It was hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) could provide necessary trophic factors when seeded onto the surfaces of commonly used nerve graft substitutes. We aimed to determine the gene expression of MSCs w...It was hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) could provide necessary trophic factors when seeded onto the surfaces of commonly used nerve graft substitutes. We aimed to determine the gene expression of MSCs when influenced by Avance■ Nerve Grafts or Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides. Human adipose-derived MSCs were cultured and dynamically seeded onto 30 Avance■ Nerve Grafts and 30 Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides for 12 hours. At six time points after seeding, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed for five samples per group. Neurotrophic [nerve growth factor(NGF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF), pleiotrophin(PTN), growth associated protein 43(GAP43) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)], myelination [peripheral myelin protein 22(PMP22) and myelin protein zero(MPZ)], angiogenic [platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1(PECAM1/CD31) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor alpha(VEGFA)], extracellular matrix(ECM) [collagen type alpha I(COL1A1), collagen type alpha III(COL3A1), Fibulin 1(FBLN1) and laminin subunit beta 2(LAMB2)] and cell surface marker cluster of differentiation 96(CD96) gene expression was quantified. Unseeded Avance■ Nerve Grafts and Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides were used to evaluate the baseline gene expression, and unseeded MSCs provided the baseline gene expression of MSCs. The interaction of MSCs with the Avance■ Nerve Grafts led to a short-term upregulation of neurotrophic(NGF, GDNF and BDNF), myelination(PMP22 and MPZ) and angiogenic genes(CD31 and VEGFA) and a long-term upregulation of BDNF, VEGFA and COL1A1. The interaction between MSCs and the Neura Gen■ Nerve Guide led to short term upregulation of neurotrophic(NGF, GDNF and BDNF) myelination(PMP22 and MPZ), angiogenic(CD31 and VEGFA), ECM(COL1A1) and cell surface(CD96) genes and long-term upregulation of neurotrophic(GDNF and BDNF), angiogenic(CD31 and VEGFA), ECM genes(COL1A1, COL3A1, and FBLN1) and cell surface(CD96) genes. Analysis demonstrated MSCs seeded onto Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides expressed significantly higher levels of neurotrophic(PTN), angiogenic(VEGFA) and ECM(COL3A1, FBLN1) genes in the long term period compared to MSCs seeded onto Avance■ Nerve Grafts. Overall, the interaction between human MSCs and both nerve graft substitutes resulted in a significant upregulation of the expression of numerous genes important for nerve regeneration over time. The in vitro interaction of MSCs with the Neura Gen■ Nerve Guide was more pronounced, particularly in the long term period(> 14 days after seeding). These results suggest that MSC-seeding has potential to be applied in a clinical setting, which needs to be confirmed in future in vitro and in vivo research.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a severe chronic autoimmune disease and has a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life,in particular regarding psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.Consistent e...Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a severe chronic autoimmune disease and has a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life,in particular regarding psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.Consistent evidence on which patient-related,disease-related or physician-related factors cause health-related quality of life(HRQoL)impairment in patients with AIH is lacking.Current studies on HRQoL in AIH are mainly single-centered,comprising small numbers of patients,and difficult to compare because of the use of different questionnaires,patient populations,and cutoff values.Literature in the pediatric field is sparse,but suggests that children/adolescents with AIH have a lower HRQoL.Knowledge of HRQoL and cohesive factors in AIH are important to improve healthcare for AIH patients,for example by developing an AIH-specific chronic healthcare model.By recognizing the importance of quality of life beyond the concept of biochemical and histological remission,clinicians allow us to seek enhancements and possible interventions in the management of AIH,aiming at improved health.展开更多
Bone resorption is a vital physiological process that enables skeletal remodeling,maintenance,and adaptation to mechanical forces throughout life.While tightly regulated under the physiological state,its dysregulation...Bone resorption is a vital physiological process that enables skeletal remodeling,maintenance,and adaptation to mechanical forces throughout life.While tightly regulated under the physiological state,its dysregulation contributes to pathological conditions such as osteoporosis,rheumatoid arthritis,and periodontitis.Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease driven by dysbiotic biofilms that disrupt the oral microbiome,leading to the progressive breakdown of the periodontal ligament,cementum,and alveolar bone and ultimately resulting in tooth loss.This review outlines the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying periodontitis,focusing on osteoclastogenesis,the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts,the primary mediators of bone resorption.Key transcriptional regulators,including NFATc1,c-Fos,and c-Src are discussed alongside major signaling pathways such as Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase(MAPK),Janus Tyrosine Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription(JAK/STAT),Nuclear Factor Kappa B(NF-κB),and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt,to elucidate their roles in the initiation and progression of periodontal bone loss.These pathways orchestrate the inflammatory response and osteoclast activity,underscoring their relevance in periodontitis and other osteolytic conditions.Hallmark features of periodontitis,including chronic inflammation,immune dysregulation,and tissue destruction are highlighted,with emphasis on current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these molecular pathways.Special attention is given to small molecules,biologics,and natural compounds that have the potential to modulate key signaling pathways.Although advances in understanding these mechanisms have identified promising therapeutic targets,translation into effective clinical interventions remains challenging.Continued research into regulating bone-resorptive signaling pathways is essential for developing more effective treatments for periodontitis and related inflammatory bone diseases.展开更多
Osteoporosis has long been a key area of medical research,as the Wnt signalling pathway is essential for bone formation and maintaining bone balance.The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of ...Osteoporosis has long been a key area of medical research,as the Wnt signalling pathway is essential for bone formation and maintaining bone balance.The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the literature on osteoporosis and Wnt signalling to identify research trends,hot topics,and emerging areas of interest in this field.A visual analysis of the literature on osteoporosis and Wnt signalling offers a clearer perspective on the current research landscape,highlighting key topics and emerging trends in this area.The present study analysed publications related to osteoporosis and Wnt signalling from January 1,2002 to December 31,2021,using data from the Web of Science Core Collection.A total of 1553 publications were examined via tools,such as Microsoft Excel,CiteSpace,Vosviewer,and the Bibliometrics online analysis platform.The findings indicated that China has the highest number of publications in this area,with 489 articles.Warman Mathew’s work has the most citations,totalling 1031 articles,and the journal Bone has published the most articles,with 89 publications.Current research in this field has focused primarily on osteogenesis,metabolism,fractures,and osteoblasts.The present study highlights the significant role of Wnt signalling in bone homeostasis and disease,suggesting that future research will explore novel metabolic therapies for osteoporosis by targeting the Wnt signalling pathway with drugs.展开更多
