We establish the Stinespring dilation theorem of the link product of quantum channels in two different ways,discuss the discrimination of quantum channels,and show that the distinguishability can be improved by self-l...We establish the Stinespring dilation theorem of the link product of quantum channels in two different ways,discuss the discrimination of quantum channels,and show that the distinguishability can be improved by self-linking each quantum channel n times as n grows.We also find that the maximum value of Uhlmann's theorem can be achieved for diagonal channels.展开更多
Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal health.Rabies is caused by rabies virus(RABV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus Lyssavirus.The inf...Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal health.Rabies is caused by rabies virus(RABV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus Lyssavirus.The infection affects the central nervous system,mainly the brain and spinal cord,causing acute encephalitis,which has the highest case fatality rate ever recordednearly 100%.Although all mammals can be infected by RABV,dogs are thought to be the main source of infection.Dog bites cause 95%of human cases of rabies,but in endemic areas,this number increases to 99%(Harischandra,Gunesekera et al.2016).展开更多
Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-ve...Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-vector product,matrix-matrix product,the sum of two matrices,and the calculation of determinant and inverse matrix.We encode the matrix entries into the probability amplitudes of the pure initial states of senders.After applying proper unitary transformation to the complete quantum system,the desired result can be found in certain blocks of the receiver’s density matrix.These quantum protocols can be used as subroutines in other quantum schemes.Furthermore,we present an alternative quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations.展开更多
Colistin sulfate is an antibiotic in the polymyxin family that is utilized as a last-resort therapy for septicemia in humans caused by multidrugresistant infections.However,its indiscriminate use in veterinary practic...Colistin sulfate is an antibiotic in the polymyxin family that is utilized as a last-resort therapy for septicemia in humans caused by multidrugresistant infections.However,its indiscriminate use in veterinary practices poses an increasingly significant risk to the development of colistin resistance and its detrimental effects on public health.Colistin is still widely used in animals for treatment,metaphylaxis,prophylaxis,and growth promotion despite being designated a critically important antimicrobial for human medicine by the World Health Organization(WHO)[1].In this correspondence,our objective is to examine the repercussions stemming from the illicit use of colistin in livestock and poultry in Nepal.展开更多
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and su...Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and subsequently shorten the on-tree storability. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on quality and shelf life of the mandarin fruit. GA<sub>3</sub> at 10, 20, and 30 ppm as against of control were evaluated. Observations on fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), rind colour (1 - 5 index), juice recovery (%), TSS/acid ratio, PLW (%), decay loss (%), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) were recorded at three harvesting dates i.e. 20 Nov, 5 Dec, and 20 Dec and storage condition. It has been revealed that the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 20 ppm retained higher fruit weight (128.6 g), more firmness (3.54 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), better juice recovery (57.75%), and greater TSS/acid ratio (21.24) at the end of study (20 December). The PLW was found less with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm in both ambient (5.17%) and cellar (6.69%) condition as against untreated fruits (9.52% and 11.76%). Similarly, the decay loss was minimum in the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm both with ambient (1.02%) and cellar condition (8.21%) as against control with ambient (5.54%) and cellar (21.58%).展开更多
Acute pain,provoked generally after the activation of peripheral nociceptors,is an adaptive sensory function that alerts the individual to avoid noxious stimuli.However,uncontrolled acute pain has a maladaptive role i...Acute pain,provoked generally after the activation of peripheral nociceptors,is an adaptive sensory function that alerts the individual to avoid noxious stimuli.However,uncontrolled acute pain has a maladaptive role in sensory activity leading to development of a chronic pain state which persists even after the damage is resolved,or in some cases,in the absence of an initial local acute injury.Huge numbers of people suffer from visceral pain at least once during their life span,leading to substantial health care costs.Although studies reporting on the mechanism of visceral pain are accumulating,it is still not precisely understood.Therefore,this review aims to elucidate the mechanism of visceral pain through an evaluation of different animal models and their application to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treating visceral pain.To assess the nociceptive responses in viscera,several visceral pain models such as inflammatory,traction,stress and genetic models utilizing different methods of measurement have been devised.Among them,the inflammatory and traction models are widely used for studying the visceral pain mechanism of different disease conditions and post-operative surgery in humans and animals.A hapten,2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS),has been extensively used as an inflammatory agent to induce visceral pain.The traction model seems to cause a strong pain stimulation and autonomic reaction and could thus be the most appropriate model for studying the underlying visceral pain mechanism and for probing the therapeutic efficacies of various anesthetic and analgesics for the treatment of visceral pain and hyperalgesia.展开更多
