 mL to 15.0028.30 mL),and maximum flow rate(7.881.72 mL/s to 25.825.59 mL/s)with all statistically significant(p<0.05).Conclusion:The current study showed that female urethroplasty with buccal graft could be highly successful in experienced hands.An anterior approach could be superior to the posterior one due to higher mechanical support and lower sacculation rate.A laterally extended incision may improve visualization and better graft placement by providing wider working space.The results should be evaluated in the future studies with larger sample size.
文摘BACKGROUND: Final comprehensive exam is the most important examination for midwifery students to evaluate their professional ability and Test anxiety is a common phenomenon among college students. Because test anxiety is one of the problems of educational systems, this study was performed to compare test anxiety in objective structured clinical examinations (OS-CEs) and traditional assessment methods (TAM) among Undergraduate Midwifery Students. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 52 students of Babol Midwifery College were participated in the study. 20 students were evaluated using TAM in November 2010, and 32 students were evaluated using the OSCE method in July 2011. Data were collected via a two-component questionnaire including demographic data and the test anxiety inventory (TAI). Results: All of midwifery students were women;the mean age of students, ages of father and mother’s were 23.1 ± 0.7, 52.3 ± 3.5 and 47.8 ± 4.9 years, respectively. Most of the students were single (61.5%). The mean education levels of father and mother’s were 11.6 ± 4.5 and 9.9 ± 4.0 years, respectively. The mean score of test anxiety in students was 42.51 ± 13.16. The most of participants did have moderate test anxiety (56.9%), two present not had any test anxiety, 37.3% had low test anxiety, and 3.9% had severe test anxiety. In sum, 98% had some degrees of test anxiety. There were the statistical differences in the mean score of text anxiety in OSCEs Compared with TAM in Undergraduate Midwifery Students (39.38 ± 13.81 vs. 47.35 ± 10.67, P = 0.033). Also, the mean severity of anxiety was different in two groups. The mean of moderate/severe test anxiety was more in TAM compared with OSCEs (52.57% vs. 49.56%, p = 0.000). The test anxiety had a positive correlation with father’s education, mother’s education (0.286, p = 0.042), father’s age, mother’s age, marital status, residency (0.292, p = 0.042). Also, there are negative correlations with student age, satisfaction, total Grade Point Average (GPA) (-0.387, p = 0.007), final score, type of assessment (-0.298, p = 0.033). There is a significant difference between the severity anxiety residency in total (p = 0.10) and OSCEs (p = 0.049) groups, mother’s education in total (p = 0.005) and OSCEs groups (0.012) and GPA (p = 0.028). Conclusion: OSCEs were superior to TAM in the reduction of test anxiety in midwifery students. The prevalence of test anxiety was in TAM than OSCEs method;therefore, using OSCEs is acknowledged as an effective assessment tool and is seen as the gold standard for evaluating clinical performance.
