Terrorist attacks represent a significant threat to national order,social stability,and economic security.Accurate prediction of such attacks is a critical task for casualty reduction,enhanced decision-making,and opti...Terrorist attacks represent a significant threat to national order,social stability,and economic security.Accurate prediction of such attacks is a critical task for casualty reduction,enhanced decision-making,and optimal resource distribution in counter-terrorism efforts.This paper introduces an innovative spatio-temporal fusion framework that combines graph convolutional network(GCN)with long short-term memory(LSTM)models.By capturing and merging spatio-temporal features from relevant events,the proposed GCN-LSTM model achieves remarkable accuracy in predicting terrorist attacks.The experimental results demonstrate outstanding perfor-mance,with the model attaining minimal RMSE and MAE values of 0.037 and 0.031,respectively,surpassing all baseline models(LSTM,GCN,and CNN-LSTM-Transformer).Through its effective interpretation of complex spatio-temporal patterns underlying terrorist attacks,our model substantially enhances the predictive accuracy across diverse time horizons.These findings carry crucial implications for enhancing counter-terrorism strategies.展开更多
In recent years,as a disaster,terrorist attacks have occurred throughout the world.However,emergency evac-uation behaviors during these incidents were not clear,and the traditional emergency plans were not suitable fo...In recent years,as a disaster,terrorist attacks have occurred throughout the world.However,emergency evac-uation behaviors during these incidents were not clear,and the traditional emergency plans were not suitable for such incidents.In this paper,evacuation behaviors under armed assault attack in a classroom were studied based on evacuation experiments.A total of 103 participants took part in three experiments.In each experiment,the attacker’s attacking route was set differently to study the impact of the attacking route on evacuation be-haviors.Pre-evacuation delay,panic of the evacuees,exit choices,evacuation time,and evacuees’trajectories in the experiments were all analyzed.The results of the experiments showed that when a terrorist attack occurs,there is a long delay before evacuation,and most of the evacuees were in the state of“observation”before they moved.When one of the participants started to evacuate or shout,other participants would begin to recognize the danger and escape quickly.These three experiments showed that the route of the attacker had a significant impact on the routes and exit choices of the evacuees.Rather than searching for the nearest exit,the primary purpose of evacuees was to keep a safe distance from the attacker.The average speed of the evacuees in these three experiments was 1.07 m/s,0.81 m/s,and 0.84 m/s,respectively.The density distribution during the crowd evacuation process was uneven,with the highest density occurring at the area from the seats to the aisles.The research can provide data support for the design of emergency plans and the computer simulation of the armed assault attack.展开更多
Guidance signs are generally considered to be key in improving the efficiency of emergency building evacuations.During a group evacuation,how obedient is the group to the evacuation signs?Would different evacuation si...Guidance signs are generally considered to be key in improving the efficiency of emergency building evacuations.During a group evacuation,how obedient is the group to the evacuation signs?Would different evacuation signs affect the judgment of evacuated groups?Evacuation experiments were conducted to explore the influence of evacuation signs on the path selection of evacuation groups.Fourteen classes with 514 participants participated in these experiments,and each class participated in one experiment.Six classes conducted the experiments without guidance signs,and the rest conducted the experiments with guidance signs.The influences of the sign’s color(red and green),pattern(arrow and running man),and status(whether it flashes)on the route selection were studied.The results show that(1)the evacuation signs significantly affect the route choices of the evacuated groups.(2)The herding effect during the evacuation process does not influence the guiding effect of evacuation signs.(3)Evacuation signs of different colors and patterns have different guiding effects,and the Green running man sign has the best effect.(4)The constant bright,or flashing evacuation sign corresponding to the flashing Red running man has a significant impact on the route selection of the evacuated group.The results may provide a reference for improving the emergency evacuation guidance model of office buildings or other buildings with a large flow of people and optimize ideas for the design and layout of emergency evacuation signs.展开更多
Evacuation signs are a key factor in the effectiveness of occupants'urgent escape from buildings.Different sign features may have disparate impacts on individual and crowd behavior.This study aims to quantitativel...Evacuation signs are a key factor in the effectiveness of occupants'urgent escape from buildings.Different sign features may have disparate impacts on individual and crowd behavior.This study aims to quantitatively inves-tigate the effectiveness of building evacuation signs with different features during pedestrian evacuation using eye-tracking devices.Ten experiments were conducted in a building in T-junction scenarios,and four sets of features related to evacuation signs(color,position,graphics,and flashing)were considered.SMI BeGaze was used to analyze the eye movements of the occupants.The fixation duration of the evacuees and the ratio of signs detected and followed were quantitatively derived and compared for each experiment.The results show that it is easier for evacuees