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop which ranks in first position of the total fruit industry in Nepal. Studies were conducted to assess the maturity indices and quality parameters of mandarin ...Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop which ranks in first position of the total fruit industry in Nepal. Studies were conducted to assess the maturity indices and quality parameters of mandarin at three altitudes i.e. 1300 m·asl, 1000 m·asl, and 700 m·asl with six maturity stages i.e. 11 Oct, 21 Oct, 31 Oct, 10 Nov, 20 Nov, and 30 Nov. The most important and reliable judging criteria of fruit maturity in mandarin i.e. fruit weight, external fruit colour, firmness, TSS, acidity, and TSS/Acid ratio, and vitamin C were experimented. The experiment results revealed that 1000 m·asl location was showed the highest fruit weight (104.9 g) and juice percentage (55.23) followed by 1300 m·asl altitude (99.5 g and 53.75% respectively) at 20<sup>th</sup> of November. The maturity advanced at lower altitude with 50 percent yellow orange rind colour, 10.98 TSS/acid ratio and 4 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> firmness from 10<sup>th</sup> November at lower altitudes whereas it was appeared in 20<sup>th</sup> November at higher altitudes. The TSS/acid ratio was significantly higher (10.98) in the fruits of 700 m·asl as compared to 1300 m·asl (9.76) on 10<sup>th</sup> November, however, on 20<sup>th</sup> November 1300 m·asl showed the highest ratio (17.76). The fruit weight, juice content, TSS was found in increasing trends up to 20 November and then showed constant and decreasing trend. However, TA, firmness and vitamin C were showed in decreasing trends with time. The 1000 - 1300 m·asl was the best location for the mandarin production and 10-20 November was the best period for the mandarin harvesting for optimum maturity.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted to study the growth and productivity of wheat as affected by row spacing and direction of sowing at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the 2007-2008 wheat growing season. The experiment was...A field experiment was conducted to study the growth and productivity of wheat as affected by row spacing and direction of sowing at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the 2007-2008 wheat growing season. The experiment was carried out in 3-factors factorial randomized complete block design comprising two varieties (Gautam and BL-2800), three row spacings (15, 20 and25 cm) and two row directions of sowing (east-west and north-south). The effects of variety and row direction of sowing on grain yield were significant (p < 0.05), but the grain yield was not affected by the row spacing treatment. BL-2800 variety produced higher grain yield (3.53 t·ha-1) as compared to Gautam (3.11 t·ha-1). Both wheat varieties yielded about 11% higher (p < 0.05) grain in the north-south sowing as compared to the eastwest sowing.展开更多
A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling indust...A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling industry and to identify enablers and barriers to its growth in Nepal. Coarse rice varieties dominate Nepal’s rice processing industry, with a 42% share by total weight, followed by medium rice (34%) and fine varieties (less than 7%). Polished white rice (<em>Arwa</em>) was the dominant rice type in Nepal in the survey, followed by parboiled and steamed rice. The price and profit margins increased from coarse to fine rice varieties and from <em>Arwa</em> to parboiled and steamed rice. The cost of milling also followed a similar trend. The rice milling industry in Nepal largely influences the adoption or non-adoption of any specific type of rice variety by dictating specific brands in the market and this has important implications for rice research and development. The rice processing industry of Nepal was unable to compete with the Indian rice milling industry because of: 1) low profit margins due to the high cost of rice production and procurement, 2) a lack of economies of scale, 3) a lack of milling technologies for long and extra-long and steamed rice in the country and a lack of investment to modernize rice milling technology, and 4) unavailability of paddy throughout the year locally. Millers were willing to upgrade their rice milling technology to include high throughput parboiling, steamed rice as well as long and extra-long grain rice. This will be a strategic decision in counteracting the ever-increasing rice imports in Nepal. We believe that the findings of the study will be vital for formulating an appropriate rice research, development and rice processing strategy for Nepal to achieve food and nutritional security and the Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Nepal produces large quantity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) annually but faces big losses due to improper postharvest treatments. The experiment was carried out during 2012-2013 with the objective of assessin...Nepal produces large quantity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) annually but faces big losses due to improper postharvest treatments. The experiment was carried out during 2012-2013 with the objective of assessing the effect of different postharvest treatments on quality and shelf life of mandarin. The postharvest treatments were: wax emulsion at 10%, bavistin at 0.1%, wax at 10% with bavistin at 0.1%, calcium chloride at 1%, Jeevatu at 5% along with untreated fruits as a control. The experiment was conducted for four weeks of storage at ambient condition in Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Kathmandu. Wax in combination with bavistin was found as the most effective in reducing the physiological loss in weight, whereas bavistin proved to reduce decay loss up to four weeks of storage. The fruits treated with wax alone and with combination of bavistin retained maximum firmness, juice percentage, vitamin C and palatability rating during the storage. The minimum total soluble solid and maximum titrable acidity were recorded in the fruits treated with wax plus bavistin. The present findings indicate that mandarin can be stored up to four weeks when treated with wax as well as wax with bavistin in the condition with 14°C - 18°C temperature and 45% - 73% relative humidity.展开更多
Blacksmiths in Nepal are marginalized and disadvantaged occupational caste, however, very popular for their handicraft works mainly in making iron tools and equipments. With the advancement of technology, there have b...Blacksmiths in Nepal are marginalized and disadvantaged occupational caste, however, very popular for their handicraft works mainly in making iron tools and equipments. With the advancement of technology, there have been many innovative technologies in many other sectors, but blacksmiths in Nepal are still dependent on their indigenous and conventional practices which have direct negative consequences for environment, biodiversity conservation and health. Recently, improved charcoal production technology has been implemented among the 77 blacksmith households in Sindhupalchowk district as a pilot project. However, there is little research about the impact of improved charcoal production on forest resources conservation and people＇s livelihoods. This study therefore made an effort to explore the impact of improved charcoal production technology and firewood consumption on conserving the environment and promoting sustainable livelihood of marginalized households in rural areas of Nepal. Findings of the study revealed that improved charcoal production technology has positive impacts on forest tree conservation by reducing the fuel wood consumption up to 40% with 60% energy efficiency as compared to the traditional system. The improved charcoal production pilot project has reduced annual CO2, CH4 and CO emissions in the study area by 2.4-3.1, 3.3-4.3 and 2.6-3.5 tons, respectively. Furthermore, improved charcoal production system increases blacksmiths＇ welfare through generating social, human and economic capital and quality attributes like environmental sustainability. Introducing improved charcoal production and controlling heavy firewood collection at rural villages of Nepal will help to increase carbon sequestration and reduce the sources of carbon emission in context of global climate change.展开更多