Biomedical and dental implants have enhanced healthcare but concurrently increased the risk of infections.Innovations in smart biomaterials,especially those responding to light stimuli through photocatalytic mecha-nis...Biomedical and dental implants have enhanced healthcare but concurrently increased the risk of infections.Innovations in smart biomaterials,especially those responding to light stimuli through photocatalytic mecha-nisms,are emerging as promising solutions for activating targeted antimicrobial responses.While extensive reviews have provided insight into photocatalysis and its medical and environmental applications,limited focus has been given to solutions specifically tailored for implant contexts.The recent introduction of photocatalysis in the implant field,particularly visible-light-triggered photocatalytic coatings,represents a versatile approach to managing infections.These coatings offer on-demand reactive oxygen species generation,delivering antibacte-rial effects against a range of pathogens.Hence,this comprehensive review aims to summarize the latest ad-vancements in design principles,physicochemical modifications,and surface optimizations,along with novel research concepts towards the achievement of visible-light-triggered photocatalytic antibacterial activity.Moreover,through a systematic search,this review discusses the current state-of-the-art regarding the antimi-crobial efficacy of these biomaterials and the key factors influencing their performance,including microorganism type,photocatalyst properties,light source and intensity,and exposure time.Finally,it provides an in-depth discussion of current challenges,future directions,and regulatory considerations targeting biofilm-related implant treatments,offering guidance for future clinical adoption of multifunctional photocatalytic coatings in implant therapy.展开更多
Emerging evidence illustrates that osteoclasts(OCs)play diverse roles beyond bone resorption,contributing signifi-cantly to bone formation and regeneration.Despite this,OCs remain mysterious cells,with aspects of thei...Emerging evidence illustrates that osteoclasts(OCs)play diverse roles beyond bone resorption,contributing signifi-cantly to bone formation and regeneration.Despite this,OCs remain mysterious cells,with aspects of their lifespan—from origin,fusion,alterations in cellular characteristics,to functions—remaining incompletely understood.Recent studies have identified that embryonic osteoclastogenesis is primarily driven by osteoclast precursors(OCPs)derived from erythromyeloid progenitors(EMPs).These precursor cells subsequently fuse into OCs essential for normal bone development and repair.Postnatally,hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)become the primary source of OCs,gradually replacing EMP-derived OCs and assuming functional roles in adulthood.The absence of OCs during bone develop-ment results in bone structure malformation,including abnormal bone marrow cavity formation and shorter long bones.Additionally,OCs are reported to have intimate interactions with blood vessels,influencing bone formation and repair through angiogenesis regulation.Upon biomaterial implantation,activation of the innate immune system ensues immediately.OCs,originating from macrophages,closely interact with the immune system.Furthermore,evi-dence from material-induced bone formation events suggests that OCs are pivotal in these de novo bone formation processes.Nevertheless,achieving a pure OC culture remains challenging,and interpreting OC functions in vivo faces difficulties due to the presence of other multinucleated cells around bone-forming biomaterials.We here describe the fusion characteristics of OCPs and summarize reliable markers and morphological changes in OCs during their fusion process,providing guidance for researchers in identifying OCs both in vitro and in vivo.This review focuses on OC formation,characterization,and the roles of OCs beyond resorption in various bone pathophysiological pro-cesses.Finally,therapeutic strategies targeting OCs are discussed.展开更多
Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays a vital role in promoting attachment and proliferation of endothelial cells,and induces angiogenesis.In recent years,much research has been conducted on the functionalizat...Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays a vital role in promoting attachment and proliferation of endothelial cells,and induces angiogenesis.In recent years,much research has been conducted on the functionalization of tissue engineering scaffolds with VEGF or a VEGF-mimetic peptide to promote angiogenesis.However,most chemical reactions are nonspecific and require organic solvents,which can compromise control over functionalization and alter peptide/protein activity.An attractive alternative is the fabrication of functionalizable electrospun fibers,which can overcome these hurdles.In this study,we used thiol-ene chemistry for the conjugation of a VEGF-mimetic peptide to the surface of poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL)fibrous scaffolds with varying amounts of a functional PCL-diacrylate(PCL-DA)polymer.30%PCL-DA was selected due to homogeneous fiber morphology.A VEGF-mimetic peptide was then immobilized on PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds by a light-initiated thiol-ene reaction.7-Mercapto-4-methylcoumarin,RGD-FITC peptide and VEGF-TAMRA mimetic peptide were used to validate the thiol-ene reaction on the fibrous scaffolds.Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the 30%PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds were significantly increased after the reaction.Conjugation of the 30%PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds with the VEGF peptide increased the surface water wettability of the scaffolds.Patterned structures could be obtained after using a photomask on the fibrous film.Moreover,in vitro studies indicated that scaffolds functionalized with the VEGF-mimetic peptide were able to induce phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor and enhanced HUVECs survival,proliferation and adhesion.A chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)assay further indicated that the VEGF peptide functionalized scaffolds were able to promote angiogenesis in vivo.These results show that scaffold functionalization can be controlled via a simple polymer mixing approach,and that the functionalized VEGF peptide-scaffolds have potential for vascular tissue regeneration.展开更多
