Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different ...Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different models exhibit distinct strengths and preferences,resulting in varying levels of performance.In this paper,we compare the capabilities of the most advanced LLMs—DeepSeek,ChatGPT,and Claude—along with their reasoning-optimized versions in addressing computational challenges.Specifically,we evaluate their proficiency in solving traditional numerical problems in scientific computing as well as leveraging scientific machine learning techniques for PDE-based problems.We designed all our experiments so that a nontrivial decision is required,e.g,defining the proper space of input functions for neural operator learning.Our findings show that reasoning and hybrid-reasoning models consistently and significantly outperform non-reasoning ones in solving challenging problems,with ChatGPT o3-mini-high generally offering the fastest reasoning speed.展开更多
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB)signaling plays a pivotal role in dendritic growth and dendritic spine formation to promote learning and memory.The activity-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor at...Tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB)signaling plays a pivotal role in dendritic growth and dendritic spine formation to promote learning and memory.The activity-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor at synapses binds to pre-or postsynaptic TrkB resulting in the strengthening of synapses,reflected by long-term potentiation.Postsynaptically,the association of postsynaptic density protein-95 with TrkB enhances phospholipase Cγ-Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡand phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling required for long-term potentiation.In this review,we discuss TrkB-postsynaptic density protein-95 coupling as a promising strategy to magnify brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling towards the development of novel therapeutics for specific neurological disorders.A reduction of TrkB signaling has been observed in neurodegenerative disorders,such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease,and enhancement of postsynaptic density protein-95 association with TrkB signaling could mitigate the observed deficiency of neuronal connectivity in schizophrenia and depression.Treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor is problematic,due to poor pharmacokinetics,low brain penetration,and side effects resulting from activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor or the truncated TrkB.T1 isoform.Although TrkB agonists and antibodies that activate TrkB are being intensively investigated,they cannot distinguish the multiple human TrkB splicing isoforms or cell type-specific functions.Targeting TrkB–postsynaptic density protein-95 coupling provides an alternative approach to specifically boost TrkB signaling at localized synaptic sites versus global stimulation that risks many adverse side effects.展开更多
Background: Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in experimental fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are associated with impaired signaling through complex pathways that mediate neuronal survival, growth, migration, en...Background: Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in experimental fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are associated with impaired signaling through complex pathways that mediate neuronal survival, growth, migration, energy metabolism, and plasticity. Gestational dietary soy prevents alcohol-related impairments in placentation and FASD-associated fetal anomalies. Objective: This study was designed to determine if gestational dietary soy would be sufficient to normalize cognitive function in young adolescent offspring after chronic in utero exposure to alcohol. In addition, efforts were made to characterize the mechanisms of FASD prevention by maternal dietary soy. Methods: Pregnant Long Evans rats were fed isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 26% caloric ethanol with casein or soy isolate as the protein source from gestation day 6 through delivery/postnatal day 0 (P0). From P24 - P28, the offspring were subjected to Morris water maze (MWM) testing, and on P35, they were sacrificed to harvest temporal lobes for histopathologic and molecular studies. Results: The in-utero ethanol-exposed offspring exhibited significant performance impairments on the MWM test, and they had a significantly reduced mean brain weight with neuronal loss in the CA1 hippocampal region and evidence of white matter myelin loss. Gestational dietary soy nearly normalized MWM performance and preserved brain weight, hippocampal CA1 architecture, and white matter myelin staining in alcohol-exposed offspring. Mechanistically, the main positive effects of soy included increased temporal lobe expression of HES-1 and HIF-1α, reflecting enhanced Notch signaling, and broadly increased expression of GnRH network molecules, including Erb1, Gper1, GnRH, GnRH-R, KiSS, and KiSS-R, irrespective of gestational ethanol exposure. Conclusions: Dietary soy intervention early in pregnancy may reduce FASD-associated cognitive deficits. The findings suggest that targeting Notch and GnRH-related networks may help reduce long-term disability with FASD. Additional mechanistic and experimental research is needed to determine if longer-duration, postnatal dietary soy could prevent the adverse neurobehavioral effects of FASD.展开更多
BACKGROUND The use of percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge repair(TEER)for mitral regurgitation(MR)has increased,including an increased application to older,frailer,and higher risk patients.CASE SUMMARY A 74 year-o...BACKGROUND The use of percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge repair(TEER)for mitral regurgitation(MR)has increased,including an increased application to older,frailer,and higher risk patients.CASE SUMMARY A 74 year-old woman with severe MR,a left ventricular ejection fraction of 45%,and a small circumferential pericardial effusion underwent TEER of the mitral valve.After the placement of two MitraClips,the MR was assessed as mild to moderate.Within 10-20 minutes after the completion of the case,the patient was dyspneic and hypotensive despite volume resuscitation.Point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)showed no changes in cardiac contractility,valve function,or the pericardial space.The right heart chambers appeared small with right atrial(RA)diastolic collapse.There was no evidence of venous congestion.Further exam showed a large right pleural fluid collection.Given the clinical scenario of dyspnea,hypotension,and diastolic RA collapse,low-pressure tamponade was suspected.A thoracentesis expelled 1200 mL of blood with immediate hemodynamic improvement.The patient made an uneventful recovery.CONCLUSION The application of POCUS is crucial for detecting,diagnosing,and properly managing cardiac dysfunction and procedural complications associated with TEER.While tamponade is classically associated with a pericardial effusion and vena caval plethora,their absence does not dismiss the suspicion or diagnosis of tamponade.This case highlights the value of POCUS in assessing low-pressure tamponade caused by a large,pressurized pleural effusion.Clinical suspicion,supported by POCUS findings,was confirmed by a thoracentesis that resulted in immediate hemodynamic improvement.展开更多
Crohn’s disease(CD)is an idiopathic,chronic,and recurrent inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract.Recent studies suggest a potential role of gut microbiota in CD,particularly dysbiosis—an imbalance in g...Crohn’s disease(CD)is an idiopathic,chronic,and recurrent inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract.Recent studies suggest a potential role of gut microbiota in CD,particularly dysbiosis—an imbalance in gut bacteria.While dysbiosis is consistently observed in CD,it remains uncertain whether it is a cause or a consequence of the disease.Given its association with CD,the therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has been explored.This review examines the role of gut microbiota in CD,evaluates the therapeutic potential of probiotics and FMT,and highlights current research findings and limitations.Key studies on the relationship between gut dysbiosis,probiotics,and FMT in CD were analyzed,with a focus on randomized trials,meta-analyses,and clinical observations.Dysbiosis is a consistent feature of CD,but its causative role remains unclear.Probiotics,prebiotics,and synbiotics have shown no efficacy in inducing or maintaining remission in CD.FMT shows potential as a therapeutic option for CD,but its efficacy remains inconsistent and inconclusive.The variability in outcomes,including diminished effects over time despite repeated FMT,underscores the need for larger,well-controlled trials.Only one randomized controlled trial(RCT)has compared FMT with sham transplantation,but the sample size was very small.Other studies are limited by factors such as small sample sizes,lack of control groups,short follow-up periods,and inconsistent methodologies,making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions.While gut dysbiosis likely plays a role in CD pathogenesis,its causative role remains uncertain.Current evidence does not support FMT as a reliable treatment for inducing or maintaining remission in CD,though it appears generally safe.Larger,standardized,RCTs are necessary to clarify the therapeutic role of FMT in CD management.展开更多