A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conducti...A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conductivity （EC） values and bacteriological analysis for defining buffalo milk. The CMT was performed by mixing equal volume of milk and 3% sodium lauryl sulphate. The SCC was determined by staining milk film with New Man’s Lampert Stain and EC values were measured by manual digital mastitis detector and expressed as mS/cm. Bacteriological analysis was done on the basis of Gram’s stain, morphological findings, colony characteristics and biochemical tests. The maximum number （16%） of clinical cases of mastitis was observed in the month of July and lowest in the month of April （1.6%）. When the temperature and humidity increased, it indicates that there is need for better care of lactating buffaloes during this month. On a quarter basis, 16% of the foremilk samples in buffaloes were diagnosed as having subclinical mastitis and 11% were diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The results of CMT scores and SCC showed the evidence that subclinical and clinical mastitic milk was having CMT positive scores （＋1~＋3） with ≥ 200 × 103 cells/mL. The mean pH of clinically normal buffalo milk was 6.75 （range 6.39 to 7.08） and subclinical mastitic and clinical mastitic milk was 6.85 （range 6.37 to 7.10） and 6.88 （range 6.41 to 7.20）, respectively. Analysis of EC value in the milk revealed the presence of mastitis in buffaloes and the cut-off values was 3.7 mS/cm. The coagulase negative Staphylococcus （CNS）, such as S. albus and S. epidermidis were the predominant organisms associated with subclinical mastitis, and CNS and coliforms in clinical mastitis. This information suggests that environmental mastitis was prevalent in buffaloes of Chitwan District. In this study, 9.5% of the quarters were having bacterial count （BC） more than 250 cfu/mL. The proposed criteria for normal milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT negative, SCC 〈 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〈 3.7 mS/cm and 〈 250 cfu/mL bacteria. The parameters for defining subclinically mastitic milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and 〉 250 cfu/mL bacteria. Similarly, clinical mastitic milk was defined as milk having presence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells /mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and BC 〉 250 cfu/mL.展开更多
A study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle reared in major milk production area of Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, as well as determining the existing br...A study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle reared in major milk production area of Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, as well as determining the existing breeding scenario of cattle farming followed by the farmers. Five years （2008-2012） of data of 728 animals send to data management section of Animal Breeding Division under Dairy Cattle Improvement Program （DCIP） were reviewed and analyzed. Similarly, monthly data recording of 380 animals taken from May 2012 to April 2013 were used to find out information on reproductive performance. Average milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage of cattle were observed 2,841 ± 84.9 kg, 4.43% ± 0.66% and 3.33% ± 0.17%, respectively, and the effect of genotype on these traits were found significant （P 〈 0.001, P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01, respectively）. Similarly, calving interval, post-partum estrus, post-partum conception, age at maturity and age at first calving were observed 422.8 ± 7.71, 108.9 ± 6.13, 149.93 ± 27.04, 498.5 ±16.32 and 816.0 ±17.41 d, respectively. Age at maturity and age at first calving was significantly affected by genotype （P 〈 0.01 and P 〈 0.05, respectively）. In addition, average number of insemination per conception was observed 1.38 in survey household. Breeding system of cattle followed by the farmers were found satisfactory in the survey household, but needs gradual improvement. It was observed that offspring of cross between Jersey and Holstein performed better in terms of productive and reproductive performance in farmer managed condition of Nepal. Therefore, rotational crossing of Jersey and Holstein for maintaining blood level between 50% and 75% of either breed is the best choice for farmers.展开更多
Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) fruits are cultivated in terai, mid hill and high hill districts of Nepal. It is cross-pollinated crop and has a high variation in fruit characters within the species. Fruit character i...Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) fruits are cultivated in terai, mid hill and high hill districts of Nepal. It is cross-pollinated crop and has a high variation in fruit characters within the species. Fruit character is the main basis of genotype selection. Study of fruit diversity is of utmost importance to select the elite genotypes for breeding and variety development program. Therefore, total of 620 fruit samples were collected and evaluated in the main production season of the year 2010 and 2011, from 62 bearing trees. Samples were collected from three agro-ecological domains, representing terai, mid hill and high hill areas of eastern Nepal. Elite landraces were selected on the basis of scoring fruit characters. High variation in vitamin C was observed between the terai (57.4 mg) and high hill (72.5 mg) samples. Amount of juice was 36.8% in mid hill and 44.1% in terai samples. Higher percent of juice and total soluble solids (TSS) observed in terai samples but tritable acidity (TA) and vitamin C was low as compare to high hills. There was significantly negative correlation found in fruit weight, fruit diameter, juice percent and seed number, whereas significantly positive correlation was in pulp and vitamin C, with altitude range. Total landraces were separated in five major cluster group. Variation in the level of similarity was observed among the cluster groups. The variability distance of fruit characters was highest in cluster group II (–17.45%) and lowest in cluster group V (58.5%). On the basis of scoring number of fruit characters, total four elite genotypes i.e. LD-49 from mid hills, LD-23 and LT-17 from higher hills and LM-44 from terai were selected for conservation, breeding and variety development purpose.展开更多
