The progress made by the scientific community in emerging photovoltaic technologies over the past two decades has been outstanding. Numerous methods have been developed for the preparation of hybrid organic–inorganic...The progress made by the scientific community in emerging photovoltaic technologies over the past two decades has been outstanding. Numerous methods have been developed for the preparation of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells. The power conversion efficiency has been up to 14% by a one-step vacuum deposition technique. A serious concern is the toxicity of the materials. In this review, several methods aimed at resolving these problems to some extent have been compiled, including eco-friendly synthesis. Further efficiency enhancements are expected following optimization, and a better fundamental understanding of the internal electron charge transfer, electron–hole diffusion to the corresponding layers, flexibility, and stability-dependent bandgaps is reported. This paper explores the green synthesis of organic–inorganic perovskites for industrialization. Concerning the above facts, a simple low-cost model called‘‘dispersed photovoltaic cells' ' is presented.展开更多
Nanomedicine is an emerging field concerned with the use of precision engineered nanomaterials, which leads to the development of novel remedial and diagnostic modalities for human use. In this study, Cu(NO_3)_2 and A...Nanomedicine is an emerging field concerned with the use of precision engineered nanomaterials, which leads to the development of novel remedial and diagnostic modalities for human use. In this study, Cu(NO_3)_2 and Ag NO_3 precursors were reduced to copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs) and silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) using Terminalia arjuna bark extracts under microwave irradiation in the presence of well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) in aqueous medium. The formation of Cu NPs or Ag NPs and their functionalization with MWCNTs via bioactive molecules of plant extract were evidenced from UV–Vis spectra, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and TEM images. The phytochemically functionalized Cu-MWCNTs and Ag-MWCNTs nanomaterials showed enhanced biocide activity, and the inhibitory activity for bacteria was higher than that of fungus. Furthermore, these biohybrid nanomaterials are non-toxic to normal epithelial cells(Vero), whereas they are highly toxic for tested human cancer cells of MDA-MB-231, He La, Si Ha, and Hep-G2. The cell viability was found to decrease with the increasing dose from 10 to 50 lg m L^(-1), as well as incubation time from 24 to 72 h. For instance, the cell viability was found to be *91 % for normal Vero cells and *76 % for cancer cells for lower dose of 10 lg m L^(-1).展开更多
Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have tremendous applications in almost every walk of life;however,their harmful impacts on humans and the environment are not well addressed.CNTs have been used in various applications ranging fr...Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have tremendous applications in almost every walk of life;however,their harmful impacts on humans and the environment are not well addressed.CNTs have been used in various applications ranging from medical science to different engineering branches,to ease human life.Generally,the toxicological profile of CNTs under laboratory conditions cannot be assessed primarily in medical science due to the inconsistent availability of cytotoxic study data.CNT toxicity has been affected by many physicochemical properties(e.g.,size,type of functionalization),concentration,the extent of exposure,mode of exposure,and even the solvents/medium used to dissolve/disperse CNTs for their application.These inconsistencies arise due to the variation in synthesis methods as well as the mode of their human exposure.Besides their unlimited use in various fields,most of CNT toxicity aspects and mechanisms remain uncertain.Additionally,in-depth knowledge of CNTs toxicity is scarce,and the available literature shows dissimilarities in experimental data and exposure studies.To understand the toxicological issues,it is the need of the hour to provide insight into the published data,post-exposure studies,and various factors that may damage the cells due to CNTs toxicity.This review article analyses the hazardous potential through toxicological implications and summarizes the detailed mechanism(s)of CNTs studied on the different model organisms,including human cell lines.In this review article,we hypothesized that thorough knowledge of various aspects,as mentioned above,helps us design and develop possible strategies to reduce the toxicity of nanomaterial to make them safer and secure for humanity’s betterment.展开更多
Knowledge is essentially a human construct and it evolves continuously on reflective thinking and is practiced systematically in educational institutions. Education has to develop man＇s intellectual, physical, and sp...Knowledge is essentially a human construct and it evolves continuously on reflective thinking and is practiced systematically in educational institutions. Education has to develop man＇s intellectual, physical, and spiritual powers for survival and develop enrichment factors of life through its curriculum which has certainty of content and methodology based on the educational objectives. Curriculum must build the capacity of individuals. Hence, the author defines curriculum and argues the results as better life style. Also, the author projects the expectations of the twenty-first century learners, and has extended the educational objectives to one more domain as enterprise domain, emphasizing that education must aim to develop entrepreneurial skills of learners. Therefore, it is essential that any curriculum be framed in the light of the existing curriculum, educational transaction, needs of the society, and measurable practices and evaluation, and must aim for enrichment in curricular knowledge, pedagogy and transmission techniques, and value inculcation. The author portrays the results of education.展开更多