The germinal center(GC)reaction is considered the cornerstone of our humoral immune response.Localized in specialized follicles inside secondary lymphoid organs,germinal center B cells(GCBCs)execute a pivotal task.Fol...The germinal center(GC)reaction is considered the cornerstone of our humoral immune response.Localized in specialized follicles inside secondary lymphoid organs,germinal center B cells(GCBCs)execute a pivotal task.Following an infection,the number of GCBCs is rapidly expanded,and subsequently GCBCs differentiate into specialized antibody-secreting factories.This intricate process is driven by the positive selection of GCBCs via the B-cell receptor with the highest affinity for the respective antigen.During this period of extensive proliferation,GCBCs are among the fastest dividing cells in our body.It has been established that cell proliferation requires tremendous amounts of energy and building blocks.However,there remains a paucity of evidence to explain how proliferating GCBCs meet these metabolic demands.In their latest publication in Nature Immunology,Weisel et al.provided new insights that may have a far-reaching impact on the evolution of the immunometabolism field.展开更多
The family Ajellomycetaceae(Onygenales)includes mammal-associated pathogens within the genera Blastomyces,Emmonsia,Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides,as well as the recently described genera,Emergomyces that causes dis...The family Ajellomycetaceae(Onygenales)includes mammal-associated pathogens within the genera Blastomyces,Emmonsia,Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides,as well as the recently described genera,Emergomyces that causes disease in immunocompromised hosts,and Emmonsiellopsis,known only from soil.To further assess the phylogenetic relationships among and between members of these genera and several previously undescribed species,we sequenced and analyzed the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II(rPB2),translation elongation factor 3-a(TEF3),b-tubulin(TUB2),28S large subunit rDNA(LSU)and the internal transcribed spacer regions(ITS)in 68 strains,in addition to morphological and physiological investigations.To better understand the thermal dimorphism among these fungi,the dynamic process of transformation from mycelial to yeast-like or adiaspore-like forms was also assessed over a range of temperatures(6–42C).Molecular data resolved the relationships and recognized five major well-supported lineages that correspond largely to the genus level.Emmonsia,typified by Emmonsia parva,is a synonym of Blastomyces that also accommodates Blastomyces helicus(formerly Emmonsia helica).Emmonsia crescens is phylogenetically distinct,and found closely related to a single strain from soil without known etiology.Blastomyces silverae,Emergomyces canadensis,Emergomyces europaeus and Emmonsia sola are newly described.Almost all of the taxa are associated with human and animal disease.Emmonsia crescens,B.dermatitidis and B.parvus are prevalently associated with pulmonary disease in humans or animals.Blastomyces helicus,B.percursus,Emergomyces africanus,Es.canadensis,Es.europaeus,Es.orientalis and Es.pasteurianus(formerly Emmonsia pasteuriana)are predominantly found in human hosts with immune disorders;no animal hosts are known for these species except B.helicus.展开更多
Cellular strategies remain a crucial component in bone tissue engineering （BTE）. So far, the outcome of cell-based strategies from initial clinical trials is far behind compared to animal studies, which is suggested...Cellular strategies remain a crucial component in bone tissue engineering （BTE）. So far, the outcome of cell-based strategies from initial clinical trials is far behind compared to animal studies, which is suggested to be related to insufficient nutrient and oxygen supply inside the Ussue-engineered constructs. Cocultures, by introducing angiogenic cells into osteogenic cell cultures, might provide a solution for improving vascularization and hence increasing bone formation for cell-based constructs. So far, pre-clinical studies demonstrated that cocultures enhance vascularization and bone formation compared to monocultures. However, there has been no report on the application of cocultures in clinics. Therefore, this mini-review aims to provide an overview regarding （i） critical parameters in cocultures and the outcomes of cocultures compared to monocultures in the currently available pre-clinical studies using human mesenchymal stem cells implanted in orthotopic animal models; and （ii） the usage of monocultures in clinical application in BTE.展开更多
A combination of the viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid(HA)and the elastic properties of star shaped 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)(8-arm PEG)was used to design in-situ forming hydrogels.Hydrogels were prepared b...A combination of the viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid(HA)and the elastic properties of star shaped 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)(8-arm PEG)was used to design in-situ forming hydrogels.Hydrogels were prepared by the enzymatic crosslinking of a partially tyramine modified 8-arm PEG and a tyramine conjugated HA using horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.Hydrogels of the homopolymer conjugates and mixtures thereof were rapidly formed within seconds under physiological conditions at low polymer and enzyme concentrations.Elastic hydrogels with high gel content(≥95%)and high storage moduli(up to 22.4 kPa)were obtained.An in vitro study in the presence of hyaluronidase(100 U/mL)revealed that with increasing PEG content the degradation time of the hybrid hydrogels increased up to several weeks,whereas hydrogels composed of only hyaluronic acid degraded within 2 weeks.Human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)incorporated in the hybrid hydrogels remained viable as shown by a PrestoBlue and a live-dead assay,confirming the biocompatibility of the constructs.The production of an extracellular matrix by re-differentiation of encapsulated human chondrocytes was followed over a period of 28 days.Gene expression indicated that these highly elastic hydrogels induced an enhanced production of collagen type II.At low PEG-TA/HA-TA ratios a higher expression of SOX 9 and ACAN was observed.These results indicate that by modulating the ratio of PEG/HA,injectable hydrogels can be prepared applicable as scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.展开更多
Progressive aggregation of tau protein in neurons is associated with neurodegeneration in tauopathies.Cell non-autonomous disease mechanisms in astrocytes may be important drivers of the disease process but remain lar...Progressive aggregation of tau protein in neurons is associated with neurodegeneration in tauopathies.Cell non-autonomous disease mechanisms in astrocytes may be important drivers of the disease process but remain largely elusive.Here,we studied cell type-specific responses to intraneuronal tau aggregation prior to neurodegeneration.To this end,we developed a fully human co-culture model of seed-independent intraneuronal tau pathology,which shows no neuron and synapse loss.Using high-content microscopy,we show that intraneuronal tau aggregation induces oxidative stress accompanied by activation of the integrated stress response specifically in astrocytes.This requires the direct co-culture with neurons and is not related to neurodegeneration or extracellular tau levels.Tau-directed antisense therapy reduced intraneuronal tau levels and aggregation and prevented the cell non-autonomous responses in astrocytes.These data identify the astrocytic integrated stress response as a novel disease mechanism activated by intraneuronal tau aggregation.In addition,our data provide the first evidence for the efficacy of tau-directed antisense therapy to target cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous disease pathways in a fully human model of tau pathology.展开更多