A male Japanese spitz(3 years)was brought at Himalayan Animal Rescue Trust(HART),Pokhara with a complaint of swollen gums and loss of appetite.A lobulated tumorous mass was seen at the gingival region on physical exam...A male Japanese spitz(3 years)was brought at Himalayan Animal Rescue Trust(HART),Pokhara with a complaint of swollen gums and loss of appetite.A lobulated tumorous mass was seen at the gingival region on physical examination.Diagnosis and treatment of condition detected in the dog was the major objective.Impression smear of tumor cell was prepared and was observed under oil immersion microscope(100x).Microscopic examination shows the presence of vacuolations within the cytoplasm and the condition was diagnosed to be CTVT.Chemotherapy was performed using the most effective cytostatic agents I.e.Vincristine sulphate(once a week,I/v).The chemotherapy was repeated for 3 doses till the tumor gets completely regressed.The condition was resolved after third session of chemotherapy.Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal effects like vomiting are the major complications of using vincristine.展开更多
Homeopathic potentized remedies work in different ways.In some cases,a single dose cures the disease.In some cases,new symptoms appear.In some skin diseases,it does not stop the arising of eruptions but heals rapidly....Homeopathic potentized remedies work in different ways.In some cases,a single dose cures the disease.In some cases,new symptoms appear.In some skin diseases,it does not stop the arising of eruptions but heals rapidly.The eruptions come out for a limited period of time.In another skin disease,one homeopathic remedy heals the lesion while another somewhat aggravates the symptoms.On the other hand,it is thought that the cause of infectious diseases is different types of pathogens.But it has been observed that even after the proper invasion of microorganisms symptoms are not produced.Researchers call it asymptomatic infection.Many infectious diseases are cured spontaneously after a certain period of time.Except for this many other chronic diseases are cured spontaneously.From the analysis of observed phenomena,it can be decided that symptomatic disease is caused by an internal stimulus.It has a limited lifespan.It is expressed for a limited period of time.Potentized homeopathic remedies neutralize the effect of the stimulus.As a result,symptoms are neutralized or disease process is accelerated.展开更多
Although the biological system is a combination of different chemical processes,many of the mechanisms can not be explained by general chemical processes.Therefore,as a driving force of biological system,a distinct en...Although the biological system is a combination of different chemical processes,many of the mechanisms can not be explained by general chemical processes.Therefore,as a driving force of biological system,a distinct entity called'vital force'can be imagined.But this is not essential to explain homeopathy.From the analysis of different phenomena it apparent that biological system has a tendency to maintain a balanced state.Such a good example is catch-up growth.A stimulus is required to disrupt the balance.This stimulus must enter the body from outside or in case of disease it must arise from within inside.This is the primary stimulus.Infection,chronic poisoning,etc.help the expression of the internal stimulus.These are secondary stimulus.The active dose of similar drug acts on the terminal site of the disease process.This causes the actual reversal of the disease process.Allopathic dissimilar drugs act on different stages of the disease process and alter the course of the disease process.The effect of allopathic drugs does not destroy the effect of disease and compete with the effect of the disease.Potentized homeopathic remedies neutralize the effect of disease but do not alter the course of the disease.As a result,either symptoms of the disease are neutralized or the disease process is accelerated.Different other phenomena support that the property of the potentized remedy is not similar to the original substance.It is a new property which is negative pharmacological property.展开更多
Homeopathy is approximately two hundred and fifty years old medical system.In homeopathy,extremely small dose of original substances is used to treat diseases that produce similar symptoms of the disease.Therefore,two...Homeopathy is approximately two hundred and fifty years old medical system.In homeopathy,extremely small dose of original substances is used to treat diseases that produce similar symptoms of the disease.Therefore,two principles of homeopathy are the law of similars and the law of minute dose.Hahnemann proposed that similar symptoms produced by remedies occupy the space of the disease.Reaction or withdrawal effect of the remedy goes against the symptoms of the disease and thus the disease is cured.Although similar substances are used to treat diseases,some substances produce both similar and opposite symptoms of the disease.Again many substances used in minute dose previously exist in the body as large doses.The other principles of homeopathy are the law of chronic diseases and the law of vital force.Hahnemann considered psora or scabies like syphilis.Like syphilis,he considered skin symptoms as primary symptoms and chronic diseases as secondary symptoms.On the other hand,high potency homeopathic remedies do not contain any original substance to produce a reaction or withdrawal effect and'vital force'theory has been refuted in modern science.Therefore these two principles have limitations too.Hahnemann proposed that water is able to retain the memory of the original substance.Modern observers suggest that water can form nanoparticles like original substances.But there is no strong proof that nanoparticles are found in bloodstream or breast milk.To explain homeopathy these limitations should be amended.展开更多
Climate change-induced heat stress combines two challenges:high day-and nighttime temperatures,and physiological water deficit due to demand-side drought caused by increase in vapor-pressure deficit.It is one of the m...Climate change-induced heat stress combines two challenges:high day-and nighttime temperatures,and physiological water deficit due to demand-side drought caused by increase in vapor-pressure deficit.It is one of the major factors in low productivity of maize in rainfed stress-prone environments in South Asia,affecting a large population of smallholder farmers who depend on maize for their sustenance and livelihoods.The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT)maize program in Asia,in partnership with public-sector maize research institutes and private-sector seed companies in South Asian countries,is implementing an intensive initiative for developing and deploying heat-tolerant maize that combines high yield potential with resilience to heat and drought stresses.With the integration of novel breeding tools and methods,including genomics-assisted breeding,doubled haploidy,fieldbased precision phenotyping,and trait-based selection,new maize germplasm with increased tolerance to heat stress is being developed for the South Asian tropics.Over a decade of concerted effort has resulted in the successful development and release of 20 high-yielding heat-tolerant maize hybrids in CIMMYT genetic backgrounds.Via public–private partnerships,eight hybrids are presently being deployed on over 50,000 ha in South Asian countries,including Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,and Pakistan.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61877054,12031004,and 12271474).