to detect signs at a low sightline,and signs posted at that level of sight can provide better guidance.When signs are posted high up,red signs are easier to detect than green signs.Most evacuees prefer to follow the evacuation signs once they detect them;however,there is no significant difference in the effect of what is posted on the evacuation signs,such as a running man or an arrow.Conversely,flashing of signs is highly helpful in influencing evacuees'behavior,but flashing is not helpful in detecting signs.More importantly,red signs with a running man graphic located in a low position have the best guiding effects on evacuees.The fixa-tion behaviors of evacuees vary according to sign features,particularly in regard to flashing and color.Evacuees stare longer at twinkling signs.Differences in the colors and positions of signs result in significantly different perceptual behaviors among evacuees.Our findings are useful for building designers and provide guidance for developing effective evacuation strategies.展开更多
Investigative identification is a routine criminal investigative procedure,the results of which can be used as evidence in litigation.However,some suspects often deny their involvement in the case,and some witnesses m...Investigative identification is a routine criminal investigative procedure,the results of which can be used as evidence in litigation.However,some suspects often deny their involvement in the case,and some witnesses may withhold information or misrepresent it,all of which may lead to a miscarriage of justice.This study created a stressful environment and conducted a simulated crime experiment to explore whether eye movement data can be an effective feature for distinguishing perpetrators,innocents,and insiders.The eye movement features—such as the total fixation duration,number of fixations,and first fixation duration—within an area of interest were collected from 83 participants sorted into informed,involved,and innocent groups.The results revealed the following:(1)compared with the object and scene stimuli,subjects with different identities were more likely to exhibit significant differences in eye movement data for the involved and irrelevant portraits.The total fixation duration and the number of fixations can provide a reference for judging whether someone is involved in a case,and the first fixation duration effect was not obvious.(2)Using machine learning algorithms to predict subjects’identities through eye movement features,it was demonstrated that the involved portrait-object-scene model had the best predictive effect.(3)Multiple algorithmic models were used to distinguish subjects’identities,and the highest accuracy of 92.7%was achieved for the informed×innocent group,88%for the innocent×suspect group(including the informed and involved groups),and 84.5%for the involved group.The eye movement analysis method can provide a reference for criminal investigators to distinguish between the perpetrator,insider,and innocent,and offer a novel approach to determining the direction of further investigation and uncovering and verifying case clues.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 72274208.
文摘Terrorist attacks represent a significant threat to national order,social stability,and economic security.Accurate prediction of such attacks is a critical task for casualty reduction,enhanced decision-making,and optimal resource distribution in counter-terrorism efforts.This paper introduces an innovative spatio-temporal fusion framework that combines graph convolutional network(GCN)with long short-term memory(LSTM)models.By capturing and merging spatio-temporal features from relevant events,the proposed GCN-LSTM model achieves remarkable accuracy in predicting terrorist attacks.The experimental results demonstrate outstanding perfor-mance,with the model attaining minimal RMSE and MAE values of 0.037 and 0.031,respectively,surpassing all baseline models(LSTM,GCN,and CNN-LSTM-Transformer).Through its effective interpretation of complex spatio-temporal patterns underlying terrorist attacks,our model substantially enhances the predictive accuracy across diverse time horizons.These findings carry crucial implications for enhancing counter-terrorism strategies.
文摘In recent years,as a disaster,terrorist attacks have occurred throughout the world.However,emergency evac-uation behaviors during these incidents were not clear,and the traditional emergency plans were not suitable for such incidents.In this paper,evacuation behaviors under armed assault attack in a classroom were studied based on evacuation experiments.A total of 103 participants took part in three experiments.In each experiment,the attacker’s attacking route was set differently to study the impact of the attacking route on evacuation be-haviors.Pre-evacuation delay,panic of the evacuees,exit choices,evacuation time,and evacuees’trajectories in the experiments were all analyzed.The results of the experiments showed that when a terrorist attack occurs,there is a long delay before evacuation,and most of the evacuees were in the state of“observation”before they moved.When one of the participants started to evacuate or shout,other participants would begin to recognize the danger and escape quickly.These three experiments showed that the route of the attacker had a significant impact on the routes and exit choices of the evacuees.Rather than searching for the nearest exit,the primary purpose of evacuees was to keep a safe distance from the attacker.The average speed of the evacuees in these three experiments was 1.07 m/s,0.81 m/s,and 0.84 m/s,respectively.The density distribution during the crowd evacuation process was uneven,with the highest density occurring at the area from the seats to the aisles.The research can provide data support for the design of emergency plans and the computer simulation of the armed assault attack.
