Governed by the second law of thermodynamics,waste heat generation is inevitable and has been a major source of energy loss and environmental concern in human society.Harvesting waste heat into useful energy has thus ...Governed by the second law of thermodynamics,waste heat generation is inevitable and has been a major source of energy loss and environmental concern in human society.Harvesting waste heat into useful energy has thus become a paramount priority,but has remained challenging with efficiency and cost constraints.Thermoelectric generators(TEGs),which convert heat into electricity whenever there is a temperature difference,play a crucial role in waste heat harvesting.However,sustaining the temperature difference for uninterrupted and high-power density electricity generation is a major challenge in TEGs to achieve practical applications due to the thermal equilibrium.Here,we demonstrate a diurnal waste heat harvester by integrating a high-power radiative cooling film as the cool end of TEGs to enable a large and continuous temperature difference.Significant voltage increase from 30.0 mV to 65.7 mV was achieved,leading to a dramatic power density enhancement of 4.8 times from 35.2 mW m^(-2)to 168.6 mW m^(-2).In an open zone,an ultra-high power density of 2.76 W m^(-2)was achieved at a heat source temperature of 80°C,exceeding the performance of state-of-the-art radiatively cooled TEGs.More importantly,a portable and foldable thermal energy harvesting prototype composed of 24 TEGs arranged in an array has been constructed.When attached to a hot object(e.g.a car engine hood),it can output 5 V to charge personal electronics(e.g.a cellphone),making it a promising practical device for harvesting waste heat in a wide range of outdoor applications.展开更多
The impurities and structural cracks within spent graphite(SG)in lithium-ion battery anodes hamper lithium-ion intercalation and extraction after successive charge-discharge operations,thereby yielding poor lithium st...The impurities and structural cracks within spent graphite(SG)in lithium-ion battery anodes hamper lithium-ion intercalation and extraction after successive charge-discharge operations,thereby yielding poor lithium storage behavior.Herein,low-viscosity natural deep eutectic solvent(NDES)composed of citric acid(CA)and betaine hydrochloride was employed to remove the organic impurities in SG via a one-step benign process involving hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions at mild conditions of 80℃ for only 30 min.After NDES leaching under optimal conditions(molar ratio of CA to betaine hydrochloride=3:1,80℃,30 min),the as-obtained sample(denoted as BG-3)exhibited an extremely clean surface,moderately enlarged interlayer distance,and more structural defects at the edge of graphite lamellae.These features facilitated lithium-ion intercalation and withdrawal,bestowing BG-3 with remarkable activity in lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling.For instance,BG-3 delivered a capacity of 438.6 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g^(-1).Its capacity retention reached 97.9%,accompanied by a Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%,upon completing 100 cycles.A molecular dynamics simulation was employed to illuminate the regeneration mechanism for anode graphite from a theoretical perspective.It revealed that NDES exhibits lower binding energy with all contaminants compared to graphite,which is favorable for NDES to eliminate impurities from graphite surfaces.This study unveils a method of recycling SG from retired LIBs by a short eco-friendly process,providing a competitive blueprint to address the shortage of battery-grade anode graphite and to achieve carbon neutrality.展开更多
A 3D mathematical model was established to investigate the gas-liquid two-phase flow in Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH)vacuum refining process.The flow characteristics of molten steel were calculated using the coupled standard...A 3D mathematical model was established to investigate the gas-liquid two-phase flow in Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH)vacuum refining process.The flow characteristics of molten steel were calculated using the coupled standard k-εmodel and volume of fluid model.The bubble distribution was tracked by discrete phase model.Electromagnetic field was applied in the up-leg snorkel to enhance the effect of vacuum refining.The effect of swirling flow nozzles combined with electromagnetic stirring(EMS)on the flow characteristics of molten steel and bubble distribution was analyzed.The erosion of the up-leg snorkel was compared.The results show that when the swirling flow nozzles are used,the bubbles exhibit a distinct adherent rising behavior,and the refining efficiency decreases.In addition,the electromagnetic field can significantly improve the refining efficiency,but it brings stronger erosion to the up-leg snorkel.Nevertheless,when using the swirling flow nozzles combined with EMS,the refining performance is further optimized,and the erosion of the up-leg snorkel is also reduced due to its characteristic of bubble distribution.Compared to conventional nozzles,the mixing time was shortened by 16.2%,the recirculation rate increased by 12.5%.and the swirling intensity was strengthened by 8.9%.展开更多
The soil-water retention curve(SWRC)plays a pivotal role in understanding water movement across numerous geological engineering applications.Despite significant advancements in theoretical modeling approaches,accurate...The soil-water retention curve(SWRC)plays a pivotal role in understanding water movement across numerous geological engineering applications.Despite significant advancements in theoretical modeling approaches,accurate prediction of SWRCs remains challenging due to the inherently sparse and incomplete nature of site-specific data.This study compiled a comprehensive dataset of SWRCs spanning a wide suction range from various published literature sources.Based on this dataset,multiple machine learning(ML)algorithms were employed to predict SWRCs.The performance of each algorithm was evaluated and ranked using four statistical indicators that quantify simulation accuracy.Feature importance analysis was subsequently conducted to reduce dimensionality by eliminating weakly correlated variables,thereby enhancing both model adaptability and computational efficiency.Following dimensionality reduction,a base learner pool was constructed and integrated through stacked generalization to create a multi-algorithm ensemble model.The proposed stacked model demonstrated robust performance in simulating SWRCs across diverse soil types,using only basic physical properties as inputs,achieving accuracy comparable to or marginally superior to the LightGBM model.The principal advantage of the stacked approach lies in its substantially improved accuracy within high suction ranges,effectively overcoming the limitations observed in LightGBM and enhancing the estimation under these conditions.This study provides valuable insights for researchers evaluating SWRCs through ML algorithms and demonstrates the potential of ensemble techniques in geotechnical prediction tasks.展开更多
Aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon-neutral energy transition.However,Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth...Aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon-neutral energy transition.However,Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth and side reactions.Existing Zn interfacial modification strategies based on single-component or homogeneous structure are insufficient to address these issues comprehensively.Herein,we rationally designed an organic-inorganic hybrid interfacial layer with rigid-to-soft graded structure for dendrite-free and stable Zn anodes.A liquid plasma-assisted oxidation technology is developed to rapidly construct a porous ZnO inner framework in situ.This ZnO layer offers high interfacial energy,mechanical robustness,and an open structure that facilitates ion transport while firmly anchoring a subsequently coated soft polymer layer.The resulting architecture presents a structurally graded and functionally complementary interface,enabling effective dendrite suppression,continuous Zn ion transport,and enhanced corrosion resistance.As a result,a long cycling stability of more than 6000 h can be achieved at 1 mA cm^(-2)for 1 mAh cm^(-2)in symmetric cells.When used as anodes for zinc-iodine full battery,the hybrid interlayer can effectively prevent the Zn anodes from the corrosion by polyiodine,enabling stable cycling and negligible capacity decay(~0.02‰per cycle)for over 10,000 cycles at 2.0 A g^(-1).This work demonstrates a promising interfacial design strategy and introduces a novel liquid plasma-assisted oxidation route for fabricating high-performance Zn anodes towards next-generation aqueous batteries.展开更多