Temperature dependence of ultrasonic attenuation and allied parameters are investigated for manganese oxide in the temperature range 300-500 K. These calculations are made for longitudinal and shear waves along the , ...Temperature dependence of ultrasonic attenuation and allied parameters are investigated for manganese oxide in the temperature range 300-500 K. These calculations are made for longitudinal and shear waves along the , and crystallographic directions of propagation. If the values of second order elastic constants and density at a particular temperature are known for any substance, one may obtain ultrasonic velocities for longitudinal and shear waves which give an important information about its internal structure, inherent and anharmonic properties. The non-linearity coupling parameters and thermal relaxation time have also obtained for this crystal. In the present investigation, it has been found that phonon-phonon interaction is the dominant cause for ultrasonic attenuation. This study will be useful in characterisation of the material and it will give a clear picture of the behaviour of ultrasonic attenuation in MnO.展开更多
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chickpea and is regarded as a constant threat in tropical and subtropical countries. In order to correlate Fusarium wilt resistan...Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chickpea and is regarded as a constant threat in tropical and subtropical countries. In order to correlate Fusarium wilt resistance/susceptibility in Cicer arietinum to the presence or absence of trypsin inhibitor (TI) in the crude extract, trypsin inhibitory assay (TIA) and in vitro activity of TI against Foc were studied. In the present study, a 20 kDa trypsin inhibitor was purified from Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar (viz. JG 2001-12) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and chromatographies with Sephadex G-100 and Diethyl aminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose-52) ion-exchange column. Results of pathogenecity assay were found to be in correlation to the trypsin inhibitor assay where the Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar showed high trypsin inhibitory activity (99%) in the presence of trypsin enzyme using both natural and synthetic substrates. Preliminary studies using crude extracts of JG 2001-12 showed a decrease in radial growth of Foc. A 45%-82% reduction in conidium germination at 20 μg·mL-1?Cicer arietinum trypsin inhibitor (CaTI) concentration was observed, thereby, indicating the use of CaTI in suppression of pathogen and in its deployment through transgenic plants for the management of Fusarium wilt.展开更多
Over 350 million years have passed since the documentation of the first interaction between plants and insects. Numerous plant defense qualities and associated counter-adaptive features have developed as a result of t...Over 350 million years have passed since the documentation of the first interaction between plants and insects. Numerous plant defense qualities and associated counter-adaptive features have developed as a result of these interactions between insects and plants. These characteristics might be either morphological or biological in nature. One of the most significant and useful biochemical characteristics in plants is latex. Latex has a sticky property due to presence of secondary metabolites in it, which aids in entangling or sealing the mouthparts of small insects. These metabolites also chemically interact with the insects interfering with crucial bodily processes. Plant latex has amazing properties that help protect plants from insects and inhibit them in general. It may be possible to control insect pests in a natural, secure, and long-lasting manner by correctly identifying plant latex with strong insecticidal properties and developing formulations of plant latex.展开更多
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) appears in stratified two-fluid flow at surface. When the relative velocity is higher than the critical relative velocity, the growth of waves occurs. It is found that magnetic field...Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) appears in stratified two-fluid flow at surface. When the relative velocity is higher than the critical relative velocity, the growth of waves occurs. It is found that magnetic field has a stabilization effect whereas the buoyancy force has a destabilization effect on the KHI in the presence of sharp inter-face. The RT instability increases with wave number and flow shear, and acts much like a KHI when destabilizing effect of sheared flow dominates. It is shown that both of ablation velocity and magnetic field have stabilization effect on RT instability in the presence of continued interface. In this paper, we study the effect of magnetic field on Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) in a Couple-stress fluid layer above by a porous layer and below by a rigid surface. A simple theory based on fully developed flow approximations is used to derive the dispersion relation for the growth rate of KHI. We replace the effect of boundary layer with Beavers and Joseph slip condition at the rigid surface. The dispersion relation is derived using suitable boundary and surface conditions and results are discussed graphically. The stabilization effect of magnetic field takes place for whole waveband and becomes more significant for the short wavelength. The growth rate decreases as the density scale length increases. The stabilization effect of magnetic field is more significant for the short density scale length.展开更多
Agrarian occupational health is a neglected primary health-care service in India.A nurse-led health promotion program is planned based on a Conceptual Model for the Occupational Health Nurse Specialist prepared by Ms....Agrarian occupational health is a neglected primary health-care service in India.A nurse-led health promotion program is planned based on a Conceptual Model for the Occupational Health Nurse Specialist prepared by Ms.Janice Dees(1984)inspired from Orem’s self-care theory.The interventions included are range of motion exercise,progressive muscle relaxation technique,foot and palm massage,and literacy on safety practices.The wellness of field farmers is expected by following this program plan.展开更多
