AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological outcomes in the general population.METHODS: This is a cross sec...AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological outcomes in the general population.METHODS: This is a cross sectional study in which the study group was selected using multistage cluster and convenience sampling among a population of 4 million. For data collection, a total of 4763 individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, personality traits, life events, coping with stress, social support, and psychological outcomes such as anxiety and depression. To evaluate the comprehensive relation-ship between the variables, a path model was fitted.RESULTS: The standard electronic modules showed that personality traits and perceived stress are important determinants of psychological outcomes. Social support and coping strategies were demonstrated to reduce the increasing cumulative positive effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on the psychological outcomes and enhance the protective effect of extraversion through decreasing the positive effect of perceived stress on the psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Personal resources play an important role in reduction and prevention of anxiety and depression. In order to improve the psychological health, it is necessary to train and reinforce the adaptive coping strategies and social support, and thus, to moderate negative personality traits.展开更多
AIM To investigate the relation between plain water drinking and risk of depression and anxiety among a large sample of Iranian adults.METHODS A total of 3327 Iranian general adults were included in this cross-section...AIM To investigate the relation between plain water drinking and risk of depression and anxiety among a large sample of Iranian adults.METHODS A total of 3327 Iranian general adults were included in this cross-sectional study.Validated Iranian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression.Water consumption was assessed by asking about the number of glasses of water that consumed daily.Water consumption was categorized into<2,2-5,and≥5 glasses of water/d.RESULTS In the crude model,the lowest level of water drinking(<2 glasses/d)compared with reference group(≥5 glasses/d)doubled the risk of depression and anxiety(P<0.0001).After adjusting potential confounders,this inverse link remained significant for depression(OR:1.79;95%CI:1.32,2.42;P<0.0001),but not for anxiety(OR:1.49;95%CI:0.98,2.25;P=0.109).In stratified analyses by sex,after controlling for potential confounders,water drinking<2 glasses/d was associated with 73%and 54%increment in the risk of depression in men and women,respectively(P<0.05),whilst no significant association was observed for anxiety either in men or in women.CONCLUSION We found inverse associations between plain water consumption and depression.Also,these findings showed a tended risky association,but not statistically significant,between lower levels of water consumption and anxiety.These findings warrant evaluation in prospective and clinical trials studies to establish the plausible role of water in mental health status.展开更多
文摘AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological outcomes in the general population.METHODS: This is a cross sectional study in which the study group was selected using multistage cluster and convenience sampling among a population of 4 million. For data collection, a total of 4763 individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, personality traits, life events, coping with stress, social support, and psychological outcomes such as anxiety and depression. To evaluate the comprehensive relation-ship between the variables, a path model was fitted.RESULTS: The standard electronic modules showed that personality traits and perceived stress are important determinants of psychological outcomes. Social support and coping strategies were demonstrated to reduce the increasing cumulative positive effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on the psychological outcomes and enhance the protective effect of extraversion through decreasing the positive effect of perceived stress on the psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Personal resources play an important role in reduction and prevention of anxiety and depression. In order to improve the psychological health, it is necessary to train and reinforce the adaptive coping strategies and social support, and thus, to moderate negative personality traits.
文摘AIM To investigate the relation between plain water drinking and risk of depression and anxiety among a large sample of Iranian adults.METHODS A total of 3327 Iranian general adults were included in this cross-sectional study.Validated Iranian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression.Water consumption was assessed by asking about the number of glasses of water that consumed daily.Water consumption was categorized into<2,2-5,and≥5 glasses of water/d.RESULTS In the crude model,the lowest level of water drinking(<2 glasses/d)compared with reference group(≥5 glasses/d)doubled the risk of depression and anxiety(P<0.0001).After adjusting potential confounders,this inverse link remained significant for depression(OR:1.79;95%CI:1.32,2.42;P<0.0001),but not for anxiety(OR:1.49;95%CI:0.98,2.25;P=0.109).In stratified analyses by sex,after controlling for potential confounders,water drinking<2 glasses/d was associated with 73%and 54%increment in the risk of depression in men and women,respectively(P<0.05),whilst no significant association was observed for anxiety either in men or in women.CONCLUSION We found inverse associations between plain water consumption and depression.Also,these findings showed a tended risky association,but not statistically significant,between lower levels of water consumption and anxiety.These findings warrant evaluation in prospective and clinical trials studies to establish the plausible role of water in mental health status.