The spin-sensitive nature of redox reactions in energy conversion systems,such as the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),has attracted increasing attention due to its potential for enhancing catalytic efficiency.Magnetic ...The spin-sensitive nature of redox reactions in energy conversion systems,such as the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),has attracted increasing attention due to its potential for enhancing catalytic efficiency.Magnetic fields(MFs)have been proposed to enhance OER performance by influencing the spin states of oxygen intermediates.However,prior study has predominantly focused on MF effects mediated by the intrinsic magnetic properties of electrocatalysts or magnetohydrodynamics.In this work,we report a universal enhancement in OER activity,achieving over 150% increase in current density under a200 mT MF across diamagnetic,paramagnetic and magnetic electrocatalysts in 1 M KOH.Through systematic investigation of MF orientation and strength,pH,applied potentials,and the use of benzoquinone radical scavenger,we demonstrate that MF-driven performance improvements arise from direct modulation of oxygen radical spin states.Specifically,MFs promote the formation of spin-triplet oxygen intermediates(↑O–O↑),a critical step for O–O bond formation,independent of the catalyst's intrinsic magnetism.However,the local magnetic environment near the catalyst surface,governed by its magnetic properties,indirectly influences radical spin dynamics by alternating the effective field experienced by intermediates.These findings redefine the role of spin manipulation in electrocatalysis,advancing understanding of MF-driven spin effects in redox reactions.展开更多
Sodium layered oxides stand out as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their high energy density,elemental abundance,and scalability.However,their practical applications are restricted b...Sodium layered oxides stand out as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their high energy density,elemental abundance,and scalability.However,their practical applications are restricted by interplanar gliding,cation migration,and the formation of intragranular microcracks,which collectively lead to rapid structural degradation and capacity loss.Herein,we rationally design an ultrastable O3-type Na_(0.94)Ca_(0.03)Ni_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2) cathode,in which Ca^(2+)cations act as pillars within the NaO_(2)slabs,suppressing the irreversible phase transitions and Na/TM cation migration commonly observed in layered oxides.Multiscale in situ and ex situ techniques,combined with post-mortem analysis,reveal that the Ca-pillared pinning effect not only effectively suppresses the interplanar gliding and stress accumulation within the crystal phase but also restrains Na/TM cation migration and surface reconstruction in near-surface regions.Benefiting from the combined effects of structural stabilization,the Ca-pillared cathode exhibits a superior cycling stability,retaining 81.6%of its capacity after 1000 cycles at 2 C within the voltage range of 2.0-4.0 V,along with significantly enhanced wide-temperature(from-40 to 80℃)performance.This work highlights another critical role of Ca pillars in suppressing cation migration and surface structural degradation beyond preventing adverse interplanar gliding,offering valuable insights for designing long-life and wide-temperature layered oxide cathodes.展开更多
Background:Music has proven to be vital in enhancing resilience and promotingwell-being.Previously,the impact of music in sports environments was solely investigated,while this paper applies it to study environments,s...Background:Music has proven to be vital in enhancing resilience and promotingwell-being.Previously,the impact of music in sports environments was solely investigated,while this paper applies it to study environments,standing out as pioneering research.The study consists of a systematic development of a conceptual framework based on theories of Uses and Gratification Expectancy(UGE)and perceived motivation based on music elements.Their components are observed variables influencing students’psychological well-being(as the dependent variable).Resilience is examined as a mediator,influencing the relationships of both observed and dependent variables.The main purpose of this study is to highlight the positive effects of online music consumption on the psychological well-being of students.Methods:Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with eighteen final year creative multimedia undergraduate students belonging to five central region Malaysian universities,especially on their UGE needs,and a similar concept survey instrument with two hundred participants.The interview data were analysed through thematic analysis,while the survey data through descriptive and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM).Results:The results highlight that students gain motivation from online music,which positively affects their psychological well-being(β=0.190,p=0.003,f^(2)=0.037),while resilience significantly affects this relationship(β=0.562,p<0.001,f^(2)=0.461).However,the results also predict a partial relationship between constructs based on UGE with psychological well-being,mediated by resilience,i.e.,AT-UGE(β=0.021,p=0.783,f^(2)=0.000),SIPI-UGE(β=0.228,p=0.004,f^(2)=0.044).Conclusion:The outcome of the study reflected practical,meaningful,and statistically significant results.The majority of the predictors,with the exception of one,i.e.,AT-UGE,displayed a clear positive relation of online music consumption on the Psychological Well-being of students.Future research will explore varying contextual factors impacting online music-related gratifications,motivations,and resilience,along with additional potential mediators and moderators.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a novel probabilistic method for predicting the undrained bearing capacity of spatially variable soils.Our approach combines a Gaussian process regression(GPR)-based surrogate model with rando...In this paper,we propose a novel probabilistic method for predicting the undrained bearing capacity of spatially variable soils.Our approach combines a Gaussian process regression(GPR)-based surrogate model with random cell-based smoothed finite analysis.The Gaussian process emulator(GPE)serves as a statistical tool for making predictions from a data set.First,we validate the accuracy and efficiency of kinematic limit analysis using the cell-based smoothed finite element method(CS-FEM)against the standard finite element method(FEM)and edge-based smoothed FEM(ES-FEM).The numerical results demonstrate that the CS-FEM framework surpasses traditional numerical approaches,establishing its reliability in computing collapse loads.Subsequently,we conduct several hundred simulations to develop a surrogate model for predicting the undrained bearing capacity of shallow foundations.By utilizing various kernel functions,we enhance the accuracy of the GPE in these predictions.This method offers a practical and efficient solution,effectively addressing multiple uncertainties.Numerical results indicate that the GPE significantly boosts computational efficiency,achieving satisfactory outcomes within minutes compared to the days required for conventional simulations.Notably,the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)decreases from 2.38%to 1.82%for rough foundations when employing Matérn and rational quadratic kernel functions,respectively.Additionally,combining different kernel functions further enhances the accuracy of collapse load predictions.展开更多
The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and med...The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and medical sectors.However,conventional machining of titanium alloys leads to elevated tool wear,development of surface defects,and reduced machining efficiency due to their low heat conductivity,and chemical affinity.These issues can be somewhat counteracted by integrating ultrasonic vibration in the conventional machining of titanium alloys and also enhance sustainability.This review article offers a holistic evaluation of the influence of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling and turning on cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,and surface integrity,encompassing surface morphology,surface roughness,surface residual stress,surface hardness,and surface tribological properties during titanium alloys machining.Furthermore,it investigates the sustainability aspect that has not been previously examined.Studies on the performance of ultrasonic-assisted cutting revealed several advantages,including decreased cutting forces and cutting temperature,improved tool life,and a better-machined surface during machining.Consequently,the sustainability factor is improved due to minimized energy consumption and residual waste.In conclusion,the key challenges and future prospects in the ultrasonic-assisted cutting of titanium alloys are also discussed.This review article provides beneficial knowledge for manufactur-ers and researchers regarding ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting of titanium alloy and will play an important role in achieving sustainability in the industry.展开更多