An account is provided of the world’s ten most feared fungi.Within areas of interest,we have organized the entries in the order of concern.We put four human pathogens first as this is of concern to most people.This i...An account is provided of the world’s ten most feared fungi.Within areas of interest,we have organized the entries in the order of concern.We put four human pathogens first as this is of concern to most people.This is followed by fungi producing mycotoxins that are highly harmful for humans;Aspergillus flavus,the main producer of aflatoxins,was used as an example.Problems due to indoor air fungi may also directly affect our health and we use Stachybotrys chartarum as an example.Not everyone collects and eats edible mushrooms.However,fatalities caused by mushroom intoxications often make news headlines and therefore we include one of the most poisonous of all mushrooms,Amanita phalloides,as an example.We then move on to the fungi that damage our dwellings causing serious anxiety by rotting our timber structures and flooring.Serpula lacrymans,which causes dry rot is an excellent example.The next example serves to represent all plant and forest pathogens.Here we chose Austropuccinia psidii as it is causing devastating effects in Australia and will probably do likewise in New Zealand.Finally,we chose an important amphibian pathogen which is causing serious declines in the numbers of frogs and other amphibians worldwide.Although we target the top ten most feared fungi,numerous others are causing serious concern to human health,plant production,forestry,other animals and our factories and dwellings.By highlighting ten feared fungi as an example,we aim to promote public awareness of the cost and importance of fungi.展开更多
In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait impairments.However,a proportion of patients actually report ...In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait impairments.However,a proportion of patients actually report benefits from experiencing-or even purposely inducing-stressful or high-arousal situations.Using data from a large-scale international survey study among 4324 people with PD and gait impairments within the online Fox Insight(USA)and ParkinsonNEXT(NL)cohorts,we demonstrate that individuals with PD deploy an array of mental state alteration strategies to cope with their gait impairment.Crucially,these strategies differ along an axis of arousal-some act to heighten,whereas others diminish,overall sympathetic tone.Together,our observations suggest that arousal may act as a double-edged sword for gait control in PD.We propose a theoretical,neurobiological framework to explain why heightened arousal can have detrimental effects on the occurrence and severity of gait impairments in some individuals,while alleviating them in others.Specifically,we postulate that this seemingly contradictory phenomenon is explained by the inherent features of the ascending arousal system:namely,that arousal is related to task performance by an inverted u-shaped curve(the so-called Yerkes and Dodson relationship).We propose that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus plays an important role in modulating PD symptom severity and expression,by regulating arousal and by mediating network-level functional integration across the brain.The ability of the locus coeruleus to facilitate dynamic‘cross-talk’between distinct,otherwise largely segregated brain regions may facilitate the necessary cerebral compensation for gait impairments in PD.In the presence of suboptimal arousal,compensatory networks may be too segregated to allow for adequate compensation.Conversely,with supraoptimal arousal,increased cross-talk between competing inputs of these complementary networks may emerge and become dysfunctional.Because the locus coeruleus degenerates with disease progression,finetuning of this delicate balance becomes increasingly difficult,heightening the need for mental strategies to self-modulate arousal and facilitate shifting from a sub-or supraoptimal state of arousal to improve gait performance.Recognition of this underlying mechanism emphasises the importance of PD-specific rehabilitation strategies to alleviate gait disability.展开更多
The classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes include constitutively melanized fungi adapted to extreme conditions and they are widely distributed in diverse hostile habitats worldwide.Yet,despite the growing interes...The classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes include constitutively melanized fungi adapted to extreme conditions and they are widely distributed in diverse hostile habitats worldwide.Yet,despite the growing interest in these fungi,there is a considerable gap of knowledge on their functionality.Their genomic analysis is still in its infancy and the possibility to understand their adaptive strategies and exploit their potentialities in bioremediation is very limited.Here,we supply a genome catalog of 118 black fungi,encompassing different ecologies,phylogenies and lifestyles,as a first example of a comparative genomic study at high level of diversity.Results indicate that,as a rule,Dothideomycetes show more variable genome size and that larger genomes are associated with harshest conditions;low temperature tolerance and DNA repair capacity are overrepresented in their genomes.In Eurotiomycetes high temperature tolerance and capacity to metabolize hydrocarbons are more frequently present and these abilities are positively correlated with the human presence.The genomic features are consistent with the prevalent ecologies in the two classes.Indeed,Dothideomycetes are more common in cold and dry environments with high capacity for DNA repair being consistent with the normally highly UV-impacted conditions in their habitats;in contrast,Eurotiomycetes spread mainly in hot human-impacted sites with industrial pollution.Mean annual temperature and isothermality are positively correlated with tolerance to high temperatures in Dothideomycetes,suggesting that,despite their preference for the cold,they are potentially equipped to survive even when temperatures rise due to the global warming.展开更多
As a result of fundamental changes in the International Code of Nomenclature on the use of separate names for sexual and asexual stages of fungi,generic names of many groups should be reconsidered.Members of the ECMM/...As a result of fundamental changes in the International Code of Nomenclature on the use of separate names for sexual and asexual stages of fungi,generic names of many groups should be reconsidered.Members of the ECMM/ISHAM working group on Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium infections herein advocate a novel nomenclature for genera and species in Pseudallescheria,Scedosporium and allied taxa.The generic names Parascedosporium,Lomentospora,Petriella,Petriellopsis,and Scedosporium are proposed for a lineage within Microascaceae with mostly Scedosporium anamorphs producing slimy,annellidic conidia.Considering that Scedosporium has priority over Pseudallescheria and that Scedosporium prolificans is phylogenetically distinct from the other Scedosporium species,some name changes are proposed.Pseudallescheria minutispora and Petriellidium desertorum are renamed as Scedosporium minutisporum and S.desertorum,respectively.Scedosporium prolificans is renamed as Lomentospora prolificans.展开更多
基金supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health (No. R01NS102360)。