Kenya, a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, faces a rising burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an estimated 12,500 individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation—th...Kenya, a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, faces a rising burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an estimated 12,500 individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation—the preferred treatment option for ESRD, remains underutilized. Since the first transplant in 1978, seven centers have been established, with 829 transplants performed by 2022. Living-related renal transplants (LRRT) dominate, while deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) is yet to be implemented. Recent data show improved outcomes, with one-year graft survival rates up to 96%, but challenges such as acute rejection rates (32.8%) and limited donor outcome data persist. Barriers include high costs, limited insurance coverage, inadequate laboratory infrastructure, and a transplant workforce shortage. Efforts to establish DDRT programs are underway but are hampered by the absence of organ procurement systems and insufficient laboratory capabilities. Future priorities include reducing costs and expanded insurance coverage for transplant care. Investments in laboratory infrastructure, local tissue typing, and surgical training are essential. Strengthening international collaborations and public education campaigns can improve donor pools and transplantation access. Strategic policy reforms and resource allocation are vital to scaling up Kenya’s kidney transplant program and addressing the unmet needs of its ESRD population.展开更多
Obstructed defecation syndrome(ODS)is a complex defecatory disorder asso-ciated with pelvic floor dysfunction.It affects approximately 50%of women over the age of 50 and significantly impacts their quality of life.The...Obstructed defecation syndrome(ODS)is a complex defecatory disorder asso-ciated with pelvic floor dysfunction.It affects approximately 50%of women over the age of 50 and significantly impacts their quality of life.The causes of ODS include structural abnormalities such as rectocele,enterocele,intussusception,and pelvic floor descent,as well as functional disorders like anismus.Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management due to the high risk of treatment failure associated with inaccurate findings.Various imaging modalities are used to assess pelvic floor disorders,including fluoroscopic defecography(FD),mag-netic resonance defecography(MRD),pelvic floor ultrasound(PFUS),and echode-fecography(EDF).FD is the most commonly performed test worldwide,offering high accuracy in diagnosing pelvic floor disorders.It provides dynamic visual-ization of defecation mechanics but involves radiation exposure.MRD offers ex-cellent soft tissue detail and multiplanar imaging without radiation,making it particularly useful for multicompartment disorders;however,it is associated with high procedural costs and limited availability.Both PFUS and EDF are minimally invasive and avoid radiation exposure.PFUS shows promise as a valuable screening tool that could help minimize the need for advanced imaging if findings are normal.EDF is also promising but requires specialized training and remains less widely available.This review evaluates the accuracy,advantages,and limitations of various diagnostic modalities for pelvic floor disorders,aiming to guide optimal clinical decision-making.展开更多
The SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2,also known as PTP2C),encoded by PTPN11,is ubiquitously expressed and has context-specific effects.It promotes RAS/MAPK signaling downstream of receptor tyr...The SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2,also known as PTP2C),encoded by PTPN11,is ubiquitously expressed and has context-specific effects.It promotes RAS/MAPK signaling downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases,cytokine receptors,and extracellular matrix proteins,and was shown in various lineages to modulate cell survival,proliferation,differentiation,and migration.Over the past decade,PTPN11 inactivation in chondrocytes was found to cause metachondromatosis,a rare disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas and osteochondroma-like lesions.Moreover,SHP2 inhibition was found to mitigate osteoarthritis pathogenesis in mice,and abundant but incomplete evidence suggests that SHP2 is crucial for cartilage development and adult homeostasis,during which its expression and activity are tightly regulated transcriptionally and posttranslationally,and by varying sets of functional partners.Fully uncovering SHP2 actions and regulation in chondrocytes is thus fundamental to understanding the mechanisms underlying both rare and common cartilage diseases and to designing effective disease treatments.We here review current knowledge,highlight recent discoveries and controversies,and propose new research directions to answer remaining questions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)can be prevented by screening and early detection.Colonoscopy is used for screening,and adenoma detection rate(ADR)is used as a key quality indicator of sufficient colonoscopy.However,...BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)can be prevented by screening and early detection.Colonoscopy is used for screening,and adenoma detection rate(ADR)is used as a key quality indicator of sufficient colonoscopy.However,ADR can vary significantly among endoscopists,leading to missed polyps or cancer.Artificial intelligence(AI)has shown promise in improving ADR by assisting in real-time polyp identification or diagnosis.While multiple randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and metanalyses highlight the benefits of AI in increasing detection rates and reducing missed polyps,concerns remain about its real-world applicability,impact on procedure time,and cost-effectiveness.AIM To explore the current status of AI assistance colonoscopy in adenoma detection and improving quality of colonoscopy.METHODS This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines,both PubMed and Web of Science databases were used for articles search.Metanalyses and systematic reviews that assessed AI's role during colonoscopy.English article only published between January 2000 and January 2025 were included.Articles related to nonadenoma indications were excluded.Data extraction was independently performed by two researchers for accuracy and consistency.RESULTS 22 articles met the inclusion criteria,with significant heterogeneity(I2=28%-91%)observed in multiple studies.The number of studies per metanalysis ranged from 5 to 33,with higher heterogeneity in analyses involving more than 18 RCTs.AI demonstrated improvement in ADR,with an approximate 20%increase across multiple studies.However,its effectiveness in detecting flat or serrated adenomas remains unproven.Endoscopists with low ADR benefit more from AI-colonoscopies,while expert endoscopists outperformed AI in ADR,adenoma miss rate,and the identification of advanced lesions.No significant change in withdrawal time was observed when comparing AI-assisted colonoscopy to conventional endoscopy.CONCLUSION While AI-assisted colonoscopy has been shown to improve procedural quality,particularly for junior endoscopists and those with lower ADR,its performance decreases when compared to expert endoscopists in real-time clinical practice.This is especially evident in non-randomized studies,where AI demonstrates limited real-world benefits despite its benefit in controlled settings.Furthermore,no meta-analyses have specifically examined AI's impact on the learning experience of fellows and residents.Some experts caution that reliance on AI may prevent trainees from developing essential observational skills,potentially leading to less thorough examinations.Further research is needed to determine the actual benefits of AI-colonoscopy,particularly its role in cancer prevention.As technology advances,improved outcomes are expected,especially in detecting small,flat,and lesions at difficult anatomical locations.