The effect of oxygen on the microstructure,mechanical properties and deformation behaviours of as-cast biocompatible Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10Ox(x=0.5,1.0 and 2.0 at.%)high entropy alloys(HEAs)was investi-gated.All three oxyge...The effect of oxygen on the microstructure,mechanical properties and deformation behaviours of as-cast biocompatible Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10Ox(x=0.5,1.0 and 2.0 at.%)high entropy alloys(HEAs)was investi-gated.All three oxygen-doped HEAs solidified as a single body-centred cubic(BCC)phase grain structure with predominantly high-angle grain boundaries following the Mackenzie prediction.Increasing oxygen content significantly increased tensile strength at a rate of about 180 MPa/1.0 at.%,but decreased ten-sile ductility.However,at the addition level of 0.5 at.%O,the as-cast Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O0.5 HEA can achieve a yield strength(σ_(0.2))of 947±44 MPa and an elongation at break(ε_(f))of 9.5%±1.8%.These properties make this HEA comparable to medical grade Ti-6Al-4V(wt.%)alloy(ASTM Grade 23 titanium)(σ_(0.2)≥759 MPa;ε_(f)≥10%)in itsability to absorbenergy in plasticdeformation,whileoffering greater resistance to permanent shape changes.Due to the possible strong interaction between oxygen atoms and dislocations through pinning and de-pinning,all oxygen-doped HEAs exhibited discontinuous yield-ing,whereas the low oxygen base HEA underwent normal yielding.No oxygen clusters were detected through atom probe tomography(APT)analysis.The deformation mechanism depends on oxygen con-tent.The plastic deformation of the Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O0.5 HEA occurred through the formation of pri-mary and secondary shear bands.In contrast,planar slip bands and a limited number of primary shear bands(without secondary shear bands)were observed in the Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O2.0 HEA.To ensure suf-ficient ductility,the oxygen content should be limited to 0.5 at.%.Furthermore,at this oxygen content,the corrosion resistance of the Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O0.5 HEA in Hank’s solution is comparable to that of Ti-6Al-4V.展开更多
Large solidification ranges and coarse columnar grains in the additively manufacturing of Al-Mg-Si alloys are normally involved in hot cracks during solidification.In this work,we develop novel crack-free Al-Mg_(2) Si...Large solidification ranges and coarse columnar grains in the additively manufacturing of Al-Mg-Si alloys are normally involved in hot cracks during solidification.In this work,we develop novel crack-free Al-Mg_(2) Si alloys fabricated by laser powder-bed fusion(L-PBF).The results indicate that the eutectic Mg_(2) Si phase possesses a strong ability to reduce crack susceptibility.It can enhance the grain growth restriction factor in the initial stage of solidification and promote eutectic filling in the terminal stage of solidifica-tion.The crack-free L-PBFed Al-x Mg_(2) Si alloys(x=6 wt.%,9 wt.%,and 12 wt.%)exhibit the combination of low crack susceptibility index(CSI),superior ability for liquid filling,and grain refinement.Particularly,the L-PBFed Al-9Mg_(2) Si alloy shows improved mechanical properties(e.g.yield strength of 397 MPa and elongation of 7.3%).However,the cracks are more likely to occur in the region near the columnar grain boundaries of the L-PBFed Al-3Mg_(2) Si alloy with a large solidification range and low eutectic content for liquid filling.Correspondingly,the L-PBFed Al-3Mg_(2) Si alloy shows poor bearing capacity of mechanical properties.The precise tuning of Mg_(2) Si eutectic content can offer an innovative strategy for eliminating cracks in additively manufactured Al-Mg-Si alloy.展开更多
Lithium niobate(LN)has remained at the forefront of academic research and industrial applications due to its rich material properties,which include second-order nonlinear optic,electro-optic,and piezoelectric properti...Lithium niobate(LN)has remained at the forefront of academic research and industrial applications due to its rich material properties,which include second-order nonlinear optic,electro-optic,and piezoelectric properties.A further aspect of LN’s versatility stems from the ability to engineer ferroelectric domains with micro and even nano-scale precision in LN,which provides an additional degree of freedom to design acoustic and optical devices with improved performance and is only possible in a handful of other materials.In this review paper,we provide an overview of the domain engineering techniques developed for LN,their principles,and the typical domain size and pattern uniformity they provide,which is important for devices that require high-resolution domain patterns with good reproducibility.It also highlights each technique's benefits,limitations,and adaptability for an application,along with possible improvements and future advancement prospects.Further,the review provides a brief overview of domain visualization methods,which is crucial to gain insights into domain quality/shape and explores the adaptability of the proposed domain engineering methodologies for the emerging thin-film lithium niobate on an insulator platform,which creates opportunities for developing the next generation of compact and scalable photonic integrated circuits and high frequency acoustic devices.展开更多
Ga_(2)O_(3) is considered a potential anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and unique self-healing capability.To develop a novel preparation method and in-depth...Ga_(2)O_(3) is considered a potential anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and unique self-healing capability.To develop a novel preparation method and in-depth understanding of the electrochemical reaction mechanism of Ga_(2)O_(3),a brand-new liquid-liquid dealloying strategy was exploited to construct porous α-Ga_(2)O_(3) nanowire networks.Profiting from the well-designed porous structure,the material exhibits impressive cycling stability of a reversible capacity of 603.9 mA·h/g after 200 cycles at 1000 mA/g and a capacity retention of 125.2 mA·h/g after 100 cycles at 0.5C when assembling to Ga_(2)O_(3)//LiFePO_(4) full cells.The lithiation/delithiation reaction mechanism of the porous Ga_(2)O_(3) anodes is further revealed by ex-situ Raman,XRD,TEM measurements,and density functional theoretical(DFT)calculations,which establishes a correlation between the electrochemical performance and the phase transition fromα-Ga_(2)O_(3) to β-Ga_(2)O_(3) during cycling.展开更多
Global population growth and rising standards of living are the driving factors for the cropland expansion to meet increasing demands.However,there is no clear assessment of the specific losses on ecosystem services c...Global population growth and rising standards of living are the driving factors for the cropland expansion to meet increasing demands.However,there is no clear assessment of the specific losses on ecosystem services caused by China's expansion of cropland to ensure food security at the cost of losing ecological land such as forests and grasslands.This study employed the ArcGIS platform and integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs(InVEST)model to explore the cropland expansion in China from 2000 to 2020 and its impact on ecosystem services,so as to predict the priority areas of future cropland expansion in different scenarios.The results indicated that in the past 20 years,the total area of cropland expansion in China was 17.04 million hm^(2)with 70.79% conversion from forests and grasslands.Cropland expansion has contributed to an overall improvement in the food supply services with the Northern Arid and Semi-Arid Region exhibiting an increase of 18.76×10^(6) tons,while concurrently leading to a decline in habitat quality services.The priority areas for future cropland expansion without ecological loss were found to be 1.42 million hm^(2),which only account for 9.44% of the total reclaimable land.To minimize the loss of ecosystem services,there is a need to adjust the cropland replenishment policies and provide an operational solution for global food security and ecological protection.展开更多