文摘We establish the Stinespring dilation theorem of the link product of quantum channels in two different ways,discuss the discrimination of quantum channels,and show that the distinguishability can be improved by self-linking each quantum channel n times as n grows.We also find that the maximum value of Uhlmann's theorem can be achieved for diagonal channels.
文摘Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal health.Rabies is caused by rabies virus(RABV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus Lyssavirus.The infection affects the central nervous system,mainly the brain and spinal cord,causing acute encephalitis,which has the highest case fatality rate ever recordednearly 100%.Although all mammals can be infected by RABV,dogs are thought to be the main source of infection.Dog bites cause 95%of human cases of rabies,but in endemic areas,this number increases to 99%(Harischandra,Gunesekera et al.2016).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12031004 and Grant No.12271474,61877054)the Fundamental Research Foundation for the Central Universities(Project No.K20210337)+1 种基金the Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund,188170+194452119/003partially funded by a state task of Russian Fundamental Investigations(State Registration No.FFSG-2024-0002)。
文摘Fundamental matrix operations and solving linear systems of equations are ubiquitous in scientific investigations.Using the‘sender-receiver’model,we propose quantum algorithms for matrix operations such as matrix-vector product,matrix-matrix product,the sum of two matrices,and the calculation of determinant and inverse matrix.We encode the matrix entries into the probability amplitudes of the pure initial states of senders.After applying proper unitary transformation to the complete quantum system,the desired result can be found in certain blocks of the receiver’s density matrix.These quantum protocols can be used as subroutines in other quantum schemes.Furthermore,we present an alternative quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations.
文摘Colistin sulfate is an antibiotic in the polymyxin family that is utilized as a last-resort therapy for septicemia in humans caused by multidrugresistant infections.However,its indiscriminate use in veterinary practices poses an increasingly significant risk to the development of colistin resistance and its detrimental effects on public health.Colistin is still widely used in animals for treatment,metaphylaxis,prophylaxis,and growth promotion despite being designated a critically important antimicrobial for human medicine by the World Health Organization(WHO)[1].In this correspondence,our objective is to examine the repercussions stemming from the illicit use of colistin in livestock and poultry in Nepal.
文摘Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and subsequently shorten the on-tree storability. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on quality and shelf life of the mandarin fruit. GA<sub>3</sub> at 10, 20, and 30 ppm as against of control were evaluated. Observations on fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), rind colour (1 - 5 index), juice recovery (%), TSS/acid ratio, PLW (%), decay loss (%), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) were recorded at three harvesting dates i.e. 20 Nov, 5 Dec, and 20 Dec and storage condition. It has been revealed that the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 20 ppm retained higher fruit weight (128.6 g), more firmness (3.54 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), better juice recovery (57.75%), and greater TSS/acid ratio (21.24) at the end of study (20 December). The PLW was found less with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm in both ambient (5.17%) and cellar (6.69%) condition as against untreated fruits (9.52% and 11.76%). Similarly, the decay loss was minimum in the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm both with ambient (1.02%) and cellar condition (8.21%) as against control with ambient (5.54%) and cellar (21.58%).
文摘Acute pain,provoked generally after the activation of peripheral nociceptors,is an adaptive sensory function that alerts the individual to avoid noxious stimuli.However,uncontrolled acute pain has a maladaptive role in sensory activity leading to development of a chronic pain state which persists even after the damage is resolved,or in some cases,in the absence of an initial local acute injury.Huge numbers of people suffer from visceral pain at least once during their life span,leading to substantial health care costs.Although studies reporting on the mechanism of visceral pain are accumulating,it is still not precisely understood.Therefore,this review aims to elucidate the mechanism of visceral pain through an evaluation of different animal models and their application to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treating visceral pain.To assess the nociceptive responses in viscera,several visceral pain models such as inflammatory,traction,stress and genetic models utilizing different methods of measurement have been devised.Among them,the inflammatory and traction models are widely used for studying the visceral pain mechanism of different disease conditions and post-operative surgery in humans and animals.A hapten,2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS),has been extensively used as an inflammatory agent to induce visceral pain.The traction model seems to cause a strong pain stimulation and autonomic reaction and could thus be the most appropriate model for studying the underlying visceral pain mechanism and for probing the therapeutic efficacies of various anesthetic and analgesics for the treatment of visceral pain and hyperalgesia.