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fibroadenomas(FA)and phyllodes tumors(PT)are fibroepithelial neoplasms and are difficult to differentiate radiographically and histologically.We present a partially infarcted borderline PT in an adolescent ...BACKGROUND Fibroadenomas(FA)and phyllodes tumors(PT)are fibroepithelial neoplasms and are difficult to differentiate radiographically and histologically.We present a partially infarcted borderline PT in an adolescent with rapid tumor enlargement within 24 hours.Tumor infarction made the diagnostic work-up difficult.Com-plete surgical excision is the standard of care for PTs.There is controversy regar-ding margin re-excision for borderline PTs.In this report,we discuss the diagno-stic challenges of PT and the evolving concept of margin status on PT recurrence rate.CASE SUMMARY A 14-year-old healthy female with no medical history presented with a painful right breast mass with no nipple discharge,trauma,or skin findings.The mass showed rapid enlargement over 24 hours,prompting a workup with ultrasound and core needle biopsy.The initial biopsy was limited due to large areas of in-farction.Based on the scant viable tissue and considering the patient’s age,the mass was favored to be a juvenile FA.The patient underwent excision of the mass.Final pathology confirmed a borderline PT with positive surgical margins.The patient underwent margin re-excision,which did not show any residual tumor.At the 6-month post-op visit,there was a mass-forming lesion on the breast ultrasound.Subsequent core needle biopsy showed benign breast parenchyma with scar formation.The primary goal of evaluation in pediatric breast masses is to do no harm.However,rapidly growing and symptomatic masses require a more extensive work-up including biopsy and surgical excision.We present a rapidly growing breast mass in a 14-year-old female which was diagnosed as a borderline PT on her excision specimen.The mass rapidly enlarged over 24 hours.The initial biopsy pathology was limited due to a large area of infarction.The patient underwent excision of the mass.Final pathology confirmed a borderline PT that extended into the surgical margin,resulting in an additional re-excision procedure.Accurate diagnosis prior to surgical intervention is crucial to avoid additional procedures.Although histological morphology remains the gold standard for diagnosis,immunohistochemistry and molecular studies have recently shown to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of PTs.Long-term clinical and pathologic follow-up of PTs in adolescent patients should be collectively studied to examine whether our current diagnostic criteria for PT can reliably predict tumor behavior in this age group.CONCLUSION Accurate diagnosis of PTs requires surgical excision.Tumor infarction may lead to rapid tumor enlargement,hindering the correct diagnosis.More research is needed on margin status and recurrence rate,especially in adolescent patients,to help establish the best possible care for this age group.展开更多
As is known,centralized federated learning faces risks of a single point of failure and privacy breaches,and blockchain-based federated learning frameworks can address these challenges to a certain extent in recent wo...As is known,centralized federated learning faces risks of a single point of failure and privacy breaches,and blockchain-based federated learning frameworks can address these challenges to a certain extent in recent works.However,malicious clients may still illegally access the blockchain to upload malicious data or steal on-chain data.In addition,blockchain-based federated training suffers from a heavy storage burden and excessive network communication overhead.To address these issues,we propose an asynchronous,tiered federated learning storage scheme based on blockchain and IPFS.It manages the execution of federated learning tasks through smart contracts deployed on the blockchain,decentralizing the entire training process.Additionally,the scheme employs a secure and efficient blockchain-based asynchronous tiered architecture,integrating attribute-based access control technology for resource exchange between the clients and the blockchain network.It dynamically manages access control policies during training and adopts a hybrid data storage strategy combining blockchain and IPFS.Experiments with multiple sets of image classification tasks are conducted,indicating that the storage strategy used in this scheme saves nearly 50 percent of the communication overhead and significantly reduces the on-chain storage burden compared to the traditional blockchain-only storage strategy.In terms of training effectiveness,it maintains similar accuracy as centralized training and minimizes the probability of being attacked.展开更多
As the healthcare system advances and expands in its services,the challenges of remaining efficient become more important.Emergency medical services(EMS)are vital cornerstones of communities.In many countries,EMS is a...As the healthcare system advances and expands in its services,the challenges of remaining efficient become more important.Emergency medical services(EMS)are vital cornerstones of communities.In many countries,EMS is available for every individual,regardless of their social or insurance status,via a toll-free telephone number.Understanding the risk factors for busy days in EMSs might be helpful for improving the allocation of resources,which is the key to better care for all patients in the prehospital setting.[1]An important factor influencing ambulance call volume could be the interplay of public behavior and weather.展开更多
In this commentary,we respond to Zhao et al’s recent paper which focuses on mechanisms underlying insomnia sufferers’engagement with acupuncture.Insomnia,a prevalent condition characterized by difficulty falling asl...In this commentary,we respond to Zhao et al’s recent paper which focuses on mechanisms underlying insomnia sufferers’engagement with acupuncture.Insomnia,a prevalent condition characterized by difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep quality,is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease,diabetes,and psychiatric illness.Acupuncture,a method involving the therapeutic placement of needles,has been widely accepted as a treatment for insomnia with minimal side effects.In fact,clinical trials suggest auricular acupuncture may improve sleep duration more than cognitive behavioral therapy.However,responses to acupuncture vary.Some patients find it extremely beneficial,while others view it as a routine treatment—or avoid it altogether due to needle phobia.Patient engagement is influenced by cultural beliefs,encouragement,motivation,prior experiences,and recommendations from peers or clinicians.Trust in the physician and testimonials from recovered patients are particularly important facilitators.Looking ahead,a holistic approach-integrating acupuncture with meditation,pranayama,yoga,and other restorative practices-may enhance treatment effectiveness and help patients achieve restorative sleep.展开更多
Aortic stenosis(AS),a progressive disease affecting aortic valve function,is common among individuals with metabolic and degenerative conditions,and is notably challenging to manage in patients with cirrhosis.Patients...Aortic stenosis(AS),a progressive disease affecting aortic valve function,is common among individuals with metabolic and degenerative conditions,and is notably challenging to manage in patients with cirrhosis.Patients with cirrhosis frequently experience exacerbated AS symptoms due to the hyperdynamic circulatory state induced by portal hypertension,which masks early AS signs,resulting in delayed diagnosis.The coexistence of AS and liver disease significantly complicates management,particularly for those awaiting liver transplantation(LT),where untreated AS can increase perioperative morbidity and mortality.This review examines the pathophysiology,clinical manifestations,and management of AS in cirrhotic patients,with a focus on implications for LT candidates.Available treatment options,including surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR),are discussed,with TAVR emerging as a preferred approach due to favorable outcomes in high-risk patients.We also explore the potential role of TAVR as a bridge to LT,with case reports showing promising,albeit anecdotal,success in restoring LT candidacy.Limitations in current perioperative risk assessment tools,which inadequately address the unique risks faced by cirrhotic patients undergoing cardiac procedures,highlight the need for multi-disciplinary care and further research to improve outcomes of patients with concomitant end-stage liver disease and AS.展开更多
Micron-sized silicon(μSi)is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity,low cost,and abundant reserves.However,the volume expansion that occurs during cyclin...Micron-sized silicon(μSi)is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity,low cost,and abundant reserves.However,the volume expansion that occurs during cycling leads to the accumulation of undesirable stresses,resulting in pulverization of silicon microparticles and shortened lifespan of the batteries.Herein,a composite film of Cu-PET-Cu is proposed as the current collector(CC)forμSi anodes to replace the conventional Cu CC.Cu-PET-Cu CC is prepared by depositing Cu on both sides of a polyethylene terephthalate(PET)film.The PET layer promises good ductility of the film,permitting the Cu-PET-Cu CC to accommodate the volumetric changes of silicon microparticles and facilitates the stress release through ductile deformation.As a result,theμSi electrode with Cu-PET-Cu CC retains a high specific capacity of 2181 mA h g^(-1),whereas theμSi electrode with Cu CC(μSi/Cu)exhibits a specific capacity of 1285 mA h g^(-1)after 80 cycles.The stress relieving effect of CuPET-Cu was demonstrated by in-situ fiber optic stress monitoring and multi-physics simulations.This work proposes an effective stress relief strategy at the electrode level for the practical implementation ofμSi anodes.展开更多