Ultra-wide absorption band and flexibility are needed in multi-scenario applications,however,current electromagnetic wave absorption materials(EMWAMs)are not capable enough to deliver due to rigid structure.Here,we ha...Ultra-wide absorption band and flexibility are needed in multi-scenario applications,however,current electromagnetic wave absorption materials(EMWAMs)are not capable enough to deliver due to rigid structure.Here,we have designed a porous flexible mat composed of Zn-doped carbon(Zn@C)nanofibers(NFs)having encapsulated uniformly dispersed FeCo nanoparticles(NPs)(FeCo/Zn@C)as ultra-wideband absorber.During the electrospinning,the Fe^(3+),Co^(2+)and Zn^(2+)are uniformly immobilized within the NFs nanocrystallization process.Subsequently,the Kirkendall effect is deployed to trigger the generation of FeCo NPs and porous framework under thermal annealing.The FeCo/Zn@C NFs effectively favor magnetic-dielectric synergies due to the coexistence of magnetic FeCo NPs and dielectric carbon components.One-dimensional porous fiber prolongs the attenuation path and enhances multi-scattering and reflection.While the FeCo NPs encapsulated in Zn-doped carbon NFs provide abundant dipole and interfacial polarization.These favorable factors synergistically enhance absorption performance,resulting in a reflection loss value of-71.58 dB.Moreover,by varying the thickness of absorbers,effective absorption bandwidth spans from 4.26 to 18.00 GHz.Hence,this work offers innovative insights for fabricating advanced EMWAMs.展开更多
Peanut varieties are diverse globally,with their characters and nutrition determining the product quality.However,the comparative analysis and statistical analysis of key quality indicators for peanut kernels across t...Peanut varieties are diverse globally,with their characters and nutrition determining the product quality.However,the comparative analysis and statistical analysis of key quality indicators for peanut kernels across the world remains relatively limited,impeding the comprehensive evaluation of peanut quality and hindering the industry development on a global scale.This study aimed to compare and analyze the apparent morphology,microstructure,single-cell structure,engineering and mechanical properties,as well as major nutrient contents of peanut kernels from 10 different cultivars representing major peanut-producing countries.The surface and cross-section microstructure of the peanut kernels exhibited a dense“blocky”appearance with a distinct cellular structure.The lipid droplets were predominantly spherical with a regular distribution within the cells.The single-cell structure of the kernels from these 10 peanut cultivars demonstrated varying morphologies and dimensions,which exhibited correlations with their mechanical and engineering properties.Furthermore,the mass loss versus temperature profiles of the peanut kernels revealed five distinct stages,corresponding to moisture loss,volatile loss,protein denaturation,and the degradation of various biomacromolecules.Variations were also observed in the lipid,protein,and sucrose contents,texture,bulk density,true density,porosity,geometric mean diameter,and sphericity among the diferent peanut varieties.This study establishes relationships and correlations among microstructure,engineering properties,and nutritional composition of commonly grown peanut varieties in major peanut-processing countries.The findings provide valuable insights into peanut quality evaluation,empowering the peanut industry to enhance their processing and product development efforts.展开更多
Layer-structured Ruddlesden–Popper(RP)perovskites(RPPs)with decent stability have captured the imagination of the photovoltaic research community and bring hope for boosting the development of perovskite solar cell(P...Layer-structured Ruddlesden–Popper(RP)perovskites(RPPs)with decent stability have captured the imagination of the photovoltaic research community and bring hope for boosting the development of perovskite solar cell(PSC)technology.However,two-dimensional(2D)or quasi-2D RP PSCs are encountered with some challenges of the large exciton binding energy,blocked charge transport and poor film quality,which restrict their photovoltaic performance.Fortunately,these issues can be readily resolved by rationally designing spacer cations of RPPs.This review mainly focuses on how to design the molecular structures of organic spacers and aims to endow RPPs with outstanding photovoltaic applications.We firstly elucidated the important roles of organic spacers in impacting crystallization kinetics,charge transporting ability and stability of RPPs.Then we brought three aspects to attention for designing organic spacers.Finally,we presented the specific molecular structure design strategies for organic spacers of RPPs aiming to improve photovoltaic performance of RP PSCs.These proposed strategies in this review will provide new avenues to develop novel organic spacers for RPPs and advance the development of RPP photovoltaic technology for future applications.展开更多
Sliding mode control(SMC)is a widely adopted control technology known for its robustness and simplicity.The essence of SMC is to use discontinuous control to drive a system into a pre-defined motion,called the sliding...Sliding mode control(SMC)is a widely adopted control technology known for its robustness and simplicity.The essence of SMC is to use discontinuous control to drive a system into a pre-defined motion,called the sliding mode,which is designed with desirable dynamical properties.In the sliding mode,the controlled system is insensitive to the matched uncertainties and disturbances.Most SMC theory and methods have been developed based on the dynamical systems in the continuous-time domain,where switching functions play a critical role.Ideal switching is supposed to be instantaneous,activating as soon as the switching condition is met.However,in practice,switching mechanisms are affected by imperfections such as time delays,unmodeled dynamics,defects,digitization effects,and actuation limitations,which can degrade the salient properties of SMC.Understanding these effects and developing mitigation strategies are essential for industrial applications.Furthermore,the advent of networked control environments presents new challenges like limited communication bandwidth,latency and cyberattack,which have seen the emergence of the event-triggered SMC recently.Despite these significant advances,there is a lack of comprehensive studies which examine the commonalities and distinctions of utilizing switching in SMC across the continuous-time and discrete-time domains and beyond.This paper investigates the role of switching in SMC from a spatio-temporal perspective,considering both state-space and time aspects.The aim is to facilitate better understanding of its effects and misbehaviors,and to unlock its full potential for future applications.The interplay between SMC methods in the continuous-time and discrete-time domains is analyzed,and their shared principles and unique challenges are identified.Furthermore,important technical issues relating to switching across these time domains are explored,and several myths and pitfalls in their theory and applications are depicted.The relationships of SMC with other switching-based control systems such as switched control systems,fuzzy control systems,and event-triggered control systems are discussed.The impact of networked control environments on SMC in the continuous-time and discrete-time domains is also examined.Finally,key challenges and opportunities are outlined for future work in SMC and beyond.展开更多
基金support from the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(No.2022SFGC0501)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(International Cooperation Research)(No.GJHZ20240218113407015)+9 种基金Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Natural Science Foundation)(No.JCYJ20240813175900001)support from the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Project scheme(Grant No.DP190103186,DP220100603)support through the Future Fellowship scheme(Grant No.FT210100806)Discovery Project scheme(Grant No.DP250100980)Linkage Project scheme(LP210200345)the Industrial Transformation Research Hubs(Grant No.IH240100009)support through the Future Fellowship scheme(Grant No.FT220100559)Linkage Projects(Grant No.LP210100467)support through the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award scheme(DE230100383)support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2021ME162).