Brazil has introduced a referendum regarding the prohibition of firearm commerce and propaganda arguments have invoked socially and personally driven issues in the promotion of voting in favor of and against firearm c...Brazil has introduced a referendum regarding the prohibition of firearm commerce and propaganda arguments have invoked socially and personally driven issues in the promotion of voting in favor of and against firearm control, respectively. Here, we used different techniques to study the brain activity associated with a voter’s perception of the truthfulness of these arguments and their influence on voting decisions. Low-resolution tomography was used to identify the possible different sets of neurons activated in the analysis of the different types of propaganda. Linear correlation was used to calculate the amount information H(ei) provided to different electrodes about how these sets of neurons enroll themselves to carry out this cognitive analysis. The results clearly showed that vote decision was not influenced by arguments that were introduced by propaganda, which was typically driven by specific social or self-interest motives. However, different neural circuits were identified in the analysis of each type of propaganda argument, independently of the declared vote (for or against the control) intention.展开更多
Objective:To document the clinical,biochemical and imaging phenotypes of immunocompetent patients with adrenal histoplasmosis.Methods:The clinical,biochemical and radiologic data of 18 immunocompetent patients[age:45....Objective:To document the clinical,biochemical and imaging phenotypes of immunocompetent patients with adrenal histoplasmosis.Methods:The clinical,biochemical and radiologic data of 18 immunocompetent patients[age:45.00(39.25,56.25)years,median(IQR),m/f(16/2)]with adrenal histoplasmosis presenting in the Department of Endocrinology,B中央人民政府 between 2014 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:All patients were seronegative for HIV infection,and 27.8%(5/18)had well controlled diabetes mellitus.The median duration of the symptoms was 6.00(IQR:4.00,11.25)months.All had significant weight loss,anorexia and weakness.Fever was present in 61.1%(11/18)patients and night sweat was present in 27.8%(5/18)cases.Hypotension and hyperpigmentation were present in 55.6%(10/18)and 66.7%(12/18)cases,respectively.Three of 18 patients presented with adrenal crisis.Hyponatremia occurred in 55.6%(10/18)cases,but none had hyperkalemia.Thirteen of 18 patients had adrenal insufficiency whereas 83.3%(15/18)had high adrenocorticotropic hormone.CT scan revealed bilateral adrenal enlargement in all cases with oval shape and regular margin.All were hypodense having radiodensity 21-90 hounsfield unit,and 11.1%(2/18)were heterogeneous in contrast enhancement.None had noticeable calcification whereas 1.1%(2/18)cases had central necrosis with peripheral rim enhancement.Hepatomegaly was present in 6 cases,splenomegaly in 3 cases and 5 patients had abdominal lymphadenopathy.Histoplasmosis were confirmed by positive fine needle aspiration cytology of adrenal tissue.Conclusions:Adrenal histoplasmosis should be considered in the list of differentials of bilateral adrenomegaly in immunocompetent individuals even living in non-endemic areas.展开更多
Literature in finance and neurosciences shows that male and female differ in many relevant issues concerning financial decision investment. Here, we studied the EEG activity recorded while volunteers were playing a st...Literature in finance and neurosciences shows that male and female differ in many relevant issues concerning financial decision investment. Here, we studied the EEG activity recorded while volunteers were playing a stock trading game to investigate these gender differences. 20 males and 20 females made 100 trading decisions using a portfolio of 200 shares of 7 different companies. Males and females were equally successful in earning above the market. sLORETA was used to identify sources of EEG recorded 2 seconds before trading decision. Results showed that male and female used different sets of neuron to make equally successful financial decisions.展开更多
In this paper,the detailed analysis of the influence of thermal and non-Newtonian aspects of lubricant(couple stress fluid)on EHL line contact as a function of slide-roll ratio is presented.The novel low complexity FA...In this paper,the detailed analysis of the influence of thermal and non-Newtonian aspects of lubricant(couple stress fluid)on EHL line contact as a function of slide-roll ratio is presented.The novel low complexity FAS(full approximation scheme),of the multigrid scheme,with Jacobi dipole and Gauss Seidel relaxation is used for the solution of coupled equations viz.modified Reynolds equation,film thickness equation and energy equation satisfying appropriate boundary conditions.The analysis reveals the combined influence of non-Newtonian,thermal and slide-roll ratio(of bearing moving with different speeds)on pressure,film thickness and pressure spike covering a wide range of physical parameters of interest.Results show that pressure spike is strongly influenced by thermal,slide-roll ratio and non-Newtonian character of lubricant with negligible effect on the overall pressure distribution.Also,the minimum film thickness is slightly altered and it increases with the increase in the couple stress parameter.These findings confirm the importance of non-Newtonian and thermal effects in the study of EHL.展开更多
Background: Recent neuroscience investigations on moral judgment have provided useful information about how brain processes such complex decision making. All these studies carried out so far were fMRI investigations a...Background: Recent neuroscience investigations on moral judgment have provided useful information about how brain processes such complex decision making. All these studies carried out so far were fMRI investigations and therefore were constrained by the poor temporal resolution of this technique. Recent advances in electroencephalography (EEG) analysis provided by Low Resolution Tomogray (Loreta), Principal Component (PCA), Correlation and Regression Analysis improved EEG spatial resolution and made EEG a very useful technique in decision-making studies. Methods: Here, we reinvestigate previous fMRI study of personal (PD) and impersonal (ID) moral dilemma judgment, taking profit of these new EEG analysis improvements. Results: PCA analysis disclosed three different patterns of brain activity associated with dilemma judgment. These patterns are proposed to disclose the neural circuits involved in benefit and risk evaluation, calculating intention to act and controlling decision-making. Regression analysis showed that activity at some cortical areas favors action implementation by increasing intention to act, while activity at some other areas opposes it by decreasing intention to act. Comparison with Existing Methods: Compared to the previous fMRI results, Loreta and PCA revealed a much greater number of cortical areas involved in dilemma judgment, whose temporal and spatial distribution were different for ID compared to PD. The present paper suggests that whenever final temporal details of the decision making process are desired, EEG becomes the tool of choice as compared with fMRI. Conclusions: The presented results are discussed from the utilitarian point of view that proposes adequacy of human action being dependent upon how much pleasure and fear/pain they are associated.展开更多