Drought is one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting soybean growth and development,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of regulated deficit irriga...Drought is one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting soybean growth and development,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation during the vegetative stages on soybean plants and determine the amount irrigation water can be reduced without affecting the physiological parameters,the crop phenology,and the yield of the soybean crop.The field experiments were conducted during two irrigation crop seasons(2021 and 2022)in Louata,Morocco.The results showed that regulated deficit irrigation regimes during the vegetative stages was combined with high temperatures and low air humidities during the beginning of flowering and the pod filling stage during 2021 in comparison with 2022,especially for 25%CWR(crop water requirements).Regulated deficit irrigation regimes reduced the stomatal conductance by 46%and 52%respectively during the first and second growing seasons by limiting CO_(2) intake for the Calvin cycle.The stomata closure increased the leaf temperature and affected the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus by damaging the chlorophyll pigments and impairment of electron transport chains in chloroplasts.The transition from regulated deficit irrigation to 100%CWR at the beginning of flowering(R1)compensated for the photosynthetic loss,improved the growth and development of soybean plants and enhanced the yield and its components for 50%and 75%CWR.The adaptative mechanism such as the remobilization of the carbon reserved in the stems and leaves(vegetative tissues)to the grains improved the grain yield by 36.7%during 2021 and by 32.2%during 2022 and.This consequently improved the water use efficiency,the water productivity of soybean for 50%and 75%CWR and contributed to water saving with an average of 60 mm per growing season.展开更多
Spherical bubble oscillations are widely used to model cavitation phenomena in biomedical and naval hydrodynamic systems.During collapse,a sudden increase in surrounding pressure initiates the collapse of a cavitation...Spherical bubble oscillations are widely used to model cavitation phenomena in biomedical and naval hydrodynamic systems.During collapse,a sudden increase in surrounding pressure initiates the collapse of a cavitation bubble,followed by a rebound driven by the high internal gas pressure.While the ideal gas equation of state(EOS)is commonly used to describe the internal pressure and temperature of the bubble,it is limited in its capacity to capture molecular-level effects under highly compressed conditions.In the present study,we employ non-ideal EOS for the gas(the van der Waals EOS and its volume-limited case)to investigate bubble oscillations with a focus on energy redistribution.Bubble oscillation is modeled in two phases:collapse,described by the Keller−Miksis formulation,and rebound,where peak shock pressure is estimated using similitude-based relations.To assess the role of EOS in energy redistribution,we introduce a framework that quantifies energy components in the bubble−liquid system while conserving total energy,tailored to each EOS.Using this framework,we evaluate energy concentration,acoustic radiation,and shock propagation and statistically analyze their dependence on both the driving pressure and the EOS of gas.We statistically derive scaling relations of key bubble dynamics quantities,energy concentration and radiation,and shock pressure using the driving pressure ratio.This work provides a generalizable framework and set of scaling relations for predicting bubble dynamics and energy transfer,with potential applications in evaluating the impacts of cavitation phenomena in complex practical systems.展开更多
Rhythm,as a prominent characteristic of auditory experiences such as speech and music,is known to facilitate attention,yet its contribution to working memory(WM)remains unclear.Here,human participants temporarily reta...Rhythm,as a prominent characteristic of auditory experiences such as speech and music,is known to facilitate attention,yet its contribution to working memory(WM)remains unclear.Here,human participants temporarily retained a 12-tone sequence presented rhythmically or arrhythmically in WM and performed a pitch change-detection task.Behaviorally,while having comparable accuracy,rhythmic tone sequences showed a faster response time and lower response boundaries in decision-making.Electroencephalographic recordings revealed that rhythmic sequences elicited enhanced non-phase-locked beta-band(16 Hz–33 Hz)and theta-band(3 Hz–5 Hz)neural oscillations during sensory encoding and WM retention periods,respectively.Importantly,the two-stage neural signatures were correlated with each other and contributed to behavior.As beta-band and theta-band oscillations denote the engagement of motor systems and WM maintenance,respectively,our findings imply that rhythm facilitates auditory WM through intricate oscillation-based interactions between the motor and auditory systems that facilitate predictive attention to auditory sequences.展开更多
Most existing multi-pattern matching algorithms are designed for single English texts leading to issues such as missed matches and space expansion when applied to Chinese-English mixed-text environments.The Hash Trie-...Most existing multi-pattern matching algorithms are designed for single English texts leading to issues such as missed matches and space expansion when applied to Chinese-English mixed-text environments.The Hash Trie-based matching machine demonstrates strong compatibility with both Chinese and English,ensuring high accuracy in text processing and subtree positioning.In this study,a novel functional framework based on the HashTrie structure is proposed and mechanically verified using Isabelle/HOL.This framework is applied to design Functional Multi-Pattern Matching(FMPM),the first functional multi-pattern matching algorithm for Chinese-English mixed texts.FMPM constructs the HashTrie matching machine using character codes and threads the machine according to the associations between pattern strings.The experimental results show that as the stored string information increases,the proposed algorithm demonstrates more significant optimization in retrieval efficiency.FMPM simplifies the implementation of the Threaded Hash Trie(THT)for Chinese-English mixed texts,effectively reducing the uncertainties in the transition from the algorithm description to code implementation.FMPM addresses the problem of space explosion Chinese-English mixed texts and avoids issues such as bound variable iteration errors.The functional framework of the HashTrie structure serves as a reference for the formal verification of future HashTrie-based algorithms.展开更多
Objectives:Mitochondrial Ca^(2+)uniporter(MCU)provides a Ca^(2+)influx pathway from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix and a moderate mitochondrial Ca^(2+)rise stimulates ATP production and cell growth.MCU is h...Objectives:Mitochondrial Ca^(2+)uniporter(MCU)provides a Ca^(2+)influx pathway from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix and a moderate mitochondrial Ca^(2+)rise stimulates ATP production and cell growth.MCU is highly expressed in various cancer cells including breast cancer cells,thereby increasing the capacity of mitochondrial Ca^(2+)uptake,ATP production,and cancer cell proliferation.The objective of this study was to examine MCU inhibition as an anti-cancer mechanism.Methods:The effects of MCU-i4,a newly developed MCU inhibitor,on cell viability,apoptosis,cytosolic Ca^(2+),mitochondrial Ca^(2+)and potential,glycolytic rate,generation of ATP,and reactive oxygen species,were examined in breast cancer BT474 cells.Results:MCU-i4 caused apoptotic cell death,and it decreased and increased,respectively,mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca^(2+)concentration.Inhibition of MCU by MCU-i4 revealed that cytosolic Ca^(2+)elevation resulted from endoplasmic reticulum(ER)Ca^(2+)release via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors(IP3R)and ryanodine receptors(RYR).Unexpectedly,MCU-i4 enhanced glycolysis and ATP production;it also triggered a large production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse.Conclusion:Cytotoxic mechanisms of MCU-i4 in cancer cells involved enhanced glycolysis and heightened formation of ATP and ROS.It is conventionally believed that cancer cell death could be caused by inhibition of glycolysis.Our observations suggest cancer cell death could also be induced by increased glycolytic metabolism.展开更多
基金supported by the ONR Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship(Grant No.N00014-22-1-2795).