文摘Governed by the second law of thermodynamics,waste heat generation is inevitable and has been a major source of energy loss and environmental concern in human society.Harvesting waste heat into useful energy has thus become a paramount priority,but has remained challenging with efficiency and cost constraints.Thermoelectric generators(TEGs),which convert heat into electricity whenever there is a temperature difference,play a crucial role in waste heat harvesting.However,sustaining the temperature difference for uninterrupted and high-power density electricity generation is a major challenge in TEGs to achieve practical applications due to the thermal equilibrium.Here,we demonstrate a diurnal waste heat harvester by integrating a high-power radiative cooling film as the cool end of TEGs to enable a large and continuous temperature difference.Significant voltage increase from 30.0 mV to 65.7 mV was achieved,leading to a dramatic power density enhancement of 4.8 times from 35.2 mW m^(-2)to 168.6 mW m^(-2).In an open zone,an ultra-high power density of 2.76 W m^(-2)was achieved at a heat source temperature of 80°C,exceeding the performance of state-of-the-art radiatively cooled TEGs.More importantly,a portable and foldable thermal energy harvesting prototype composed of 24 TEGs arranged in an array has been constructed.When attached to a hot object(e.g.a car engine hood),it can output 5 V to charge personal electronics(e.g.a cellphone),making it a promising practical device for harvesting waste heat in a wide range of outdoor applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.22372051 and 21406044)Australian Research Council/Discovery Early Career Researcher Award(DECRA)funding scheme(DE230100180).
文摘The impurities and structural cracks within spent graphite(SG)in lithium-ion battery anodes hamper lithium-ion intercalation and extraction after successive charge-discharge operations,thereby yielding poor lithium storage behavior.Herein,low-viscosity natural deep eutectic solvent(NDES)composed of citric acid(CA)and betaine hydrochloride was employed to remove the organic impurities in SG via a one-step benign process involving hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions at mild conditions of 80℃ for only 30 min.After NDES leaching under optimal conditions(molar ratio of CA to betaine hydrochloride=3:1,80℃,30 min),the as-obtained sample(denoted as BG-3)exhibited an extremely clean surface,moderately enlarged interlayer distance,and more structural defects at the edge of graphite lamellae.These features facilitated lithium-ion intercalation and withdrawal,bestowing BG-3 with remarkable activity in lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling.For instance,BG-3 delivered a capacity of 438.6 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g^(-1).Its capacity retention reached 97.9%,accompanied by a Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%,upon completing 100 cycles.A molecular dynamics simulation was employed to illuminate the regeneration mechanism for anode graphite from a theoretical perspective.It revealed that NDES exhibits lower binding energy with all contaminants compared to graphite,which is favorable for NDES to eliminate impurities from graphite surfaces.This study unveils a method of recycling SG from retired LIBs by a short eco-friendly process,providing a competitive blueprint to address the shortage of battery-grade anode graphite and to achieve carbon neutrality.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174305).
文摘A 3D mathematical model was established to investigate the gas-liquid two-phase flow in Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH)vacuum refining process.The flow characteristics of molten steel were calculated using the coupled standard k-εmodel and volume of fluid model.The bubble distribution was tracked by discrete phase model.Electromagnetic field was applied in the up-leg snorkel to enhance the effect of vacuum refining.The effect of swirling flow nozzles combined with electromagnetic stirring(EMS)on the flow characteristics of molten steel and bubble distribution was analyzed.The erosion of the up-leg snorkel was compared.The results show that when the swirling flow nozzles are used,the bubbles exhibit a distinct adherent rising behavior,and the refining efficiency decreases.In addition,the electromagnetic field can significantly improve the refining efficiency,but it brings stronger erosion to the up-leg snorkel.Nevertheless,when using the swirling flow nozzles combined with EMS,the refining performance is further optimized,and the erosion of the up-leg snorkel is also reduced due to its characteristic of bubble distribution.Compared to conventional nozzles,the mixing time was shortened by 16.2%,the recirculation rate increased by 12.5%.and the swirling intensity was strengthened by 8.9%.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42272312)Ningbo Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project(Grant No.2024QL057)the Zhejiang Provincial Xinmiao Talents Program(Grant No.2024R405B093).
文摘The soil-water retention curve(SWRC)plays a pivotal role in understanding water movement across numerous geological engineering applications.Despite significant advancements in theoretical modeling approaches,accurate prediction of SWRCs remains challenging due to the inherently sparse and incomplete nature of site-specific data.This study compiled a comprehensive dataset of SWRCs spanning a wide suction range from various published literature sources.Based on this dataset,multiple machine learning(ML)algorithms were employed to predict SWRCs.The performance of each algorithm was evaluated and ranked using four statistical indicators that quantify simulation accuracy.Feature importance analysis was subsequently conducted to reduce dimensionality by eliminating weakly correlated variables,thereby enhancing both model adaptability and computational efficiency.Following dimensionality reduction,a base learner pool was constructed and integrated through stacked generalization to create a multi-algorithm ensemble model.The proposed stacked model demonstrated robust performance in simulating SWRCs across diverse soil types,using only basic physical properties as inputs,achieving accuracy comparable to or marginally superior to the LightGBM model.The principal advantage of the stacked approach lies in its substantially improved accuracy within high suction ranges,effectively overcoming the limitations observed in LightGBM and enhancing the estimation under these conditions.This study provides valuable insights for researchers evaluating SWRCs through ML algorithms and demonstrates the potential of ensemble techniques in geotechnical prediction tasks.
基金support from the Australian Research Council Discovery Program(DP220103416,DP240102177)Australian Research Council Future Fellowships(FT200100730,FT210100804).
文摘Aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon-neutral energy transition.However,Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth and side reactions.Existing Zn interfacial modification strategies based on single-component or homogeneous structure are insufficient to address these issues comprehensively.Herein,we rationally designed an organic-inorganic hybrid interfacial layer with rigid-to-soft graded structure for dendrite-free and stable Zn anodes.A liquid plasma-assisted oxidation technology is developed to rapidly construct a porous ZnO inner framework in situ.This ZnO layer offers high interfacial energy,mechanical robustness,and an open structure that facilitates ion transport while firmly anchoring a subsequently coated soft polymer layer.The resulting architecture presents a structurally graded and functionally complementary interface,enabling effective dendrite suppression,continuous Zn ion transport,and enhanced corrosion resistance.As a result,a long cycling stability of more than 6000 h can be achieved at 1 mA cm^(-2)for 1 mAh cm^(-2)in symmetric cells.When used as anodes for zinc-iodine full battery,the hybrid interlayer can effectively prevent the Zn anodes from the corrosion by polyiodine,enabling stable cycling and negligible capacity decay(~0.02‰per cycle)for over 10,000 cycles at 2.0 A g^(-1).This work demonstrates a promising interfacial design strategy and introduces a novel liquid plasma-assisted oxidation route for fabricating high-performance Zn anodes towards next-generation aqueous batteries.