Aquatic fungi play an important role in litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems.Keeping in view the importance of aquatic fungi,diversity of these organisms was studied in two freshwater ecosystems of Gaur River an...Aquatic fungi play an important role in litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems.Keeping in view the importance of aquatic fungi,diversity of these organisms was studied in two freshwater ecosystems of Gaur River and Khurji Nala Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India.During the present study,34 fungal species and 6 chromista species have been recorded on decomposing substrates.Highest number of fungal genera were recorded in submerged litter samples of Tectona grandis followed by Dendroclamus strictus.The maximum percentage frequencies of various fungal species which colonize litter of different tree species were also recorded.The cluster analysis revealed that different fungal communities on various plant hosts vary significantly.展开更多
It is well known that there is a deep connection between the symmetric and traveling wave solutions.It has been shown that all symmetric waves are traveling waves.In this paper,we establish new analytic solution colle...It is well known that there is a deep connection between the symmetric and traveling wave solutions.It has been shown that all symmetric waves are traveling waves.In this paper,we establish new analytic solution collections of nonlinear conformable time-fractional water wave dynamical equation in a complex domain.For this purpose,we construct a new definition of a symmetric conformable differential operator(SCDO).The operator has a symmetric representation in the open unit disk.By using SCDO,we generalize a class of water wave dynamical equation type time-space fractional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.The results show that the obtainable approaches are powerful,dependable and prepared to apply to all classes of complex differential equations.展开更多
In this study,carbon black(CB)powder-loaded polyurethane(PU)composites(CB-PU composites)were prepared by melt mixing method with different volume percentages(45,50,55,58 and 61 vol.%)of CB in the PU matrix.The prepare...In this study,carbon black(CB)powder-loaded polyurethane(PU)composites(CB-PU composites)were prepared by melt mixing method with different volume percentages(45,50,55,58 and 61 vol.%)of CB in the PU matrix.The prepared CB-PU composites had been further studied for surface morphology using the field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)technique.Dielectric properties in terms of real permittivity(ε′)and imaginary permittivity(ε′′)of the fabricated composites were computed using an Agilent E8364B vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 8-12 GHz(X-band).Dielectric loss factor of the prepared CB-PU composites was computed in terms of the dielectric loss tangent(tanδ_(e)=ε′′/ε′).Microwave absorbing properties were appraised in terms of the reflection loss(RL)which in turn was calculated for varying thicknesses of the prepared composites from the measured real and imaginary permittivity data.The minimum RL was observed as−20.10 dB for the absorber with a thickness of 2.2 mm and the bandwidth achieved was 1.92 GHz for RL≤−10 dB.Based on the above results these CB-PU composites have potential use as effective microwave absorbers in 8-12-GHz(X-band)frequency range.展开更多
Background:The impact of climate change on horticultural production is of utmost concern worldwide.One such vulnerable region of horticultural importance is the Madhya Pradesh state in the central part of India.It is ...Background:The impact of climate change on horticultural production is of utmost concern worldwide.One such vulnerable region of horticultural importance is the Madhya Pradesh state in the central part of India.It is crucial to analyse the long-term trend in climatic variations and its effect on horticultural crop production.Therefore,this study focuses on detecting trends in mean annual precipitation and temperature of 115 years for the 15 districts covering all the regions of the state as well as projections of all the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP)climatic scenarios for 2050 and 2080 of Madhya Pradesh state.The decadal(2010–2020)insight into the area and production of horticultural crops is undertaken which will help forecasting the future growth trend.For a better insight,case study on four horticultural crops is undertaken to assess their decadal growth trend vis-à-vis climate parameters in these 15 districts.Results:The Mann–Kendall test for 1901–2016 and Sen’s slope indicated a non-significant change in long-term trend for precipitation except for increasing change in Khargone and decreasing change in Rewa districts.Signifi-cant increasing trend of average temperature is obtained for Hoshangabad,Jabalpur,Sagar and Rewa districts.The Sen’s slope indicated an increase of 0.005 to 0.009℃for maximum temperature and 0.005 to 0.012℃for minimum temperature annually.The projections of all the RCP climate scenarios for the years 2050 and 2080 indicated non-significant variation in precipitation but an increase in maximum(1.4 to 4.1℃)and minimum(1.45 to 4.65℃)annual temperatures.An increasing trend in area and production for horticultural crops is also observed in central India for the study period.There is yield increase in all the crops selected in case study except for potato,which recorded a decreased yield between the years 2010–2015.Conclusion:The Mann–Kendall test and projections indicate towards climate change with a temperature rise.Though the decadal study indicates an increasing trend in horticultural crops,the districts identified to be affected by climate change need to have a plan to lessen the horticultural loss in the state.This study contributes to understand-ing the future climate change trends and its impact on horticultural crop production to formulate various adaptation strategies.展开更多