文摘It was hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) could provide necessary trophic factors when seeded onto the surfaces of commonly used nerve graft substitutes. We aimed to determine the gene expression of MSCs when influenced by Avance■ Nerve Grafts or Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides. Human adipose-derived MSCs were cultured and dynamically seeded onto 30 Avance■ Nerve Grafts and 30 Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides for 12 hours. At six time points after seeding, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed for five samples per group. Neurotrophic [nerve growth factor(NGF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF), pleiotrophin(PTN), growth associated protein 43(GAP43) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)], myelination [peripheral myelin protein 22(PMP22) and myelin protein zero(MPZ)], angiogenic [platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1(PECAM1/CD31) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor alpha(VEGFA)], extracellular matrix(ECM) [collagen type alpha I(COL1A1), collagen type alpha III(COL3A1), Fibulin 1(FBLN1) and laminin subunit beta 2(LAMB2)] and cell surface marker cluster of differentiation 96(CD96) gene expression was quantified. Unseeded Avance■ Nerve Grafts and Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides were used to evaluate the baseline gene expression, and unseeded MSCs provided the baseline gene expression of MSCs. The interaction of MSCs with the Avance■ Nerve Grafts led to a short-term upregulation of neurotrophic(NGF, GDNF and BDNF), myelination(PMP22 and MPZ) and angiogenic genes(CD31 and VEGFA) and a long-term upregulation of BDNF, VEGFA and COL1A1. The interaction between MSCs and the Neura Gen■ Nerve Guide led to short term upregulation of neurotrophic(NGF, GDNF and BDNF) myelination(PMP22 and MPZ), angiogenic(CD31 and VEGFA), ECM(COL1A1) and cell surface(CD96) genes and long-term upregulation of neurotrophic(GDNF and BDNF), angiogenic(CD31 and VEGFA), ECM genes(COL1A1, COL3A1, and FBLN1) and cell surface(CD96) genes. Analysis demonstrated MSCs seeded onto Neura Gen■ Nerve Guides expressed significantly higher levels of neurotrophic(PTN), angiogenic(VEGFA) and ECM(COL3A1, FBLN1) genes in the long term period compared to MSCs seeded onto Avance■ Nerve Grafts. Overall, the interaction between human MSCs and both nerve graft substitutes resulted in a significant upregulation of the expression of numerous genes important for nerve regeneration over time. The in vitro interaction of MSCs with the Neura Gen■ Nerve Guide was more pronounced, particularly in the long term period(> 14 days after seeding). These results suggest that MSC-seeding has potential to be applied in a clinical setting, which needs to be confirmed in future in vitro and in vivo research.
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a severe chronic autoimmune disease and has a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life,in particular regarding psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.Consistent evidence on which patient-related,disease-related or physician-related factors cause health-related quality of life(HRQoL)impairment in patients with AIH is lacking.Current studies on HRQoL in AIH are mainly single-centered,comprising small numbers of patients,and difficult to compare because of the use of different questionnaires,patient populations,and cutoff values.Literature in the pediatric field is sparse,but suggests that children/adolescents with AIH have a lower HRQoL.Knowledge of HRQoL and cohesive factors in AIH are important to improve healthcare for AIH patients,for example by developing an AIH-specific chronic healthcare model.By recognizing the importance of quality of life beyond the concept of biochemical and histological remission,clinicians allow us to seek enhancements and possible interventions in the management of AIH,aiming at improved health.
基金supported by grant provided by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP.Grant#2023/15750-7。
文摘Bone resorption is a vital physiological process that enables skeletal remodeling,maintenance,and adaptation to mechanical forces throughout life.While tightly regulated under the physiological state,its dysregulation contributes to pathological conditions such as osteoporosis,rheumatoid arthritis,and periodontitis.Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease driven by dysbiotic biofilms that disrupt the oral microbiome,leading to the progressive breakdown of the periodontal ligament,cementum,and alveolar bone and ultimately resulting in tooth loss.This review outlines the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying periodontitis,focusing on osteoclastogenesis,the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts,the primary mediators of bone resorption.Key transcriptional regulators,including NFATc1,c-Fos,and c-Src are discussed alongside major signaling pathways such as Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase(MAPK),Janus Tyrosine Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription(JAK/STAT),Nuclear Factor Kappa B(NF-κB),and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt,to elucidate their roles in the initiation and progression of periodontal bone loss.These pathways orchestrate the inflammatory response and osteoclast activity,underscoring their relevance in periodontitis and other osteolytic conditions.Hallmark features of periodontitis,including chronic inflammation,immune dysregulation,and tissue destruction are highlighted,with emphasis on current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these molecular pathways.Special attention is given to small molecules,biologics,and natural compounds that have the potential to modulate key signaling pathways.Although advances in understanding these mechanisms have identified promising therapeutic targets,translation into effective clinical interventions remains challenging.Continued research into regulating bone-resorptive signaling pathways is essential for developing more effective treatments for periodontitis and related inflammatory bone diseases.
基金supported by the China Posdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024MD754029)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project(No.CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX1218).
文摘Osteoporosis has long been a key area of medical research,as the Wnt signalling pathway is essential for bone formation and maintaining bone balance.The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the literature on osteoporosis and Wnt signalling to identify research trends,hot topics,and emerging areas of interest in this field.A visual analysis of the literature on osteoporosis and Wnt signalling offers a clearer perspective on the current research landscape,highlighting key topics and emerging trends in this area.The present study analysed publications related to osteoporosis and Wnt signalling from January 1,2002 to December 31,2021,using data from the Web of Science Core Collection.A total of 1553 publications were examined via tools,such as Microsoft Excel,CiteSpace,Vosviewer,and the Bibliometrics online analysis platform.The findings indicated that China has the highest number of publications in this area,with 489 articles.Warman Mathew’s work has the most citations,totalling 1031 articles,and the journal Bone has published the most articles,with 89 publications.Current research in this field has focused primarily on osteogenesis,metabolism,fractures,and osteoblasts.The present study highlights the significant role of Wnt signalling in bone homeostasis and disease,suggesting that future research will explore novel metabolic therapies for osteoporosis by targeting the Wnt signalling pathway with drugs.