基金supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education through MOE Tier 2 grant(MOE-T2EP10223-0006)the Australia Research Council(DP190100150,DE250100232)+2 种基金Singapore-International Synchrotron Access Programme(SG-SAP)the funding support from the RIE 2025 Industry Alignment FundIndustry Collaboration Projects(IAF-ICP)(Award I2301E0023),administered by A*STARsupported by Nanofilm Technologies International Limited。
文摘The spin-sensitive nature of redox reactions in energy conversion systems,such as the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),has attracted increasing attention due to its potential for enhancing catalytic efficiency.Magnetic fields(MFs)have been proposed to enhance OER performance by influencing the spin states of oxygen intermediates.However,prior study has predominantly focused on MF effects mediated by the intrinsic magnetic properties of electrocatalysts or magnetohydrodynamics.In this work,we report a universal enhancement in OER activity,achieving over 150% increase in current density under a200 mT MF across diamagnetic,paramagnetic and magnetic electrocatalysts in 1 M KOH.Through systematic investigation of MF orientation and strength,pH,applied potentials,and the use of benzoquinone radical scavenger,we demonstrate that MF-driven performance improvements arise from direct modulation of oxygen radical spin states.Specifically,MFs promote the formation of spin-triplet oxygen intermediates(↑O–O↑),a critical step for O–O bond formation,independent of the catalyst's intrinsic magnetism.However,the local magnetic environment near the catalyst surface,governed by its magnetic properties,indirectly influences radical spin dynamics by alternating the effective field experienced by intermediates.These findings redefine the role of spin manipulation in electrocatalysis,advancing understanding of MF-driven spin effects in redox reactions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB2406000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22479057,52172201,51732005)。
文摘Sodium layered oxides stand out as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their high energy density,elemental abundance,and scalability.However,their practical applications are restricted by interplanar gliding,cation migration,and the formation of intragranular microcracks,which collectively lead to rapid structural degradation and capacity loss.Herein,we rationally design an ultrastable O3-type Na_(0.94)Ca_(0.03)Ni_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2) cathode,in which Ca^(2+)cations act as pillars within the NaO_(2)slabs,suppressing the irreversible phase transitions and Na/TM cation migration commonly observed in layered oxides.Multiscale in situ and ex situ techniques,combined with post-mortem analysis,reveal that the Ca-pillared pinning effect not only effectively suppresses the interplanar gliding and stress accumulation within the crystal phase but also restrains Na/TM cation migration and surface reconstruction in near-surface regions.Benefiting from the combined effects of structural stabilization,the Ca-pillared cathode exhibits a superior cycling stability,retaining 81.6%of its capacity after 1000 cycles at 2 C within the voltage range of 2.0-4.0 V,along with significantly enhanced wide-temperature(from-40 to 80℃)performance.This work highlights another critical role of Ca pillars in suppressing cation migration and surface structural degradation beyond preventing adverse interplanar gliding,offering valuable insights for designing long-life and wide-temperature layered oxide cathodes.
基金funded by Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS/1/2023/SSI07/MMU/02/3)which is awarded to the Multimedia University.The project is led by the second author.
文摘Background:Music has proven to be vital in enhancing resilience and promotingwell-being.Previously,the impact of music in sports environments was solely investigated,while this paper applies it to study environments,standing out as pioneering research.The study consists of a systematic development of a conceptual framework based on theories of Uses and Gratification Expectancy(UGE)and perceived motivation based on music elements.Their components are observed variables influencing students’psychological well-being(as the dependent variable).Resilience is examined as a mediator,influencing the relationships of both observed and dependent variables.The main purpose of this study is to highlight the positive effects of online music consumption on the psychological well-being of students.Methods:Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with eighteen final year creative multimedia undergraduate students belonging to five central region Malaysian universities,especially on their UGE needs,and a similar concept survey instrument with two hundred participants.The interview data were analysed through thematic analysis,while the survey data through descriptive and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM).Results:The results highlight that students gain motivation from online music,which positively affects their psychological well-being(β=0.190,p=0.003,f^(2)=0.037),while resilience significantly affects this relationship(β=0.562,p<0.001,f^(2)=0.461).However,the results also predict a partial relationship between constructs based on UGE with psychological well-being,mediated by resilience,i.e.,AT-UGE(β=0.021,p=0.783,f^(2)=0.000),SIPI-UGE(β=0.228,p=0.004,f^(2)=0.044).Conclusion:The outcome of the study reflected practical,meaningful,and statistically significant results.The majority of the predictors,with the exception of one,i.e.,AT-UGE,displayed a clear positive relation of online music consumption on the Psychological Well-being of students.Future research will explore varying contextual factors impacting online music-related gratifications,motivations,and resilience,along with additional potential mediators and moderators.
文摘In this paper,we propose a novel probabilistic method for predicting the undrained bearing capacity of spatially variable soils.Our approach combines a Gaussian process regression(GPR)-based surrogate model with random cell-based smoothed finite analysis.The Gaussian process emulator(GPE)serves as a statistical tool for making predictions from a data set.First,we validate the accuracy and efficiency of kinematic limit analysis using the cell-based smoothed finite element method(CS-FEM)against the standard finite element method(FEM)and edge-based smoothed FEM(ES-FEM).The numerical results demonstrate that the CS-FEM framework surpasses traditional numerical approaches,establishing its reliability in computing collapse loads.Subsequently,we conduct several hundred simulations to develop a surrogate model for predicting the undrained bearing capacity of shallow foundations.By utilizing various kernel functions,we enhance the accuracy of the GPE in these predictions.This method offers a practical and efficient solution,effectively addressing multiple uncertainties.Numerical results indicate that the GPE significantly boosts computational efficiency,achieving satisfactory outcomes within minutes compared to the days required for conventional simulations.Notably,the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)decreases from 2.38%to 1.82%for rough foundations when employing Matérn and rational quadratic kernel functions,respectively.Additionally,combining different kernel functions further enhances the accuracy of collapse load predictions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92160301,92060203,52175415 and 52205475)the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project(No.P2023-B-IV-003-001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210295)the Huaqiao University Engineering Research Center of Brittle Materials Machining(MOE,2023IME-001)。
文摘The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and medical sectors.However,conventional machining of titanium alloys leads to elevated tool wear,development of surface defects,and reduced machining efficiency due to their low heat conductivity,and chemical affinity.These issues can be somewhat counteracted by integrating ultrasonic vibration in the conventional machining of titanium alloys and also enhance sustainability.This review article offers a holistic evaluation of the influence of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling and turning on cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,and surface integrity,encompassing surface morphology,surface roughness,surface residual stress,surface hardness,and surface tribological properties during titanium alloys machining.Furthermore,it investigates the sustainability aspect that has not been previously examined.Studies on the performance of ultrasonic-assisted cutting revealed several advantages,including decreased cutting forces and cutting temperature,improved tool life,and a better-machined surface during machining.Consequently,the sustainability factor is improved due to minimized energy consumption and residual waste.In conclusion,the key challenges and future prospects in the ultrasonic-assisted cutting of titanium alloys are also discussed.This review article provides beneficial knowledge for manufactur-ers and researchers regarding ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting of titanium alloy and will play an important role in achieving sustainability in the industry.