This study aimed to formulate Cheddar-style cheese from standardised yak milk(casein-fat ratio:0.7)and examined different quality parameters during 5 months ripening at 7±1℃.The chemical components viz.,fat,prot...This study aimed to formulate Cheddar-style cheese from standardised yak milk(casein-fat ratio:0.7)and examined different quality parameters during 5 months ripening at 7±1℃.The chemical components viz.,fat,protein,ash,and salt contents,increased significantly(p˂0.05),whereas the moisture content decreased considerably(p˂0.05)during ripening.Similarly,pH,titratable acidity[lactic acid(%by weight)],soluble protein(%),ripening index,tyrosine value(μg/g),total free fatty acids(μm/g),and peroxide value(mEq of O_(2)/kg)increased considerably(p˂0.05)during ripening.Yeast and mould count(logCFU/g)showed a significant(p˂0.05)increase,while the coliform count(logCFU/g)were undetectable at the end of ripening.Further,cheese textural attributes and colour value(L^(*),a^(*)and b^(*))also decreased significantly(p˂0.05).The protein hydrolysis pattern in cheese was detected using electrophoresis.The water-soluble extracts of cheese exhibited significant antioxidant activity.Palmitic(27.2%)and oleic acid(24.4%)were the prominent fatty acids detected in higher concentrations at the end of ripening.The majority of amino acids such as glutamic acid and histidine,were also retained in the cheese.The sensory ratings of cheese significantly increased as ripening proceeded,and the formulated product was acceptable for up to 120 days.展开更多
基金CONACYT for a postdoctoral research fellowship (Fellowship:24641)support by CONACYT (Grant: 240011)UANL-FCQ
文摘The progress made by the scientific community in emerging photovoltaic technologies over the past two decades has been outstanding. Numerous methods have been developed for the preparation of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells. The power conversion efficiency has been up to 14% by a one-step vacuum deposition technique. A serious concern is the toxicity of the materials. In this review, several methods aimed at resolving these problems to some extent have been compiled, including eco-friendly synthesis. Further efficiency enhancements are expected following optimization, and a better fundamental understanding of the internal electron charge transfer, electron–hole diffusion to the corresponding layers, flexibility, and stability-dependent bandgaps is reported. This paper explores the green synthesis of organic–inorganic perovskites for industrialization. Concerning the above facts, a simple low-cost model called‘‘dispersed photovoltaic cells' ' is presented.
基金financial support for his Ph.D.degree from Kuvempu University
文摘Nanomedicine is an emerging field concerned with the use of precision engineered nanomaterials, which leads to the development of novel remedial and diagnostic modalities for human use. In this study, Cu(NO_3)_2 and Ag NO_3 precursors were reduced to copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs) and silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) using Terminalia arjuna bark extracts under microwave irradiation in the presence of well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) in aqueous medium. The formation of Cu NPs or Ag NPs and their functionalization with MWCNTs via bioactive molecules of plant extract were evidenced from UV–Vis spectra, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and TEM images. The phytochemically functionalized Cu-MWCNTs and Ag-MWCNTs nanomaterials showed enhanced biocide activity, and the inhibitory activity for bacteria was higher than that of fungus. Furthermore, these biohybrid nanomaterials are non-toxic to normal epithelial cells(Vero), whereas they are highly toxic for tested human cancer cells of MDA-MB-231, He La, Si Ha, and Hep-G2. The cell viability was found to decrease with the increasing dose from 10 to 50 lg m L^(-1), as well as incubation time from 24 to 72 h. For instance, the cell viability was found to be *91 % for normal Vero cells and *76 % for cancer cells for lower dose of 10 lg m L^(-1).
基金This work was supported by a project grant from the Science and Engineering Research Board,Department of Science and Technology(SERB-DST)New Delhi,India[File No.PDF/2016/000200].
文摘Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have tremendous applications in almost every walk of life;however,their harmful impacts on humans and the environment are not well addressed.CNTs have been used in various applications ranging from medical science to different engineering branches,to ease human life.Generally,the toxicological profile of CNTs under laboratory conditions cannot be assessed primarily in medical science due to the inconsistent availability of cytotoxic study data.CNT toxicity has been affected by many physicochemical properties(e.g.,size,type of functionalization),concentration,the extent of exposure,mode of exposure,and even the solvents/medium used to dissolve/disperse CNTs for their application.These inconsistencies arise due to the variation in synthesis methods as well as the mode of their human exposure.Besides their unlimited use in various fields,most of CNT toxicity aspects and mechanisms remain uncertain.Additionally,in-depth knowledge of CNTs toxicity is scarce,and the available literature shows dissimilarities in experimental data and exposure studies.To understand the toxicological issues,it is the need of the hour to provide insight into the published data,post-exposure studies,and various factors that may damage the cells due to CNTs toxicity.This review article analyses the hazardous potential through toxicological implications and summarizes the detailed mechanism(s)of CNTs studied on the different model organisms,including human cell lines.In this review article,we hypothesized that thorough knowledge of various aspects,as mentioned above,helps us design and develop possible strategies to reduce the toxicity of nanomaterial to make them safer and secure for humanity’s betterment.