基金supported by the State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)through grants 2019/17238-6,2020/05231-4,2022/16267-5,2024/15196-2,2024/02209-9supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnol´ogico(CNPq)(BRICS grant number 440104/2022-0 and 307471/2021-7)the Coordenaç˜ao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)(Finance Code 001).
文摘Biomedical and dental implants have enhanced healthcare but concurrently increased the risk of infections.Innovations in smart biomaterials,especially those responding to light stimuli through photocatalytic mecha-nisms,are emerging as promising solutions for activating targeted antimicrobial responses.While extensive reviews have provided insight into photocatalysis and its medical and environmental applications,limited focus has been given to solutions specifically tailored for implant contexts.The recent introduction of photocatalysis in the implant field,particularly visible-light-triggered photocatalytic coatings,represents a versatile approach to managing infections.These coatings offer on-demand reactive oxygen species generation,delivering antibacte-rial effects against a range of pathogens.Hence,this comprehensive review aims to summarize the latest ad-vancements in design principles,physicochemical modifications,and surface optimizations,along with novel research concepts towards the achievement of visible-light-triggered photocatalytic antibacterial activity.Moreover,through a systematic search,this review discusses the current state-of-the-art regarding the antimi-crobial efficacy of these biomaterials and the key factors influencing their performance,including microorganism type,photocatalyst properties,light source and intensity,and exposure time.Finally,it provides an in-depth discussion of current challenges,future directions,and regulatory considerations targeting biofilm-related implant treatments,offering guidance for future clinical adoption of multifunctional photocatalytic coatings in implant therapy.
文摘Emerging evidence illustrates that osteoclasts(OCs)play diverse roles beyond bone resorption,contributing signifi-cantly to bone formation and regeneration.Despite this,OCs remain mysterious cells,with aspects of their lifespan—from origin,fusion,alterations in cellular characteristics,to functions—remaining incompletely understood.Recent studies have identified that embryonic osteoclastogenesis is primarily driven by osteoclast precursors(OCPs)derived from erythromyeloid progenitors(EMPs).These precursor cells subsequently fuse into OCs essential for normal bone development and repair.Postnatally,hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)become the primary source of OCs,gradually replacing EMP-derived OCs and assuming functional roles in adulthood.The absence of OCs during bone develop-ment results in bone structure malformation,including abnormal bone marrow cavity formation and shorter long bones.Additionally,OCs are reported to have intimate interactions with blood vessels,influencing bone formation and repair through angiogenesis regulation.Upon biomaterial implantation,activation of the innate immune system ensues immediately.OCs,originating from macrophages,closely interact with the immune system.Furthermore,evi-dence from material-induced bone formation events suggests that OCs are pivotal in these de novo bone formation processes.Nevertheless,achieving a pure OC culture remains challenging,and interpreting OC functions in vivo faces difficulties due to the presence of other multinucleated cells around bone-forming biomaterials.We here describe the fusion characteristics of OCPs and summarize reliable markers and morphological changes in OCs during their fusion process,providing guidance for researchers in identifying OCs both in vitro and in vivo.This review focuses on OC formation,characterization,and the roles of OCs beyond resorption in various bone pathophysiological pro-cesses.Finally,therapeutic strategies targeting OCs are discussed.
基金supported in part by China Scholarship Council(No.201508610081 to T.Y.)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32071360,No.31900976 to H.C.)。
文摘Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays a vital role in promoting attachment and proliferation of endothelial cells,and induces angiogenesis.In recent years,much research has been conducted on the functionalization of tissue engineering scaffolds with VEGF or a VEGF-mimetic peptide to promote angiogenesis.However,most chemical reactions are nonspecific and require organic solvents,which can compromise control over functionalization and alter peptide/protein activity.An attractive alternative is the fabrication of functionalizable electrospun fibers,which can overcome these hurdles.In this study,we used thiol-ene chemistry for the conjugation of a VEGF-mimetic peptide to the surface of poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL)fibrous scaffolds with varying amounts of a functional PCL-diacrylate(PCL-DA)polymer.30%PCL-DA was selected due to homogeneous fiber morphology.A VEGF-mimetic peptide was then immobilized on PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds by a light-initiated thiol-ene reaction.7-Mercapto-4-methylcoumarin,RGD-FITC peptide and VEGF-TAMRA mimetic peptide were used to validate the thiol-ene reaction on the fibrous scaffolds.Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the 30%PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds were significantly increased after the reaction.Conjugation of the 30%PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds with the VEGF peptide increased the surface water wettability of the scaffolds.Patterned structures could be obtained after using a photomask on the fibrous film.Moreover,in vitro studies indicated that scaffolds functionalized with the VEGF-mimetic peptide were able to induce phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor and enhanced HUVECs survival,proliferation and adhesion.A chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)assay further indicated that the VEGF peptide functionalized scaffolds were able to promote angiogenesis in vivo.These results show that scaffold functionalization can be controlled via a simple polymer mixing approach,and that the functionalized VEGF peptide-scaffolds have potential for vascular tissue regeneration.
基金The authors acknowledge funding support by the European Research Council (Consolidator Grant 724281 to A.B.v.S.) and Sjoerd van Deventer and Vera Dunlock for critically reading the manuscript. The authors have no competing interest.
文摘The germinal center(GC)reaction is considered the cornerstone of our humoral immune response.Localized in specialized follicles inside secondary lymphoid organs,germinal center B cells(GCBCs)execute a pivotal task.Following an infection,the number of GCBCs is rapidly expanded,and subsequently GCBCs differentiate into specialized antibody-secreting factories.This intricate process is driven by the positive selection of GCBCs via the B-cell receptor with the highest affinity for the respective antigen.During this period of extensive proliferation,GCBCs are among the fastest dividing cells in our body.It has been established that cell proliferation requires tremendous amounts of energy and building blocks.However,there remains a paucity of evidence to explain how proliferating GCBCs meet these metabolic demands.In their latest publication in Nature Immunology,Weisel et al.provided new insights that may have a far-reaching impact on the evolution of the immunometabolism field.