文摘The effect of oxygen on the microstructure,mechanical properties and deformation behaviours of as-cast biocompatible Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10Ox(x=0.5,1.0 and 2.0 at.%)high entropy alloys(HEAs)was investi-gated.All three oxygen-doped HEAs solidified as a single body-centred cubic(BCC)phase grain structure with predominantly high-angle grain boundaries following the Mackenzie prediction.Increasing oxygen content significantly increased tensile strength at a rate of about 180 MPa/1.0 at.%,but decreased ten-sile ductility.However,at the addition level of 0.5 at.%O,the as-cast Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O0.5 HEA can achieve a yield strength(σ_(0.2))of 947±44 MPa and an elongation at break(ε_(f))of 9.5%±1.8%.These properties make this HEA comparable to medical grade Ti-6Al-4V(wt.%)alloy(ASTM Grade 23 titanium)(σ_(0.2)≥759 MPa;ε_(f)≥10%)in itsability to absorbenergy in plasticdeformation,whileoffering greater resistance to permanent shape changes.Due to the possible strong interaction between oxygen atoms and dislocations through pinning and de-pinning,all oxygen-doped HEAs exhibited discontinuous yield-ing,whereas the low oxygen base HEA underwent normal yielding.No oxygen clusters were detected through atom probe tomography(APT)analysis.The deformation mechanism depends on oxygen con-tent.The plastic deformation of the Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O0.5 HEA occurred through the formation of pri-mary and secondary shear bands.In contrast,planar slip bands and a limited number of primary shear bands(without secondary shear bands)were observed in the Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O2.0 HEA.To ensure suf-ficient ductility,the oxygen content should be limited to 0.5 at.%.Furthermore,at this oxygen content,the corrosion resistance of the Ti40Zr25Nb25Ta10O0.5 HEA in Hank’s solution is comparable to that of Ti-6Al-4V.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52071343)the Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team of Zhejiang Province-Automotive Light Alloy Innovation Team(No.2022R01018).
文摘Large solidification ranges and coarse columnar grains in the additively manufacturing of Al-Mg-Si alloys are normally involved in hot cracks during solidification.In this work,we develop novel crack-free Al-Mg_(2) Si alloys fabricated by laser powder-bed fusion(L-PBF).The results indicate that the eutectic Mg_(2) Si phase possesses a strong ability to reduce crack susceptibility.It can enhance the grain growth restriction factor in the initial stage of solidification and promote eutectic filling in the terminal stage of solidifica-tion.The crack-free L-PBFed Al-x Mg_(2) Si alloys(x=6 wt.%,9 wt.%,and 12 wt.%)exhibit the combination of low crack susceptibility index(CSI),superior ability for liquid filling,and grain refinement.Particularly,the L-PBFed Al-9Mg_(2) Si alloy shows improved mechanical properties(e.g.yield strength of 397 MPa and elongation of 7.3%).However,the cracks are more likely to occur in the region near the columnar grain boundaries of the L-PBFed Al-3Mg_(2) Si alloy with a large solidification range and low eutectic content for liquid filling.Correspondingly,the L-PBFed Al-3Mg_(2) Si alloy shows poor bearing capacity of mechanical properties.The precise tuning of Mg_(2) Si eutectic content can offer an innovative strategy for eliminating cracks in additively manufactured Al-Mg-Si alloy.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Optical Microcombs for Breakthrough Science COMBS(CE230100006)the Australian Research Council grants DP220100488 and DE230100964funded by the Australian Government.
文摘Lithium niobate(LN)has remained at the forefront of academic research and industrial applications due to its rich material properties,which include second-order nonlinear optic,electro-optic,and piezoelectric properties.A further aspect of LN’s versatility stems from the ability to engineer ferroelectric domains with micro and even nano-scale precision in LN,which provides an additional degree of freedom to design acoustic and optical devices with improved performance and is only possible in a handful of other materials.In this review paper,we provide an overview of the domain engineering techniques developed for LN,their principles,and the typical domain size and pattern uniformity they provide,which is important for devices that require high-resolution domain patterns with good reproducibility.It also highlights each technique's benefits,limitations,and adaptability for an application,along with possible improvements and future advancement prospects.Further,the review provides a brief overview of domain visualization methods,which is crucial to gain insights into domain quality/shape and explores the adaptability of the proposed domain engineering methodologies for the emerging thin-film lithium niobate on an insulator platform,which creates opportunities for developing the next generation of compact and scalable photonic integrated circuits and high frequency acoustic devices.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2023202253)Hebei Higher Education Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project,China(No.2021GJJG050).
文摘Ga_(2)O_(3) is considered a potential anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and unique self-healing capability.To develop a novel preparation method and in-depth understanding of the electrochemical reaction mechanism of Ga_(2)O_(3),a brand-new liquid-liquid dealloying strategy was exploited to construct porous α-Ga_(2)O_(3) nanowire networks.Profiting from the well-designed porous structure,the material exhibits impressive cycling stability of a reversible capacity of 603.9 mA·h/g after 200 cycles at 1000 mA/g and a capacity retention of 125.2 mA·h/g after 100 cycles at 0.5C when assembling to Ga_(2)O_(3)//LiFePO_(4) full cells.The lithiation/delithiation reaction mechanism of the porous Ga_(2)O_(3) anodes is further revealed by ex-situ Raman,XRD,TEM measurements,and density functional theoretical(DFT)calculations,which establishes a correlation between the electrochemical performance and the phase transition fromα-Ga_(2)O_(3) to β-Ga_(2)O_(3) during cycling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52374170)the Major Special Projects of the Third Comprehensive Scientific Exploration in Xinjiang(Grant No.2022xjkk1005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.B230207001)。
文摘Global population growth and rising standards of living are the driving factors for the cropland expansion to meet increasing demands.However,there is no clear assessment of the specific losses on ecosystem services caused by China's expansion of cropland to ensure food security at the cost of losing ecological land such as forests and grasslands.This study employed the ArcGIS platform and integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs(InVEST)model to explore the cropland expansion in China from 2000 to 2020 and its impact on ecosystem services,so as to predict the priority areas of future cropland expansion in different scenarios.The results indicated that in the past 20 years,the total area of cropland expansion in China was 17.04 million hm^(2)with 70.79% conversion from forests and grasslands.Cropland expansion has contributed to an overall improvement in the food supply services with the Northern Arid and Semi-Arid Region exhibiting an increase of 18.76×10^(6) tons,while concurrently leading to a decline in habitat quality services.The priority areas for future cropland expansion without ecological loss were found to be 1.42 million hm^(2),which only account for 9.44% of the total reclaimable land.To minimize the loss of ecosystem services,there is a need to adjust the cropland replenishment policies and provide an operational solution for global food security and ecological protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972045).