文摘Knowledge is essentially a human construct and it evolves continuously on reflective thinking and is practiced systematically in educational institutions. Education has to develop man＇s intellectual, physical, and spiritual powers for survival and develop enrichment factors of life through its curriculum which has certainty of content and methodology based on the educational objectives. Curriculum must build the capacity of individuals. Hence, the author defines curriculum and argues the results as better life style. Also, the author projects the expectations of the twenty-first century learners, and has extended the educational objectives to one more domain as enterprise domain, emphasizing that education must aim to develop entrepreneurial skills of learners. Therefore, it is essential that any curriculum be framed in the light of the existing curriculum, educational transaction, needs of the society, and measurable practices and evaluation, and must aim for enrichment in curricular knowledge, pedagogy and transmission techniques, and value inculcation. The author portrays the results of education.
文摘Temperature dependence of ultrasonic attenuation and allied parameters are investigated for manganese oxide in the temperature range 300-500 K. These calculations are made for longitudinal and shear waves along the , and crystallographic directions of propagation. If the values of second order elastic constants and density at a particular temperature are known for any substance, one may obtain ultrasonic velocities for longitudinal and shear waves which give an important information about its internal structure, inherent and anharmonic properties. The non-linearity coupling parameters and thermal relaxation time have also obtained for this crystal. In the present investigation, it has been found that phonon-phonon interaction is the dominant cause for ultrasonic attenuation. This study will be useful in characterisation of the material and it will give a clear picture of the behaviour of ultrasonic attenuation in MnO.
文摘Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chickpea and is regarded as a constant threat in tropical and subtropical countries. In order to correlate Fusarium wilt resistance/susceptibility in Cicer arietinum to the presence or absence of trypsin inhibitor (TI) in the crude extract, trypsin inhibitory assay (TIA) and in vitro activity of TI against Foc were studied. In the present study, a 20 kDa trypsin inhibitor was purified from Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar (viz. JG 2001-12) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and chromatographies with Sephadex G-100 and Diethyl aminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose-52) ion-exchange column. Results of pathogenecity assay were found to be in correlation to the trypsin inhibitor assay where the Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar showed high trypsin inhibitory activity (99%) in the presence of trypsin enzyme using both natural and synthetic substrates. Preliminary studies using crude extracts of JG 2001-12 showed a decrease in radial growth of Foc. A 45%-82% reduction in conidium germination at 20 μg·mL-1?Cicer arietinum trypsin inhibitor (CaTI) concentration was observed, thereby, indicating the use of CaTI in suppression of pathogen and in its deployment through transgenic plants for the management of Fusarium wilt.
文摘Over 350 million years have passed since the documentation of the first interaction between plants and insects. Numerous plant defense qualities and associated counter-adaptive features have developed as a result of these interactions between insects and plants. These characteristics might be either morphological or biological in nature. One of the most significant and useful biochemical characteristics in plants is latex. Latex has a sticky property due to presence of secondary metabolites in it, which aids in entangling or sealing the mouthparts of small insects. These metabolites also chemically interact with the insects interfering with crucial bodily processes. Plant latex has amazing properties that help protect plants from insects and inhibit them in general. It may be possible to control insect pests in a natural, secure, and long-lasting manner by correctly identifying plant latex with strong insecticidal properties and developing formulations of plant latex.
文摘Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) appears in stratified two-fluid flow at surface. When the relative velocity is higher than the critical relative velocity, the growth of waves occurs. It is found that magnetic field has a stabilization effect whereas the buoyancy force has a destabilization effect on the KHI in the presence of sharp inter-face. The RT instability increases with wave number and flow shear, and acts much like a KHI when destabilizing effect of sheared flow dominates. It is shown that both of ablation velocity and magnetic field have stabilization effect on RT instability in the presence of continued interface. In this paper, we study the effect of magnetic field on Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) in a Couple-stress fluid layer above by a porous layer and below by a rigid surface. A simple theory based on fully developed flow approximations is used to derive the dispersion relation for the growth rate of KHI. We replace the effect of boundary layer with Beavers and Joseph slip condition at the rigid surface. The dispersion relation is derived using suitable boundary and surface conditions and results are discussed graphically. The stabilization effect of magnetic field takes place for whole waveband and becomes more significant for the short wavelength. The growth rate decreases as the density scale length increases. The stabilization effect of magnetic field is more significant for the short density scale length.
文摘Agrarian occupational health is a neglected primary health-care service in India.A nurse-led health promotion program is planned based on a Conceptual Model for the Occupational Health Nurse Specialist prepared by Ms.Janice Dees(1984)inspired from Orem’s self-care theory.The interventions included are range of motion exercise,progressive muscle relaxation technique,foot and palm massage,and literacy on safety practices.The wellness of field farmers is expected by following this program plan.
文摘Brazil has introduced a referendum regarding the prohibition of firearm commerce and propaganda arguments have invoked socially and personally driven issues in the promotion of voting in favor of and against firearm control, respectively. Here, we used different techniques to study the brain activity associated with a voter’s perception of the truthfulness of these arguments and their influence on voting decisions. Low-resolution tomography was used to identify the possible different sets of neurons activated in the analysis of the different types of propaganda. Linear correlation was used to calculate the amount information H(ei) provided to different electrodes about how these sets of neurons enroll themselves to carry out this cognitive analysis. The results clearly showed that vote decision was not influenced by arguments that were introduced by propaganda, which was typically driven by specific social or self-interest motives. However, different neural circuits were identified in the analysis of each type of propaganda argument, independently of the declared vote (for or against the control) intention.
