近年来,“科学与技术的地理”(geographies of science and technology)持续得到学界关注,研究者通过探讨科学实践的空间性与知识流通的情境特质,试图揭示科学知识与地理之间复杂而微妙的关系。这种基于科学知识社会学(SSK)地方主义与...近年来,“科学与技术的地理”(geographies of science and technology)持续得到学界关注,研究者通过探讨科学实践的空间性与知识流通的情境特质,试图揭示科学知识与地理之间复杂而微妙的关系。这种基于科学知识社会学(SSK)地方主义与批判性历史地理学理解路径的研究取向,将地理学的研究视野拓展至科学/知识本体论的空间维度,展现了地理学在现代世界“权力-空间-知识”侧面的解释潜力。追根溯源,该领域的思想渊源与学术特质与20世纪90年代兴起的“科学历史地理学”(historical geography of science)息息相关。尽管现有研究未能系统揭示该领域发展初期的学术脉络,但应承认,正是因为历史地理学在自身批判性转型中对历史“元叙事”的解构与反思,提供了地理学与科学知识社会学交融的契机,二者共同奠定科学历史地理学的理论与方法论基础。本文旨在从学术史发展的角度梳理该领域的思想脉络与理论演进,探讨科学知识与地理互动关系所带来的启示,为后续研究提供思路与参考。展开更多
As robotic surgery provides clinical benefits and increases on a global scale,it also signifies the transition from direct manual control of surgical instruments to digital connectivity and teleoperation.The digital c...As robotic surgery provides clinical benefits and increases on a global scale,it also signifies the transition from direct manual control of surgical instruments to digital connectivity and teleoperation.The digital coupling between human control inputs and surgical motion replaces the previous physical link.Robotic surgery is therefore in effect‘surgery-by-wire’,the term capturing the engineering phenomenon that has also occurred in the‘fly-by-wire’of aviation and‘drive-by-wire’of cars.This paper reviews the fundamental commonality across domains.Intrinsic to‘by-wire’control is digital processing,which generates the control signal to the effector.This processing enables a progressive spectrum of motion modulation,from precision and stability of motion,through assistance and envelope protection,to automation.Precision now manifests in all three domains.In modern aircraft and cars,higher-order assistance is commonplace,such as flight envelope protection,with analogous support in driving,as well as significant automation.In robotic surgery,such assistance and automation have not yet entered wider clinical practice,with concepts such as envelope protection requiring further definition.The digital interface combined with telecommunication has also enabled teleoperation in all domains.Therefore,motion‘by-wire’has enhanced performance across industries.A cross-domain perspective will be increasingly useful to facilitate technology transfer and catalyse progress in robotic surgery.As the pan-industry digital transformation evolves,important principles can be derived for application in robotic surgery.展开更多
The increasing use of robotic surgery has seen a wave of technology ripple through global healthcare.Similar changes occurred in aviation several decades ago.New robot types have increased access for both patients and...The increasing use of robotic surgery has seen a wave of technology ripple through global healthcare.Similar changes occurred in aviation several decades ago.New robot types have increased access for both patients and surgeons.The modern robotic curriculum therefore needs to train surgeons of varying experience,gaining access to several robot types,and based in centres around the world.Drawing on this analogy with aviation helps to derive principles for curriculum design,and considers humanemachine interface,non-technical skills,team training,and simulation.The components of the curriculum could be core(cross-platform),platform-specific,specialty-specific,and platform-transitional.Analogous concepts also emerge,including type rating,control as surgery-by-wire,spatio-haptic envelope,and virtual operations.The fourth industrial revolution sets anticipation for progress.展开更多
文摘近年来,“科学与技术的地理”(geographies of science and technology)持续得到学界关注,研究者通过探讨科学实践的空间性与知识流通的情境特质,试图揭示科学知识与地理之间复杂而微妙的关系。这种基于科学知识社会学(SSK)地方主义与批判性历史地理学理解路径的研究取向,将地理学的研究视野拓展至科学/知识本体论的空间维度,展现了地理学在现代世界“权力-空间-知识”侧面的解释潜力。追根溯源,该领域的思想渊源与学术特质与20世纪90年代兴起的“科学历史地理学”(historical geography of science)息息相关。尽管现有研究未能系统揭示该领域发展初期的学术脉络,但应承认,正是因为历史地理学在自身批判性转型中对历史“元叙事”的解构与反思,提供了地理学与科学知识社会学交融的契机,二者共同奠定科学历史地理学的理论与方法论基础。本文旨在从学术史发展的角度梳理该领域的思想脉络与理论演进,探讨科学知识与地理互动关系所带来的启示,为后续研究提供思路与参考。
文摘As robotic surgery provides clinical benefits and increases on a global scale,it also signifies the transition from direct manual control of surgical instruments to digital connectivity and teleoperation.The digital coupling between human control inputs and surgical motion replaces the previous physical link.Robotic surgery is therefore in effect‘surgery-by-wire’,the term capturing the engineering phenomenon that has also occurred in the‘fly-by-wire’of aviation and‘drive-by-wire’of cars.This paper reviews the fundamental commonality across domains.Intrinsic to‘by-wire’control is digital processing,which generates the control signal to the effector.This processing enables a progressive spectrum of motion modulation,from precision and stability of motion,through assistance and envelope protection,to automation.Precision now manifests in all three domains.In modern aircraft and cars,higher-order assistance is commonplace,such as flight envelope protection,with analogous support in driving,as well as significant automation.In robotic surgery,such assistance and automation have not yet entered wider clinical practice,with concepts such as envelope protection requiring further definition.The digital interface combined with telecommunication has also enabled teleoperation in all domains.Therefore,motion‘by-wire’has enhanced performance across industries.A cross-domain perspective will be increasingly useful to facilitate technology transfer and catalyse progress in robotic surgery.As the pan-industry digital transformation evolves,important principles can be derived for application in robotic surgery.
文摘The increasing use of robotic surgery has seen a wave of technology ripple through global healthcare.Similar changes occurred in aviation several decades ago.New robot types have increased access for both patients and surgeons.The modern robotic curriculum therefore needs to train surgeons of varying experience,gaining access to several robot types,and based in centres around the world.Drawing on this analogy with aviation helps to derive principles for curriculum design,and considers humanemachine interface,non-technical skills,team training,and simulation.The components of the curriculum could be core(cross-platform),platform-specific,specialty-specific,and platform-transitional.Analogous concepts also emerge,including type rating,control as surgery-by-wire,spatio-haptic envelope,and virtual operations.The fourth industrial revolution sets anticipation for progress.