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different models exhibit distinct strengths and preferences,resulting in varying levels of performance.In this paper,we compare the capabilities of the most advanced LLMs—DeepSeek,ChatGPT,and Claude—along with their reasoning-optimized versions in addressing computational challenges.Specifically,we evaluate their proficiency in solving traditional numerical problems in scientific computing as well as leveraging scientific machine learning techniques for PDE-based problems.We designed all our experiments so that a nontrivial decision is required,e.g,defining the proper space of input functions for neural operator learning.Our findings show that reasoning and hybrid-reasoning models consistently and significantly outperform non-reasoning ones in solving challenging problems,with ChatGPT o3-mini-high generally offering the fastest reasoning speed.
基金supported by Postdoc Fellowship from the Foundation for Angelman Syndrome Therapeutics(FT2022-005 to JM,PD2023-001 to XY,and FT2024-001 to YAH)STTR R41 MH118747(to JM)。
文摘Tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB)signaling plays a pivotal role in dendritic growth and dendritic spine formation to promote learning and memory.The activity-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor at synapses binds to pre-or postsynaptic TrkB resulting in the strengthening of synapses,reflected by long-term potentiation.Postsynaptically,the association of postsynaptic density protein-95 with TrkB enhances phospholipase Cγ-Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡand phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling required for long-term potentiation.In this review,we discuss TrkB-postsynaptic density protein-95 coupling as a promising strategy to magnify brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling towards the development of novel therapeutics for specific neurological disorders.A reduction of TrkB signaling has been observed in neurodegenerative disorders,such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease,and enhancement of postsynaptic density protein-95 association with TrkB signaling could mitigate the observed deficiency of neuronal connectivity in schizophrenia and depression.Treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor is problematic,due to poor pharmacokinetics,low brain penetration,and side effects resulting from activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor or the truncated TrkB.T1 isoform.Although TrkB agonists and antibodies that activate TrkB are being intensively investigated,they cannot distinguish the multiple human TrkB splicing isoforms or cell type-specific functions.Targeting TrkB–postsynaptic density protein-95 coupling provides an alternative approach to specifically boost TrkB signaling at localized synaptic sites versus global stimulation that risks many adverse side effects.
文摘Background: Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in experimental fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are associated with impaired signaling through complex pathways that mediate neuronal survival, growth, migration, energy metabolism, and plasticity. Gestational dietary soy prevents alcohol-related impairments in placentation and FASD-associated fetal anomalies. Objective: This study was designed to determine if gestational dietary soy would be sufficient to normalize cognitive function in young adolescent offspring after chronic in utero exposure to alcohol. In addition, efforts were made to characterize the mechanisms of FASD prevention by maternal dietary soy. Methods: Pregnant Long Evans rats were fed isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 26% caloric ethanol with casein or soy isolate as the protein source from gestation day 6 through delivery/postnatal day 0 (P0). From P24 - P28, the offspring were subjected to Morris water maze (MWM) testing, and on P35, they were sacrificed to harvest temporal lobes for histopathologic and molecular studies. Results: The in-utero ethanol-exposed offspring exhibited significant performance impairments on the MWM test, and they had a significantly reduced mean brain weight with neuronal loss in the CA1 hippocampal region and evidence of white matter myelin loss. Gestational dietary soy nearly normalized MWM performance and preserved brain weight, hippocampal CA1 architecture, and white matter myelin staining in alcohol-exposed offspring. Mechanistically, the main positive effects of soy included increased temporal lobe expression of HES-1 and HIF-1α, reflecting enhanced Notch signaling, and broadly increased expression of GnRH network molecules, including Erb1, Gper1, GnRH, GnRH-R, KiSS, and KiSS-R, irrespective of gestational ethanol exposure. Conclusions: Dietary soy intervention early in pregnancy may reduce FASD-associated cognitive deficits. The findings suggest that targeting Notch and GnRH-related networks may help reduce long-term disability with FASD. Additional mechanistic and experimental research is needed to determine if longer-duration, postnatal dietary soy could prevent the adverse neurobehavioral effects of FASD.
文摘BACKGROUND The use of percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge repair(TEER)for mitral regurgitation(MR)has increased,including an increased application to older,frailer,and higher risk patients.CASE SUMMARY A 74 year-old woman with severe MR,a left ventricular ejection fraction of 45%,and a small circumferential pericardial effusion underwent TEER of the mitral valve.After the placement of two MitraClips,the MR was assessed as mild to moderate.Within 10-20 minutes after the completion of the case,the patient was dyspneic and hypotensive despite volume resuscitation.Point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)showed no changes in cardiac contractility,valve function,or the pericardial space.The right heart chambers appeared small with right atrial(RA)diastolic collapse.There was no evidence of venous congestion.Further exam showed a large right pleural fluid collection.Given the clinical scenario of dyspnea,hypotension,and diastolic RA collapse,low-pressure tamponade was suspected.A thoracentesis expelled 1200 mL of blood with immediate hemodynamic improvement.The patient made an uneventful recovery.CONCLUSION The application of POCUS is crucial for detecting,diagnosing,and properly managing cardiac dysfunction and procedural complications associated with TEER.While tamponade is classically associated with a pericardial effusion and vena caval plethora,their absence does not dismiss the suspicion or diagnosis of tamponade.This case highlights the value of POCUS in assessing low-pressure tamponade caused by a large,pressurized pleural effusion.Clinical suspicion,supported by POCUS findings,was confirmed by a thoracentesis that resulted in immediate hemodynamic improvement.