文摘Ultra-wide absorption band and flexibility are needed in multi-scenario applications,however,current electromagnetic wave absorption materials(EMWAMs)are not capable enough to deliver due to rigid structure.Here,we have designed a porous flexible mat composed of Zn-doped carbon(Zn@C)nanofibers(NFs)having encapsulated uniformly dispersed FeCo nanoparticles(NPs)(FeCo/Zn@C)as ultra-wideband absorber.During the electrospinning,the Fe^(3+),Co^(2+)and Zn^(2+)are uniformly immobilized within the NFs nanocrystallization process.Subsequently,the Kirkendall effect is deployed to trigger the generation of FeCo NPs and porous framework under thermal annealing.The FeCo/Zn@C NFs effectively favor magnetic-dielectric synergies due to the coexistence of magnetic FeCo NPs and dielectric carbon components.One-dimensional porous fiber prolongs the attenuation path and enhances multi-scattering and reflection.While the FeCo NPs encapsulated in Zn-doped carbon NFs provide abundant dipole and interfacial polarization.These favorable factors synergistically enhance absorption performance,resulting in a reflection loss value of-71.58 dB.Moreover,by varying the thickness of absorbers,effective absorption bandwidth spans from 4.26 to 18.00 GHz.Hence,this work offers innovative insights for fabricating advanced EMWAMs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2100400,2023YFE0104900)Xinjiang Agriculture Research System-Oil Crop Research System,China(XJARS-05)+3 种基金Taishan Industrial Experts Programme,China(tscx202306075)the Scientific and Technological Assistance Projects to Developing Countries,China(KY202201003)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,Institute of Food Science and Technology,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2024-IFST)The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Arawana Charity Foundation,China.
文摘Peanut varieties are diverse globally,with their characters and nutrition determining the product quality.However,the comparative analysis and statistical analysis of key quality indicators for peanut kernels across the world remains relatively limited,impeding the comprehensive evaluation of peanut quality and hindering the industry development on a global scale.This study aimed to compare and analyze the apparent morphology,microstructure,single-cell structure,engineering and mechanical properties,as well as major nutrient contents of peanut kernels from 10 different cultivars representing major peanut-producing countries.The surface and cross-section microstructure of the peanut kernels exhibited a dense“blocky”appearance with a distinct cellular structure.The lipid droplets were predominantly spherical with a regular distribution within the cells.The single-cell structure of the kernels from these 10 peanut cultivars demonstrated varying morphologies and dimensions,which exhibited correlations with their mechanical and engineering properties.Furthermore,the mass loss versus temperature profiles of the peanut kernels revealed five distinct stages,corresponding to moisture loss,volatile loss,protein denaturation,and the degradation of various biomacromolecules.Variations were also observed in the lipid,protein,and sucrose contents,texture,bulk density,true density,porosity,geometric mean diameter,and sphericity among the diferent peanut varieties.This study establishes relationships and correlations among microstructure,engineering properties,and nutritional composition of commonly grown peanut varieties in major peanut-processing countries.The findings provide valuable insights into peanut quality evaluation,empowering the peanut industry to enhance their processing and product development efforts.
基金funding from National Science Foundation of China(52202337 and 22178015)the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn202211082)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023MB051)Independent Innovation Research Project of China University of Petroleum(East China)(22CX06023A).
文摘Layer-structured Ruddlesden–Popper(RP)perovskites(RPPs)with decent stability have captured the imagination of the photovoltaic research community and bring hope for boosting the development of perovskite solar cell(PSC)technology.However,two-dimensional(2D)or quasi-2D RP PSCs are encountered with some challenges of the large exciton binding energy,blocked charge transport and poor film quality,which restrict their photovoltaic performance.Fortunately,these issues can be readily resolved by rationally designing spacer cations of RPPs.This review mainly focuses on how to design the molecular structures of organic spacers and aims to endow RPPs with outstanding photovoltaic applications.We firstly elucidated the important roles of organic spacers in impacting crystallization kinetics,charge transporting ability and stability of RPPs.Then we brought three aspects to attention for designing organic spacers.Finally,we presented the specific molecular structure design strategies for organic spacers of RPPs aiming to improve photovoltaic performance of RP PSCs.These proposed strategies in this review will provide new avenues to develop novel organic spacers for RPPs and advance the development of RPP photovoltaic technology for future applications.
基金supported in part by the Australian Research Council(DP240100830)。
文摘Sliding mode control(SMC)is a widely adopted control technology known for its robustness and simplicity.The essence of SMC is to use discontinuous control to drive a system into a pre-defined motion,called the sliding mode,which is designed with desirable dynamical properties.In the sliding mode,the controlled system is insensitive to the matched uncertainties and disturbances.Most SMC theory and methods have been developed based on the dynamical systems in the continuous-time domain,where switching functions play a critical role.Ideal switching is supposed to be instantaneous,activating as soon as the switching condition is met.However,in practice,switching mechanisms are affected by imperfections such as time delays,unmodeled dynamics,defects,digitization effects,and actuation limitations,which can degrade the salient properties of SMC.Understanding these effects and developing mitigation strategies are essential for industrial applications.Furthermore,the advent of networked control environments presents new challenges like limited communication bandwidth,latency and cyberattack,which have seen the emergence of the event-triggered SMC recently.Despite these significant advances,there is a lack of comprehensive studies which examine the commonalities and distinctions of utilizing switching in SMC across the continuous-time and discrete-time domains and beyond.This paper investigates the role of switching in SMC from a spatio-temporal perspective,considering both state-space and time aspects.The aim is to facilitate better understanding of its effects and misbehaviors,and to unlock its full potential for future applications.The interplay between SMC methods in the continuous-time and discrete-time domains is analyzed,and their shared principles and unique challenges are identified.Furthermore,important technical issues relating to switching across these time domains are explored,and several myths and pitfalls in their theory and applications are depicted.The relationships of SMC with other switching-based control systems such as switched control systems,fuzzy control systems,and event-triggered control systems are discussed.The impact of networked control environments on SMC in the continuous-time and discrete-time domains is also examined.Finally,key challenges and opportunities are outlined for future work in SMC and beyond.