文摘Objective:To document the clinical,biochemical and imaging phenotypes of immunocompetent patients with adrenal histoplasmosis.Methods:The clinical,biochemical and radiologic data of 18 immunocompetent patients[age:45.00(39.25,56.25)years,median(IQR),m/f(16/2)]with adrenal histoplasmosis presenting in the Department of Endocrinology,B中央人民政府 between 2014 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:All patients were seronegative for HIV infection,and 27.8%(5/18)had well controlled diabetes mellitus.The median duration of the symptoms was 6.00(IQR:4.00,11.25)months.All had significant weight loss,anorexia and weakness.Fever was present in 61.1%(11/18)patients and night sweat was present in 27.8%(5/18)cases.Hypotension and hyperpigmentation were present in 55.6%(10/18)and 66.7%(12/18)cases,respectively.Three of 18 patients presented with adrenal crisis.Hyponatremia occurred in 55.6%(10/18)cases,but none had hyperkalemia.Thirteen of 18 patients had adrenal insufficiency whereas 83.3%(15/18)had high adrenocorticotropic hormone.CT scan revealed bilateral adrenal enlargement in all cases with oval shape and regular margin.All were hypodense having radiodensity 21-90 hounsfield unit,and 11.1%(2/18)were heterogeneous in contrast enhancement.None had noticeable calcification whereas 1.1%(2/18)cases had central necrosis with peripheral rim enhancement.Hepatomegaly was present in 6 cases,splenomegaly in 3 cases and 5 patients had abdominal lymphadenopathy.Histoplasmosis were confirmed by positive fine needle aspiration cytology of adrenal tissue.Conclusions:Adrenal histoplasmosis should be considered in the list of differentials of bilateral adrenomegaly in immunocompetent individuals even living in non-endemic areas.
文摘Literature in finance and neurosciences shows that male and female differ in many relevant issues concerning financial decision investment. Here, we studied the EEG activity recorded while volunteers were playing a stock trading game to investigate these gender differences. 20 males and 20 females made 100 trading decisions using a portfolio of 200 shares of 7 different companies. Males and females were equally successful in earning above the market. sLORETA was used to identify sources of EEG recorded 2 seconds before trading decision. Results showed that male and female used different sets of neuron to make equally successful financial decisions.
文摘In this paper,the detailed analysis of the influence of thermal and non-Newtonian aspects of lubricant(couple stress fluid)on EHL line contact as a function of slide-roll ratio is presented.The novel low complexity FAS(full approximation scheme),of the multigrid scheme,with Jacobi dipole and Gauss Seidel relaxation is used for the solution of coupled equations viz.modified Reynolds equation,film thickness equation and energy equation satisfying appropriate boundary conditions.The analysis reveals the combined influence of non-Newtonian,thermal and slide-roll ratio(of bearing moving with different speeds)on pressure,film thickness and pressure spike covering a wide range of physical parameters of interest.Results show that pressure spike is strongly influenced by thermal,slide-roll ratio and non-Newtonian character of lubricant with negligible effect on the overall pressure distribution.Also,the minimum film thickness is slightly altered and it increases with the increase in the couple stress parameter.These findings confirm the importance of non-Newtonian and thermal effects in the study of EHL.
文摘Background: Recent neuroscience investigations on moral judgment have provided useful information about how brain processes such complex decision making. All these studies carried out so far were fMRI investigations and therefore were constrained by the poor temporal resolution of this technique. Recent advances in electroencephalography (EEG) analysis provided by Low Resolution Tomogray (Loreta), Principal Component (PCA), Correlation and Regression Analysis improved EEG spatial resolution and made EEG a very useful technique in decision-making studies. Methods: Here, we reinvestigate previous fMRI study of personal (PD) and impersonal (ID) moral dilemma judgment, taking profit of these new EEG analysis improvements. Results: PCA analysis disclosed three different patterns of brain activity associated with dilemma judgment. These patterns are proposed to disclose the neural circuits involved in benefit and risk evaluation, calculating intention to act and controlling decision-making. Regression analysis showed that activity at some cortical areas favors action implementation by increasing intention to act, while activity at some other areas opposes it by decreasing intention to act. Comparison with Existing Methods: Compared to the previous fMRI results, Loreta and PCA revealed a much greater number of cortical areas involved in dilemma judgment, whose temporal and spatial distribution were different for ID compared to PD. The present paper suggests that whenever final temporal details of the decision making process are desired, EEG becomes the tool of choice as compared with fMRI. Conclusions: The presented results are discussed from the utilitarian point of view that proposes adequacy of human action being dependent upon how much pleasure and fear/pain they are associated.
文摘Aquatic fungi play an important role in litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems.Keeping in view the importance of aquatic fungi,diversity of these organisms was studied in two freshwater ecosystems of Gaur River and Khurji Nala Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India.During the present study,34 fungal species and 6 chromista species have been recorded on decomposing substrates.Highest number of fungal genera were recorded in submerged litter samples of Tectona grandis followed by Dendroclamus strictus.The maximum percentage frequencies of various fungal species which colonize litter of different tree species were also recorded.The cluster analysis revealed that different fungal communities on various plant hosts vary significantly.