文摘Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop which ranks in first position of the total fruit industry in Nepal. Studies were conducted to assess the maturity indices and quality parameters of mandarin at three altitudes i.e. 1300 m·asl, 1000 m·asl, and 700 m·asl with six maturity stages i.e. 11 Oct, 21 Oct, 31 Oct, 10 Nov, 20 Nov, and 30 Nov. The most important and reliable judging criteria of fruit maturity in mandarin i.e. fruit weight, external fruit colour, firmness, TSS, acidity, and TSS/Acid ratio, and vitamin C were experimented. The experiment results revealed that 1000 m·asl location was showed the highest fruit weight (104.9 g) and juice percentage (55.23) followed by 1300 m·asl altitude (99.5 g and 53.75% respectively) at 20<sup>th</sup> of November. The maturity advanced at lower altitude with 50 percent yellow orange rind colour, 10.98 TSS/acid ratio and 4 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> firmness from 10<sup>th</sup> November at lower altitudes whereas it was appeared in 20<sup>th</sup> November at higher altitudes. The TSS/acid ratio was significantly higher (10.98) in the fruits of 700 m·asl as compared to 1300 m·asl (9.76) on 10<sup>th</sup> November, however, on 20<sup>th</sup> November 1300 m·asl showed the highest ratio (17.76). The fruit weight, juice content, TSS was found in increasing trends up to 20 November and then showed constant and decreasing trend. However, TA, firmness and vitamin C were showed in decreasing trends with time. The 1000 - 1300 m·asl was the best location for the mandarin production and 10-20 November was the best period for the mandarin harvesting for optimum maturity.
文摘A field experiment was conducted to study the growth and productivity of wheat as affected by row spacing and direction of sowing at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the 2007-2008 wheat growing season. The experiment was carried out in 3-factors factorial randomized complete block design comprising two varieties (Gautam and BL-2800), three row spacings (15, 20 and25 cm) and two row directions of sowing (east-west and north-south). The effects of variety and row direction of sowing on grain yield were significant (p < 0.05), but the grain yield was not affected by the row spacing treatment. BL-2800 variety produced higher grain yield (3.53 t·ha-1) as compared to Gautam (3.11 t·ha-1). Both wheat varieties yielded about 11% higher (p < 0.05) grain in the north-south sowing as compared to the eastwest sowing.
文摘A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling industry and to identify enablers and barriers to its growth in Nepal. Coarse rice varieties dominate Nepal’s rice processing industry, with a 42% share by total weight, followed by medium rice (34%) and fine varieties (less than 7%). Polished white rice (<em>Arwa</em>) was the dominant rice type in Nepal in the survey, followed by parboiled and steamed rice. The price and profit margins increased from coarse to fine rice varieties and from <em>Arwa</em> to parboiled and steamed rice. The cost of milling also followed a similar trend. The rice milling industry in Nepal largely influences the adoption or non-adoption of any specific type of rice variety by dictating specific brands in the market and this has important implications for rice research and development. The rice processing industry of Nepal was unable to compete with the Indian rice milling industry because of: 1) low profit margins due to the high cost of rice production and procurement, 2) a lack of economies of scale, 3) a lack of milling technologies for long and extra-long and steamed rice in the country and a lack of investment to modernize rice milling technology, and 4) unavailability of paddy throughout the year locally. Millers were willing to upgrade their rice milling technology to include high throughput parboiling, steamed rice as well as long and extra-long grain rice. This will be a strategic decision in counteracting the ever-increasing rice imports in Nepal. We believe that the findings of the study will be vital for formulating an appropriate rice research, development and rice processing strategy for Nepal to achieve food and nutritional security and the Sustainable Development Goals.
文摘Nepal produces large quantity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) annually but faces big losses due to improper postharvest treatments. The experiment was carried out during 2012-2013 with the objective of assessing the effect of different postharvest treatments on quality and shelf life of mandarin. The postharvest treatments were: wax emulsion at 10%, bavistin at 0.1%, wax at 10% with bavistin at 0.1%, calcium chloride at 1%, Jeevatu at 5% along with untreated fruits as a control. The experiment was conducted for four weeks of storage at ambient condition in Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Kathmandu. Wax in combination with bavistin was found as the most effective in reducing the physiological loss in weight, whereas bavistin proved to reduce decay loss up to four weeks of storage. The fruits treated with wax alone and with combination of bavistin retained maximum firmness, juice percentage, vitamin C and palatability rating during the storage. The minimum total soluble solid and maximum titrable acidity were recorded in the fruits treated with wax plus bavistin. The present findings indicate that mandarin can be stored up to four weeks when treated with wax as well as wax with bavistin in the condition with 14°C - 18°C temperature and 45% - 73% relative humidity.
文摘Blacksmiths in Nepal are marginalized and disadvantaged occupational caste, however, very popular for their handicraft works mainly in making iron tools and equipments. With the advancement of technology, there have been many innovative technologies in many other sectors, but blacksmiths in Nepal are still dependent on their indigenous and conventional practices which have direct negative consequences for environment, biodiversity conservation and health. Recently, improved charcoal production technology has been implemented among the 77 blacksmith households in Sindhupalchowk district as a pilot project. However, there is little research about the impact of improved charcoal production on forest resources conservation and people＇s livelihoods. This study therefore made an effort to explore the impact of improved charcoal production technology and firewood consumption on conserving the environment and promoting sustainable livelihood of marginalized households in rural areas of Nepal. Findings of the study revealed that improved charcoal production technology has positive impacts on forest tree conservation by reducing the fuel wood consumption up to 40% with 60% energy efficiency as compared to the traditional system. The improved charcoal production pilot project has reduced annual CO2, CH4 and CO emissions in the study area by 2.4-3.1, 3.3-4.3 and 2.6-3.5 tons, respectively. Furthermore, improved charcoal production system increases blacksmiths＇ welfare through generating social, human and economic capital and quality attributes like environmental sustainability. Introducing improved charcoal production and controlling heavy firewood collection at rural villages of Nepal will help to increase carbon sequestration and reduce the sources of carbon emission in context of global climate change.