文摘Crohn’s disease(CD)is an idiopathic,chronic,and recurrent inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract.Recent studies suggest a potential role of gut microbiota in CD,particularly dysbiosis—an imbalance in gut bacteria.While dysbiosis is consistently observed in CD,it remains uncertain whether it is a cause or a consequence of the disease.Given its association with CD,the therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has been explored.This review examines the role of gut microbiota in CD,evaluates the therapeutic potential of probiotics and FMT,and highlights current research findings and limitations.Key studies on the relationship between gut dysbiosis,probiotics,and FMT in CD were analyzed,with a focus on randomized trials,meta-analyses,and clinical observations.Dysbiosis is a consistent feature of CD,but its causative role remains unclear.Probiotics,prebiotics,and synbiotics have shown no efficacy in inducing or maintaining remission in CD.FMT shows potential as a therapeutic option for CD,but its efficacy remains inconsistent and inconclusive.The variability in outcomes,including diminished effects over time despite repeated FMT,underscores the need for larger,well-controlled trials.Only one randomized controlled trial(RCT)has compared FMT with sham transplantation,but the sample size was very small.Other studies are limited by factors such as small sample sizes,lack of control groups,short follow-up periods,and inconsistent methodologies,making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions.While gut dysbiosis likely plays a role in CD pathogenesis,its causative role remains uncertain.Current evidence does not support FMT as a reliable treatment for inducing or maintaining remission in CD,though it appears generally safe.Larger,standardized,RCTs are necessary to clarify the therapeutic role of FMT in CD management.
文摘Kenya, a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, faces a rising burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an estimated 12,500 individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation—the preferred treatment option for ESRD, remains underutilized. Since the first transplant in 1978, seven centers have been established, with 829 transplants performed by 2022. Living-related renal transplants (LRRT) dominate, while deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) is yet to be implemented. Recent data show improved outcomes, with one-year graft survival rates up to 96%, but challenges such as acute rejection rates (32.8%) and limited donor outcome data persist. Barriers include high costs, limited insurance coverage, inadequate laboratory infrastructure, and a transplant workforce shortage. Efforts to establish DDRT programs are underway but are hampered by the absence of organ procurement systems and insufficient laboratory capabilities. Future priorities include reducing costs and expanded insurance coverage for transplant care. Investments in laboratory infrastructure, local tissue typing, and surgical training are essential. Strengthening international collaborations and public education campaigns can improve donor pools and transplantation access. Strategic policy reforms and resource allocation are vital to scaling up Kenya’s kidney transplant program and addressing the unmet needs of its ESRD population.
文摘Obstructed defecation syndrome(ODS)is a complex defecatory disorder asso-ciated with pelvic floor dysfunction.It affects approximately 50%of women over the age of 50 and significantly impacts their quality of life.The causes of ODS include structural abnormalities such as rectocele,enterocele,intussusception,and pelvic floor descent,as well as functional disorders like anismus.Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management due to the high risk of treatment failure associated with inaccurate findings.Various imaging modalities are used to assess pelvic floor disorders,including fluoroscopic defecography(FD),mag-netic resonance defecography(MRD),pelvic floor ultrasound(PFUS),and echode-fecography(EDF).FD is the most commonly performed test worldwide,offering high accuracy in diagnosing pelvic floor disorders.It provides dynamic visual-ization of defecation mechanics but involves radiation exposure.MRD offers ex-cellent soft tissue detail and multiplanar imaging without radiation,making it particularly useful for multicompartment disorders;however,it is associated with high procedural costs and limited availability.Both PFUS and EDF are minimally invasive and avoid radiation exposure.PFUS shows promise as a valuable screening tool that could help minimize the need for advanced imaging if findings are normal.EDF is also promising but requires specialized training and remains less widely available.This review evaluates the accuracy,advantages,and limitations of various diagnostic modalities for pelvic floor disorders,aiming to guide optimal clinical decision-making.
基金NIH and NIAMS Grants R21 AR081642(W.Y.),R01 AR066746(W.Y.),R01 AR080062(V.L.)and R01 AR83245(V.L.)supported by the Rhode Island Hospital Orthopaedic Foundation(W.Y.).
文摘The SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2,also known as PTP2C),encoded by PTPN11,is ubiquitously expressed and has context-specific effects.It promotes RAS/MAPK signaling downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases,cytokine receptors,and extracellular matrix proteins,and was shown in various lineages to modulate cell survival,proliferation,differentiation,and migration.Over the past decade,PTPN11 inactivation in chondrocytes was found to cause metachondromatosis,a rare disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas and osteochondroma-like lesions.Moreover,SHP2 inhibition was found to mitigate osteoarthritis pathogenesis in mice,and abundant but incomplete evidence suggests that SHP2 is crucial for cartilage development and adult homeostasis,during which its expression and activity are tightly regulated transcriptionally and posttranslationally,and by varying sets of functional partners.Fully uncovering SHP2 actions and regulation in chondrocytes is thus fundamental to understanding the mechanisms underlying both rare and common cartilage diseases and to designing effective disease treatments.We here review current knowledge,highlight recent discoveries and controversies,and propose new research directions to answer remaining questions.