文摘The family Ajellomycetaceae(Onygenales)includes mammal-associated pathogens within the genera Blastomyces,Emmonsia,Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides,as well as the recently described genera,Emergomyces that causes disease in immunocompromised hosts,and Emmonsiellopsis,known only from soil.To further assess the phylogenetic relationships among and between members of these genera and several previously undescribed species,we sequenced and analyzed the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II(rPB2),translation elongation factor 3-a(TEF3),b-tubulin(TUB2),28S large subunit rDNA(LSU)and the internal transcribed spacer regions(ITS)in 68 strains,in addition to morphological and physiological investigations.To better understand the thermal dimorphism among these fungi,the dynamic process of transformation from mycelial to yeast-like or adiaspore-like forms was also assessed over a range of temperatures(6–42C).Molecular data resolved the relationships and recognized five major well-supported lineages that correspond largely to the genus level.Emmonsia,typified by Emmonsia parva,is a synonym of Blastomyces that also accommodates Blastomyces helicus(formerly Emmonsia helica).Emmonsia crescens is phylogenetically distinct,and found closely related to a single strain from soil without known etiology.Blastomyces silverae,Emergomyces canadensis,Emergomyces europaeus and Emmonsia sola are newly described.Almost all of the taxa are associated with human and animal disease.Emmonsia crescens,B.dermatitidis and B.parvus are prevalently associated with pulmonary disease in humans or animals.Blastomyces helicus,B.percursus,Emergomyces africanus,Es.canadensis,Es.europaeus,Es.orientalis and Es.pasteurianus(formerly Emmonsia pasteuriana)are predominantly found in human hosts with immune disorders;no animal hosts are known for these species except B.helicus.
文摘Cellular strategies remain a crucial component in bone tissue engineering （BTE）. So far, the outcome of cell-based strategies from initial clinical trials is far behind compared to animal studies, which is suggested to be related to insufficient nutrient and oxygen supply inside the Ussue-engineered constructs. Cocultures, by introducing angiogenic cells into osteogenic cell cultures, might provide a solution for improving vascularization and hence increasing bone formation for cell-based constructs. So far, pre-clinical studies demonstrated that cocultures enhance vascularization and bone formation compared to monocultures. However, there has been no report on the application of cocultures in clinics. Therefore, this mini-review aims to provide an overview regarding （i） critical parameters in cocultures and the outcomes of cocultures compared to monocultures in the currently available pre-clinical studies using human mesenchymal stem cells implanted in orthotopic animal models; and （ii） the usage of monocultures in clinical application in BTE.
基金support by a grant from the Dutch government to the Netherlands Institute for Regenerative Medicine(NIRM,Grant No.FES0908)support of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research(NWO)P15-23(Project 1)“Activating resident stem cells”and EFRO OPOost 00867 Orthros TR.
文摘A combination of the viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid(HA)and the elastic properties of star shaped 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)(8-arm PEG)was used to design in-situ forming hydrogels.Hydrogels were prepared by the enzymatic crosslinking of a partially tyramine modified 8-arm PEG and a tyramine conjugated HA using horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.Hydrogels of the homopolymer conjugates and mixtures thereof were rapidly formed within seconds under physiological conditions at low polymer and enzyme concentrations.Elastic hydrogels with high gel content(≥95%)and high storage moduli(up to 22.4 kPa)were obtained.An in vitro study in the presence of hyaluronidase(100 U/mL)revealed that with increasing PEG content the degradation time of the hybrid hydrogels increased up to several weeks,whereas hydrogels composed of only hyaluronic acid degraded within 2 weeks.Human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)incorporated in the hybrid hydrogels remained viable as shown by a PrestoBlue and a live-dead assay,confirming the biocompatibility of the constructs.The production of an extracellular matrix by re-differentiation of encapsulated human chondrocytes was followed over a period of 28 days.Gene expression indicated that these highly elastic hydrogels induced an enhanced production of collagen type II.At low PEG-TA/HA-TA ratios a higher expression of SOX 9 and ACAN was observed.These results indicate that by modulating the ratio of PEG/HA,injectable hydrogels can be prepared applicable as scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.
基金supported by ZonMW and Stichting Proefdiervrij(MKMD#114022506 to W.S.)co-funded by the PPP Allowance made available by Health~Holland,Top Sector Life Sciences&Health,to stimulate public-private partnerships(#LSHM17014 to V.M.H.and LSHM18024 to W.S.).
文摘Progressive aggregation of tau protein in neurons is associated with neurodegeneration in tauopathies.Cell non-autonomous disease mechanisms in astrocytes may be important drivers of the disease process but remain largely elusive.Here,we studied cell type-specific responses to intraneuronal tau aggregation prior to neurodegeneration.To this end,we developed a fully human co-culture model of seed-independent intraneuronal tau pathology,which shows no neuron and synapse loss.Using high-content microscopy,we show that intraneuronal tau aggregation induces oxidative stress accompanied by activation of the integrated stress response specifically in astrocytes.This requires the direct co-culture with neurons and is not related to neurodegeneration or extracellular tau levels.Tau-directed antisense therapy reduced intraneuronal tau levels and aggregation and prevented the cell non-autonomous responses in astrocytes.These data identify the astrocytic integrated stress response as a novel disease mechanism activated by intraneuronal tau aggregation.In addition,our data provide the first evidence for the efficacy of tau-directed antisense therapy to target cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous disease pathways in a fully human model of tau pathology.
文摘An account is provided of the world’s ten most feared fungi.Within areas of interest,we have organized the entries in the order of concern.We put four human pathogens first as this is of concern to most people.This is followed by fungi producing mycotoxins that are highly harmful for humans;Aspergillus flavus,the main producer of aflatoxins,was used as an example.Problems due to indoor air fungi may also directly affect our health and we use Stachybotrys chartarum as an example.Not everyone collects and eats edible mushrooms.However,fatalities caused by mushroom intoxications often make news headlines and therefore we include one of the most poisonous of all mushrooms,Amanita phalloides,as an example.We then move on to the fungi that damage our dwellings causing serious anxiety by rotting our timber structures and flooring.Serpula lacrymans,which causes dry rot is an excellent example.The next example serves to represent all plant and forest pathogens.Here we chose Austropuccinia psidii as it is causing devastating effects in Australia and will probably do likewise in New Zealand.Finally,we chose an important amphibian pathogen which is causing serious declines in the numbers of frogs and other amphibians worldwide.Although we target the top ten most feared fungi,numerous others are causing serious concern to human health,plant production,forestry,other animals and our factories and dwellings.By highlighting ten feared fungi as an example,we aim to promote public awareness of the cost and importance of fungi.