基金The work here is supported by the University Ajman grant:2019-IRG-HBS-11.
文摘It is well known that there is a deep connection between the symmetric and traveling wave solutions.It has been shown that all symmetric waves are traveling waves.In this paper,we establish new analytic solution collections of nonlinear conformable time-fractional water wave dynamical equation in a complex domain.For this purpose,we construct a new definition of a symmetric conformable differential operator(SCDO).The operator has a symmetric representation in the open unit disk.By using SCDO,we generalize a class of water wave dynamical equation type time-space fractional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.The results show that the obtainable approaches are powerful,dependable and prepared to apply to all classes of complex differential equations.
文摘In this study,carbon black(CB)powder-loaded polyurethane(PU)composites(CB-PU composites)were prepared by melt mixing method with different volume percentages(45,50,55,58 and 61 vol.%)of CB in the PU matrix.The prepared CB-PU composites had been further studied for surface morphology using the field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)technique.Dielectric properties in terms of real permittivity(ε′)and imaginary permittivity(ε′′)of the fabricated composites were computed using an Agilent E8364B vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 8-12 GHz(X-band).Dielectric loss factor of the prepared CB-PU composites was computed in terms of the dielectric loss tangent(tanδ_(e)=ε′′/ε′).Microwave absorbing properties were appraised in terms of the reflection loss(RL)which in turn was calculated for varying thicknesses of the prepared composites from the measured real and imaginary permittivity data.The minimum RL was observed as−20.10 dB for the absorber with a thickness of 2.2 mm and the bandwidth achieved was 1.92 GHz for RL≤−10 dB.Based on the above results these CB-PU composites have potential use as effective microwave absorbers in 8-12-GHz(X-band)frequency range.
文摘Background:The impact of climate change on horticultural production is of utmost concern worldwide.One such vulnerable region of horticultural importance is the Madhya Pradesh state in the central part of India.It is crucial to analyse the long-term trend in climatic variations and its effect on horticultural crop production.Therefore,this study focuses on detecting trends in mean annual precipitation and temperature of 115 years for the 15 districts covering all the regions of the state as well as projections of all the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP)climatic scenarios for 2050 and 2080 of Madhya Pradesh state.The decadal(2010–2020)insight into the area and production of horticultural crops is undertaken which will help forecasting the future growth trend.For a better insight,case study on four horticultural crops is undertaken to assess their decadal growth trend vis-à-vis climate parameters in these 15 districts.Results:The Mann–Kendall test for 1901–2016 and Sen’s slope indicated a non-significant change in long-term trend for precipitation except for increasing change in Khargone and decreasing change in Rewa districts.Signifi-cant increasing trend of average temperature is obtained for Hoshangabad,Jabalpur,Sagar and Rewa districts.The Sen’s slope indicated an increase of 0.005 to 0.009℃for maximum temperature and 0.005 to 0.012℃for minimum temperature annually.The projections of all the RCP climate scenarios for the years 2050 and 2080 indicated non-significant variation in precipitation but an increase in maximum(1.4 to 4.1℃)and minimum(1.45 to 4.65℃)annual temperatures.An increasing trend in area and production for horticultural crops is also observed in central India for the study period.There is yield increase in all the crops selected in case study except for potato,which recorded a decreased yield between the years 2010–2015.Conclusion:The Mann–Kendall test and projections indicate towards climate change with a temperature rise.Though the decadal study indicates an increasing trend in horticultural crops,the districts identified to be affected by climate change need to have a plan to lessen the horticultural loss in the state.This study contributes to understand-ing the future climate change trends and its impact on horticultural crop production to formulate various adaptation strategies.
文摘This study aimed to formulate Cheddar-style cheese from standardised yak milk(casein-fat ratio:0.7)and examined different quality parameters during 5 months ripening at 7±1℃.The chemical components viz.,fat,protein,ash,and salt contents,increased significantly(p˂0.05),whereas the moisture content decreased considerably(p˂0.05)during ripening.Similarly,pH,titratable acidity[lactic acid(%by weight)],soluble protein(%),ripening index,tyrosine value(μg/g),total free fatty acids(μm/g),and peroxide value(mEq of O_(2)/kg)increased considerably(p˂0.05)during ripening.Yeast and mould count(logCFU/g)showed a significant(p˂0.05)increase,while the coliform count(logCFU/g)were undetectable at the end of ripening.Further,cheese textural attributes and colour value(L^(*),a^(*)and b^(*))also decreased significantly(p˂0.05).The protein hydrolysis pattern in cheese was detected using electrophoresis.The water-soluble extracts of cheese exhibited significant antioxidant activity.Palmitic(27.2%)and oleic acid(24.4%)were the prominent fatty acids detected in higher concentrations at the end of ripening.The majority of amino acids such as glutamic acid and histidine,were also retained in the cheese.The sensory ratings of cheese significantly increased as ripening proceeded,and the formulated product was acceptable for up to 120 days.