文摘BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)can be prevented by screening and early detection.Colonoscopy is used for screening,and adenoma detection rate(ADR)is used as a key quality indicator of sufficient colonoscopy.However,ADR can vary significantly among endoscopists,leading to missed polyps or cancer.Artificial intelligence(AI)has shown promise in improving ADR by assisting in real-time polyp identification or diagnosis.While multiple randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and metanalyses highlight the benefits of AI in increasing detection rates and reducing missed polyps,concerns remain about its real-world applicability,impact on procedure time,and cost-effectiveness.AIM To explore the current status of AI assistance colonoscopy in adenoma detection and improving quality of colonoscopy.METHODS This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines,both PubMed and Web of Science databases were used for articles search.Metanalyses and systematic reviews that assessed AI's role during colonoscopy.English article only published between January 2000 and January 2025 were included.Articles related to nonadenoma indications were excluded.Data extraction was independently performed by two researchers for accuracy and consistency.RESULTS 22 articles met the inclusion criteria,with significant heterogeneity(I2=28%-91%)observed in multiple studies.The number of studies per metanalysis ranged from 5 to 33,with higher heterogeneity in analyses involving more than 18 RCTs.AI demonstrated improvement in ADR,with an approximate 20%increase across multiple studies.However,its effectiveness in detecting flat or serrated adenomas remains unproven.Endoscopists with low ADR benefit more from AI-colonoscopies,while expert endoscopists outperformed AI in ADR,adenoma miss rate,and the identification of advanced lesions.No significant change in withdrawal time was observed when comparing AI-assisted colonoscopy to conventional endoscopy.CONCLUSION While AI-assisted colonoscopy has been shown to improve procedural quality,particularly for junior endoscopists and those with lower ADR,its performance decreases when compared to expert endoscopists in real-time clinical practice.This is especially evident in non-randomized studies,where AI demonstrates limited real-world benefits despite its benefit in controlled settings.Furthermore,no meta-analyses have specifically examined AI's impact on the learning experience of fellows and residents.Some experts caution that reliance on AI may prevent trainees from developing essential observational skills,potentially leading to less thorough examinations.Further research is needed to determine the actual benefits of AI-colonoscopy,particularly its role in cancer prevention.As technology advances,improved outcomes are expected,especially in detecting small,flat,and lesions at difficult anatomical locations.
文摘BACKGROUND Fibroadenomas(FA)and phyllodes tumors(PT)are fibroepithelial neoplasms and are difficult to differentiate radiographically and histologically.We present a partially infarcted borderline PT in an adolescent with rapid tumor enlargement within 24 hours.Tumor infarction made the diagnostic work-up difficult.Com-plete surgical excision is the standard of care for PTs.There is controversy regar-ding margin re-excision for borderline PTs.In this report,we discuss the diagno-stic challenges of PT and the evolving concept of margin status on PT recurrence rate.CASE SUMMARY A 14-year-old healthy female with no medical history presented with a painful right breast mass with no nipple discharge,trauma,or skin findings.The mass showed rapid enlargement over 24 hours,prompting a workup with ultrasound and core needle biopsy.The initial biopsy was limited due to large areas of in-farction.Based on the scant viable tissue and considering the patient’s age,the mass was favored to be a juvenile FA.The patient underwent excision of the mass.Final pathology confirmed a borderline PT with positive surgical margins.The patient underwent margin re-excision,which did not show any residual tumor.At the 6-month post-op visit,there was a mass-forming lesion on the breast ultrasound.Subsequent core needle biopsy showed benign breast parenchyma with scar formation.The primary goal of evaluation in pediatric breast masses is to do no harm.However,rapidly growing and symptomatic masses require a more extensive work-up including biopsy and surgical excision.We present a rapidly growing breast mass in a 14-year-old female which was diagnosed as a borderline PT on her excision specimen.The mass rapidly enlarged over 24 hours.The initial biopsy pathology was limited due to a large area of infarction.The patient underwent excision of the mass.Final pathology confirmed a borderline PT that extended into the surgical margin,resulting in an additional re-excision procedure.Accurate diagnosis prior to surgical intervention is crucial to avoid additional procedures.Although histological morphology remains the gold standard for diagnosis,immunohistochemistry and molecular studies have recently shown to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of PTs.Long-term clinical and pathologic follow-up of PTs in adolescent patients should be collectively studied to examine whether our current diagnostic criteria for PT can reliably predict tumor behavior in this age group.CONCLUSION Accurate diagnosis of PTs requires surgical excision.Tumor infarction may lead to rapid tumor enlargement,hindering the correct diagnosis.More research is needed on margin status and recurrence rate,especially in adolescent patients,to help establish the best possible care for this age group.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52331012)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.21ZR1426500)the Program for Cultivation of Graduate Students’Top-notch Innovative Talents of Shanghai Maritime University(Grant No.2023YBR007).
文摘As is known,centralized federated learning faces risks of a single point of failure and privacy breaches,and blockchain-based federated learning frameworks can address these challenges to a certain extent in recent works.However,malicious clients may still illegally access the blockchain to upload malicious data or steal on-chain data.In addition,blockchain-based federated training suffers from a heavy storage burden and excessive network communication overhead.To address these issues,we propose an asynchronous,tiered federated learning storage scheme based on blockchain and IPFS.It manages the execution of federated learning tasks through smart contracts deployed on the blockchain,decentralizing the entire training process.Additionally,the scheme employs a secure and efficient blockchain-based asynchronous tiered architecture,integrating attribute-based access control technology for resource exchange between the clients and the blockchain network.It dynamically manages access control policies during training and adopts a hybrid data storage strategy combining blockchain and IPFS.Experiments with multiple sets of image classification tasks are conducted,indicating that the storage strategy used in this scheme saves nearly 50 percent of the communication overhead and significantly reduces the on-chain storage burden compared to the traditional blockchain-only storage strategy.In terms of training effectiveness,it maintains similar accuracy as centralized training and minimizes the probability of being attacked.
文摘As the healthcare system advances and expands in its services,the challenges of remaining efficient become more important.Emergency medical services(EMS)are vital cornerstones of communities.In many countries,EMS is available for every individual,regardless of their social or insurance status,via a toll-free telephone number.Understanding the risk factors for busy days in EMSs might be helpful for improving the allocation of resources,which is the key to better care for all patients in the prehospital setting.[1]An important factor influencing ambulance call volume could be the interplay of public behavior and weather.
文摘In this commentary,we respond to Zhao et al’s recent paper which focuses on mechanisms underlying insomnia sufferers’engagement with acupuncture.Insomnia,a prevalent condition characterized by difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep quality,is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease,diabetes,and psychiatric illness.Acupuncture,a method involving the therapeutic placement of needles,has been widely accepted as a treatment for insomnia with minimal side effects.In fact,clinical trials suggest auricular acupuncture may improve sleep duration more than cognitive behavioral therapy.However,responses to acupuncture vary.Some patients find it extremely beneficial,while others view it as a routine treatment—or avoid it altogether due to needle phobia.Patient engagement is influenced by cultural beliefs,encouragement,motivation,prior experiences,and recommendations from peers or clinicians.Trust in the physician and testimonials from recovered patients are particularly important facilitators.Looking ahead,a holistic approach-integrating acupuncture with meditation,pranayama,yoga,and other restorative practices-may enhance treatment effectiveness and help patients achieve restorative sleep.