基金Public Security Behavior Science and En-gineering Action Project of People’s Public Security University of China(2022KXGCKJ02)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni-versities(2019JKF429).
文摘Guidance signs are generally considered to be key in improving the efficiency of emergency building evacuations.During a group evacuation,how obedient is the group to the evacuation signs?Would different evacuation signs affect the judgment of evacuated groups?Evacuation experiments were conducted to explore the influence of evacuation signs on the path selection of evacuation groups.Fourteen classes with 514 participants participated in these experiments,and each class participated in one experiment.Six classes conducted the experiments without guidance signs,and the rest conducted the experiments with guidance signs.The influences of the sign’s color(red and green),pattern(arrow and running man),and status(whether it flashes)on the route selection were studied.The results show that(1)the evacuation signs significantly affect the route choices of the evacuated groups.(2)The herding effect during the evacuation process does not influence the guiding effect of evacuation signs.(3)Evacuation signs of different colors and patterns have different guiding effects,and the Green running man sign has the best effect.(4)The constant bright,or flashing evacuation sign corresponding to the flashing Red running man has a significant impact on the route selection of the evacuated group.The results may provide a reference for improving the emergency evacuation guidance model of office buildings or other buildings with a large flow of people and optimize ideas for the design and layout of emergency evacuation signs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72274208,71904194 and 52204233),Basic Research Foundation of People's Public Security University of China(2022JKF02010)and Public Security Behavior Science and Engineering Action Project of People's Public Security University of China(2022KXGCKJ02).
文摘Evacuation signs are a key factor in the effectiveness of occupants'urgent escape from buildings.Different sign features may have disparate impacts on individual and crowd behavior.This study aims to quantitatively inves-tigate the effectiveness of building evacuation signs with different features during pedestrian evacuation using eye-tracking devices.Ten experiments were conducted in a building in T-junction scenarios,and four sets of features related to evacuation signs(color,position,graphics,and flashing)were considered.SMI BeGaze was used to analyze the eye movements of the occupants.The fixation duration of the evacuees and the ratio of signs detected and followed were quantitatively derived and compared for each experiment.The results show that it is easier for evacuees to detect signs at a low sightline,and signs posted at that level of sight can provide better guidance.When signs are posted high up,red signs are easier to detect than green signs.Most evacuees prefer to follow the evacuation signs once they detect them;however,there is no significant difference in the effect of what is posted on the evacuation signs,such as a running man or an arrow.Conversely,flashing of signs is highly helpful in influencing evacuees'behavior,but flashing is not helpful in detecting signs.More importantly,red signs with a running man graphic located in a low position have the best guiding effects on evacuees.The fixa-tion behaviors of evacuees vary according to sign features,particularly in regard to flashing and color.Evacuees stare longer at twinkling signs.Differences in the colors and positions of signs result in significantly different perceptual behaviors among evacuees.Our findings are useful for building designers and provide guidance for developing effective evacuation strategies.
基金This work is supported by the Public Security First-class Discipline Cultivation and Public Safety Behavioral Science Lab Project(No.2023ZB02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72274208).
文摘Investigative identification is a routine criminal investigative procedure,the results of which can be used as evidence in litigation.However,some suspects often deny their involvement in the case,and some witnesses may withhold information or misrepresent it,all of which may lead to a miscarriage of justice.This study created a stressful environment and conducted a simulated crime experiment to explore whether eye movement data can be an effective feature for distinguishing perpetrators,innocents,and insiders.The eye movement features—such as the total fixation duration,number of fixations,and first fixation duration—within an area of interest were collected from 83 participants sorted into informed,involved,and innocent groups.The results revealed the following:(1)compared with the object and scene stimuli,subjects with different identities were more likely to exhibit significant differences in eye movement data for the involved and irrelevant portraits.The total fixation duration and the number of fixations can provide a reference for judging whether someone is involved in a case,and the first fixation duration effect was not obvious.(2)Using machine learning algorithms to predict subjects’identities through eye movement features,it was demonstrated that the involved portrait-object-scene model had the best predictive effect.(3)Multiple algorithmic models were used to distinguish subjects’identities,and the highest accuracy of 92.7%was achieved for the informed×innocent group,88%for the innocent×suspect group(including the informed and involved groups),and 84.5%for the involved group.The eye movement analysis method can provide a reference for criminal investigators to distinguish between the perpetrator,insider,and innocent,and offer a novel approach to determining the direction of further investigation and uncovering and verifying case clues.