文摘A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conductivity （EC） values and bacteriological analysis for defining buffalo milk. The CMT was performed by mixing equal volume of milk and 3% sodium lauryl sulphate. The SCC was determined by staining milk film with New Man’s Lampert Stain and EC values were measured by manual digital mastitis detector and expressed as mS/cm. Bacteriological analysis was done on the basis of Gram’s stain, morphological findings, colony characteristics and biochemical tests. The maximum number （16%） of clinical cases of mastitis was observed in the month of July and lowest in the month of April （1.6%）. When the temperature and humidity increased, it indicates that there is need for better care of lactating buffaloes during this month. On a quarter basis, 16% of the foremilk samples in buffaloes were diagnosed as having subclinical mastitis and 11% were diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The results of CMT scores and SCC showed the evidence that subclinical and clinical mastitic milk was having CMT positive scores （＋1~＋3） with ≥ 200 × 103 cells/mL. The mean pH of clinically normal buffalo milk was 6.75 （range 6.39 to 7.08） and subclinical mastitic and clinical mastitic milk was 6.85 （range 6.37 to 7.10） and 6.88 （range 6.41 to 7.20）, respectively. Analysis of EC value in the milk revealed the presence of mastitis in buffaloes and the cut-off values was 3.7 mS/cm. The coagulase negative Staphylococcus （CNS）, such as S. albus and S. epidermidis were the predominant organisms associated with subclinical mastitis, and CNS and coliforms in clinical mastitis. This information suggests that environmental mastitis was prevalent in buffaloes of Chitwan District. In this study, 9.5% of the quarters were having bacterial count （BC） more than 250 cfu/mL. The proposed criteria for normal milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT negative, SCC 〈 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〈 3.7 mS/cm and 〈 250 cfu/mL bacteria. The parameters for defining subclinically mastitic milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and 〉 250 cfu/mL bacteria. Similarly, clinical mastitic milk was defined as milk having presence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells /mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and BC 〉 250 cfu/mL.
文摘A study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle reared in major milk production area of Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal, as well as determining the existing breeding scenario of cattle farming followed by the farmers. Five years （2008-2012） of data of 728 animals send to data management section of Animal Breeding Division under Dairy Cattle Improvement Program （DCIP） were reviewed and analyzed. Similarly, monthly data recording of 380 animals taken from May 2012 to April 2013 were used to find out information on reproductive performance. Average milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage of cattle were observed 2,841 ± 84.9 kg, 4.43% ± 0.66% and 3.33% ± 0.17%, respectively, and the effect of genotype on these traits were found significant （P 〈 0.001, P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01, respectively）. Similarly, calving interval, post-partum estrus, post-partum conception, age at maturity and age at first calving were observed 422.8 ± 7.71, 108.9 ± 6.13, 149.93 ± 27.04, 498.5 ±16.32 and 816.0 ±17.41 d, respectively. Age at maturity and age at first calving was significantly affected by genotype （P 〈 0.01 and P 〈 0.05, respectively）. In addition, average number of insemination per conception was observed 1.38 in survey household. Breeding system of cattle followed by the farmers were found satisfactory in the survey household, but needs gradual improvement. It was observed that offspring of cross between Jersey and Holstein performed better in terms of productive and reproductive performance in farmer managed condition of Nepal. Therefore, rotational crossing of Jersey and Holstein for maintaining blood level between 50% and 75% of either breed is the best choice for farmers.
文摘Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) fruits are cultivated in terai, mid hill and high hill districts of Nepal. It is cross-pollinated crop and has a high variation in fruit characters within the species. Fruit character is the main basis of genotype selection. Study of fruit diversity is of utmost importance to select the elite genotypes for breeding and variety development program. Therefore, total of 620 fruit samples were collected and evaluated in the main production season of the year 2010 and 2011, from 62 bearing trees. Samples were collected from three agro-ecological domains, representing terai, mid hill and high hill areas of eastern Nepal. Elite landraces were selected on the basis of scoring fruit characters. High variation in vitamin C was observed between the terai (57.4 mg) and high hill (72.5 mg) samples. Amount of juice was 36.8% in mid hill and 44.1% in terai samples. Higher percent of juice and total soluble solids (TSS) observed in terai samples but tritable acidity (TA) and vitamin C was low as compare to high hills. There was significantly negative correlation found in fruit weight, fruit diameter, juice percent and seed number, whereas significantly positive correlation was in pulp and vitamin C, with altitude range. Total landraces were separated in five major cluster group. Variation in the level of similarity was observed among the cluster groups. The variability distance of fruit characters was highest in cluster group II (–17.45%) and lowest in cluster group V (58.5%). On the basis of scoring number of fruit characters, total four elite genotypes i.e. LD-49 from mid hills, LD-23 and LT-17 from higher hills and LM-44 from terai were selected for conservation, breeding and variety development purpose.