基金supported by an Academy Van Leersum grant of the Academy Medical Sciences Fund,Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts&Sciencessupported by a Parkinson Canada New Investigator grant,as well as a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant.RCH was supported by a research grant(VIDI,#09150172010044)from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research+4 种基金He has acted as consultant for UCB(unrelated to this work)supported by a grant from the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF/EFRO,grant number PROJ-00928)outside the submitted worksupported by the National Health and Medical Research Council(1193857)supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program(RTP)Scholarship.GW reports no disclosures.SJGL was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Leadership Fellowship(1195830)supported by a ZonMW Veni grant(16.196.022).
文摘In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait impairments.However,a proportion of patients actually report benefits from experiencing-or even purposely inducing-stressful or high-arousal situations.Using data from a large-scale international survey study among 4324 people with PD and gait impairments within the online Fox Insight(USA)and ParkinsonNEXT(NL)cohorts,we demonstrate that individuals with PD deploy an array of mental state alteration strategies to cope with their gait impairment.Crucially,these strategies differ along an axis of arousal-some act to heighten,whereas others diminish,overall sympathetic tone.Together,our observations suggest that arousal may act as a double-edged sword for gait control in PD.We propose a theoretical,neurobiological framework to explain why heightened arousal can have detrimental effects on the occurrence and severity of gait impairments in some individuals,while alleviating them in others.Specifically,we postulate that this seemingly contradictory phenomenon is explained by the inherent features of the ascending arousal system:namely,that arousal is related to task performance by an inverted u-shaped curve(the so-called Yerkes and Dodson relationship).We propose that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus plays an important role in modulating PD symptom severity and expression,by regulating arousal and by mediating network-level functional integration across the brain.The ability of the locus coeruleus to facilitate dynamic‘cross-talk’between distinct,otherwise largely segregated brain regions may facilitate the necessary cerebral compensation for gait impairments in PD.In the presence of suboptimal arousal,compensatory networks may be too segregated to allow for adequate compensation.Conversely,with supraoptimal arousal,increased cross-talk between competing inputs of these complementary networks may emerge and become dysfunctional.Because the locus coeruleus degenerates with disease progression,finetuning of this delicate balance becomes increasingly difficult,heightening the need for mental strategies to self-modulate arousal and facilitate shifting from a sub-or supraoptimal state of arousal to improve gait performance.Recognition of this underlying mechanism emphasises the importance of PD-specific rehabilitation strategies to alleviate gait disability.
基金supported by the European Commission under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No.702057(DRYLIFE)M.D-B.is supported by a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(PID2020-115813RA-I00)+4 种基金a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional(FEDER)the Consejería de Transformación Económica,Industria,Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía(FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático'01-Refuerzo de la investigación,el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación')associated with the research project P20_00879(ANDABIOMA)N.S.receives funding from the ERC(ERC-STG project MetaPG-716575 and ERC-CoG microTOUCH-101045015)J.E.S.is a CIFAR fellow in the Fungal Kingdom:Threats and Opportunities program.T.K.and J.E.S.were partially supported by NIH NIAID R01-GM108492Data analyses performed at the High-Performance Computing Cluster at the University of California Riverside in the Institute of Integrative Genome Biology were supported by NSF grant DBI-1429826 and NIH grant S10-OD016290.
文摘The classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes include constitutively melanized fungi adapted to extreme conditions and they are widely distributed in diverse hostile habitats worldwide.Yet,despite the growing interest in these fungi,there is a considerable gap of knowledge on their functionality.Their genomic analysis is still in its infancy and the possibility to understand their adaptive strategies and exploit their potentialities in bioremediation is very limited.Here,we supply a genome catalog of 118 black fungi,encompassing different ecologies,phylogenies and lifestyles,as a first example of a comparative genomic study at high level of diversity.Results indicate that,as a rule,Dothideomycetes show more variable genome size and that larger genomes are associated with harshest conditions;low temperature tolerance and DNA repair capacity are overrepresented in their genomes.In Eurotiomycetes high temperature tolerance and capacity to metabolize hydrocarbons are more frequently present and these abilities are positively correlated with the human presence.The genomic features are consistent with the prevalent ecologies in the two classes.Indeed,Dothideomycetes are more common in cold and dry environments with high capacity for DNA repair being consistent with the normally highly UV-impacted conditions in their habitats;in contrast,Eurotiomycetes spread mainly in hot human-impacted sites with industrial pollution.Mean annual temperature and isothermality are positively correlated with tolerance to high temperatures in Dothideomycetes,suggesting that,despite their preference for the cold,they are potentially equipped to survive even when temperatures rise due to the global warming.
文摘As a result of fundamental changes in the International Code of Nomenclature on the use of separate names for sexual and asexual stages of fungi,generic names of many groups should be reconsidered.Members of the ECMM/ISHAM working group on Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium infections herein advocate a novel nomenclature for genera and species in Pseudallescheria,Scedosporium and allied taxa.The generic names Parascedosporium,Lomentospora,Petriella,Petriellopsis,and Scedosporium are proposed for a lineage within Microascaceae with mostly Scedosporium anamorphs producing slimy,annellidic conidia.Considering that Scedosporium has priority over Pseudallescheria and that Scedosporium prolificans is phylogenetically distinct from the other Scedosporium species,some name changes are proposed.Pseudallescheria minutispora and Petriellidium desertorum are renamed as Scedosporium minutisporum and S.desertorum,respectively.Scedosporium prolificans is renamed as Lomentospora prolificans.