文摘A male Japanese spitz(3 years)was brought at Himalayan Animal Rescue Trust(HART),Pokhara with a complaint of swollen gums and loss of appetite.A lobulated tumorous mass was seen at the gingival region on physical examination.Diagnosis and treatment of condition detected in the dog was the major objective.Impression smear of tumor cell was prepared and was observed under oil immersion microscope(100x).Microscopic examination shows the presence of vacuolations within the cytoplasm and the condition was diagnosed to be CTVT.Chemotherapy was performed using the most effective cytostatic agents I.e.Vincristine sulphate(once a week,I/v).The chemotherapy was repeated for 3 doses till the tumor gets completely regressed.The condition was resolved after third session of chemotherapy.Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal effects like vomiting are the major complications of using vincristine.
文摘Homeopathic potentized remedies work in different ways.In some cases,a single dose cures the disease.In some cases,new symptoms appear.In some skin diseases,it does not stop the arising of eruptions but heals rapidly.The eruptions come out for a limited period of time.In another skin disease,one homeopathic remedy heals the lesion while another somewhat aggravates the symptoms.On the other hand,it is thought that the cause of infectious diseases is different types of pathogens.But it has been observed that even after the proper invasion of microorganisms symptoms are not produced.Researchers call it asymptomatic infection.Many infectious diseases are cured spontaneously after a certain period of time.Except for this many other chronic diseases are cured spontaneously.From the analysis of observed phenomena,it can be decided that symptomatic disease is caused by an internal stimulus.It has a limited lifespan.It is expressed for a limited period of time.Potentized homeopathic remedies neutralize the effect of the stimulus.As a result,symptoms are neutralized or disease process is accelerated.
文摘Although the biological system is a combination of different chemical processes,many of the mechanisms can not be explained by general chemical processes.Therefore,as a driving force of biological system,a distinct entity called'vital force'can be imagined.But this is not essential to explain homeopathy.From the analysis of different phenomena it apparent that biological system has a tendency to maintain a balanced state.Such a good example is catch-up growth.A stimulus is required to disrupt the balance.This stimulus must enter the body from outside or in case of disease it must arise from within inside.This is the primary stimulus.Infection,chronic poisoning,etc.help the expression of the internal stimulus.These are secondary stimulus.The active dose of similar drug acts on the terminal site of the disease process.This causes the actual reversal of the disease process.Allopathic dissimilar drugs act on different stages of the disease process and alter the course of the disease process.The effect of allopathic drugs does not destroy the effect of disease and compete with the effect of the disease.Potentized homeopathic remedies neutralize the effect of disease but do not alter the course of the disease.As a result,either symptoms of the disease are neutralized or the disease process is accelerated.Different other phenomena support that the property of the potentized remedy is not similar to the original substance.It is a new property which is negative pharmacological property.
文摘Homeopathy is approximately two hundred and fifty years old medical system.In homeopathy,extremely small dose of original substances is used to treat diseases that produce similar symptoms of the disease.Therefore,two principles of homeopathy are the law of similars and the law of minute dose.Hahnemann proposed that similar symptoms produced by remedies occupy the space of the disease.Reaction or withdrawal effect of the remedy goes against the symptoms of the disease and thus the disease is cured.Although similar substances are used to treat diseases,some substances produce both similar and opposite symptoms of the disease.Again many substances used in minute dose previously exist in the body as large doses.The other principles of homeopathy are the law of chronic diseases and the law of vital force.Hahnemann considered psora or scabies like syphilis.Like syphilis,he considered skin symptoms as primary symptoms and chronic diseases as secondary symptoms.On the other hand,high potency homeopathic remedies do not contain any original substance to produce a reaction or withdrawal effect and'vital force'theory has been refuted in modern science.Therefore these two principles have limitations too.Hahnemann proposed that water is able to retain the memory of the original substance.Modern observers suggest that water can form nanoparticles like original substances.But there is no strong proof that nanoparticles are found in bloodstream or breast milk.To explain homeopathy these limitations should be amended.
基金the support of USAID under the Feed the Future Initiative of the U.S.government through the project Heat Tolerant Maize for Asia(Grant No.:CGIAR Trust Fund MTO No.069033)/CIMMYT)Financial support received earlier from the CGIAR Research Program MAIZEthe CGIAR Initiatives on Accelerated Breeding and SeEdQUAL。
文摘Climate change-induced heat stress combines two challenges:high day-and nighttime temperatures,and physiological water deficit due to demand-side drought caused by increase in vapor-pressure deficit.It is one of the major factors in low productivity of maize in rainfed stress-prone environments in South Asia,affecting a large population of smallholder farmers who depend on maize for their sustenance and livelihoods.The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT)maize program in Asia,in partnership with public-sector maize research institutes and private-sector seed companies in South Asian countries,is implementing an intensive initiative for developing and deploying heat-tolerant maize that combines high yield potential with resilience to heat and drought stresses.With the integration of novel breeding tools and methods,including genomics-assisted breeding,doubled haploidy,fieldbased precision phenotyping,and trait-based selection,new maize germplasm with increased tolerance to heat stress is being developed for the South Asian tropics.Over a decade of concerted effort has resulted in the successful development and release of 20 high-yielding heat-tolerant maize hybrids in CIMMYT genetic backgrounds.Via public–private partnerships,eight hybrids are presently being deployed on over 50,000 ha in South Asian countries,including Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,and Pakistan.