文摘Aortic stenosis(AS),a progressive disease affecting aortic valve function,is common among individuals with metabolic and degenerative conditions,and is notably challenging to manage in patients with cirrhosis.Patients with cirrhosis frequently experience exacerbated AS symptoms due to the hyperdynamic circulatory state induced by portal hypertension,which masks early AS signs,resulting in delayed diagnosis.The coexistence of AS and liver disease significantly complicates management,particularly for those awaiting liver transplantation(LT),where untreated AS can increase perioperative morbidity and mortality.This review examines the pathophysiology,clinical manifestations,and management of AS in cirrhotic patients,with a focus on implications for LT candidates.Available treatment options,including surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR),are discussed,with TAVR emerging as a preferred approach due to favorable outcomes in high-risk patients.We also explore the potential role of TAVR as a bridge to LT,with case reports showing promising,albeit anecdotal,success in restoring LT candidacy.Limitations in current perioperative risk assessment tools,which inadequately address the unique risks faced by cirrhotic patients undergoing cardiac procedures,highlight the need for multi-disciplinary care and further research to improve outcomes of patients with concomitant end-stage liver disease and AS.
基金supported by the the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3803500)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2021CFA066).
文摘Micron-sized silicon(μSi)is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity,low cost,and abundant reserves.However,the volume expansion that occurs during cycling leads to the accumulation of undesirable stresses,resulting in pulverization of silicon microparticles and shortened lifespan of the batteries.Herein,a composite film of Cu-PET-Cu is proposed as the current collector(CC)forμSi anodes to replace the conventional Cu CC.Cu-PET-Cu CC is prepared by depositing Cu on both sides of a polyethylene terephthalate(PET)film.The PET layer promises good ductility of the film,permitting the Cu-PET-Cu CC to accommodate the volumetric changes of silicon microparticles and facilitates the stress release through ductile deformation.As a result,theμSi electrode with Cu-PET-Cu CC retains a high specific capacity of 2181 mA h g^(-1),whereas theμSi electrode with Cu CC(μSi/Cu)exhibits a specific capacity of 1285 mA h g^(-1)after 80 cycles.The stress relieving effect of CuPET-Cu was demonstrated by in-situ fiber optic stress monitoring and multi-physics simulations.This work proposes an effective stress relief strategy at the electrode level for the practical implementation ofμSi anodes.
基金financially supported by Domaine Louata of Providence Verte Company,Agricultural Training and Research Center.
文摘Drought is one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting soybean growth and development,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation during the vegetative stages on soybean plants and determine the amount irrigation water can be reduced without affecting the physiological parameters,the crop phenology,and the yield of the soybean crop.The field experiments were conducted during two irrigation crop seasons(2021 and 2022)in Louata,Morocco.The results showed that regulated deficit irrigation regimes during the vegetative stages was combined with high temperatures and low air humidities during the beginning of flowering and the pod filling stage during 2021 in comparison with 2022,especially for 25%CWR(crop water requirements).Regulated deficit irrigation regimes reduced the stomatal conductance by 46%and 52%respectively during the first and second growing seasons by limiting CO_(2) intake for the Calvin cycle.The stomata closure increased the leaf temperature and affected the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus by damaging the chlorophyll pigments and impairment of electron transport chains in chloroplasts.The transition from regulated deficit irrigation to 100%CWR at the beginning of flowering(R1)compensated for the photosynthetic loss,improved the growth and development of soybean plants and enhanced the yield and its components for 50%and 75%CWR.The adaptative mechanism such as the remobilization of the carbon reserved in the stems and leaves(vegetative tissues)to the grains improved the grain yield by 36.7%during 2021 and by 32.2%during 2022 and.This consequently improved the water use efficiency,the water productivity of soybean for 50%and 75%CWR and contributed to water saving with an average of 60 mm per growing season.
基金supported by Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2022-00155966Artificial Intelligence Convergence Innovation Human Resources Development(EwhaWomans University)).
文摘Spherical bubble oscillations are widely used to model cavitation phenomena in biomedical and naval hydrodynamic systems.During collapse,a sudden increase in surrounding pressure initiates the collapse of a cavitation bubble,followed by a rebound driven by the high internal gas pressure.While the ideal gas equation of state(EOS)is commonly used to describe the internal pressure and temperature of the bubble,it is limited in its capacity to capture molecular-level effects under highly compressed conditions.In the present study,we employ non-ideal EOS for the gas(the van der Waals EOS and its volume-limited case)to investigate bubble oscillations with a focus on energy redistribution.Bubble oscillation is modeled in two phases:collapse,described by the Keller−Miksis formulation,and rebound,where peak shock pressure is estimated using similitude-based relations.To assess the role of EOS in energy redistribution,we introduce a framework that quantifies energy components in the bubble−liquid system while conserving total energy,tailored to each EOS.Using this framework,we evaluate energy concentration,acoustic radiation,and shock propagation and statistically analyze their dependence on both the driving pressure and the EOS of gas.We statistically derive scaling relations of key bubble dynamics quantities,energy concentration and radiation,and shock pressure using the driving pressure ratio.This work provides a generalizable framework and set of scaling relations for predicting bubble dynamics and energy transfer,with potential applications in evaluating the impacts of cavitation phenomena in complex practical systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12171373)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(GK202207018).
文摘Rhythm,as a prominent characteristic of auditory experiences such as speech and music,is known to facilitate attention,yet its contribution to working memory(WM)remains unclear.Here,human participants temporarily retained a 12-tone sequence presented rhythmically or arrhythmically in WM and performed a pitch change-detection task.Behaviorally,while having comparable accuracy,rhythmic tone sequences showed a faster response time and lower response boundaries in decision-making.Electroencephalographic recordings revealed that rhythmic sequences elicited enhanced non-phase-locked beta-band(16 Hz–33 Hz)and theta-band(3 Hz–5 Hz)neural oscillations during sensory encoding and WM retention periods,respectively.Importantly,the two-stage neural signatures were correlated with each other and contributed to behavior.As beta-band and theta-band oscillations denote the engagement of motor systems and WM maintenance,respectively,our findings imply that rhythm facilitates auditory WM through intricate oscillation-based interactions between the motor and auditory systems that facilitate predictive attention to auditory sequences.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62462036,62462037)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20242BAB26017,20232BAB202010)+1 种基金Cultivation Project for Academic and Technical Leader in Major Disciplines in Jiangxi Province(20232BCJ22013)the Jiangxi Province Graduate Innovation Found Project(YC2024-S214)。
文摘Most existing multi-pattern matching algorithms are designed for single English texts leading to issues such as missed matches and space expansion when applied to Chinese-English mixed-text environments.The Hash Trie-based matching machine demonstrates strong compatibility with both Chinese and English,ensuring high accuracy in text processing and subtree positioning.In this study,a novel functional framework based on the HashTrie structure is proposed and mechanically verified using Isabelle/HOL.This framework is applied to design Functional Multi-Pattern Matching(FMPM),the first functional multi-pattern matching algorithm for Chinese-English mixed texts.FMPM constructs the HashTrie matching machine using character codes and threads the machine according to the associations between pattern strings.The experimental results show that as the stored string information increases,the proposed algorithm demonstrates more significant optimization in retrieval efficiency.FMPM simplifies the implementation of the Threaded Hash Trie(THT)for Chinese-English mixed texts,effectively reducing the uncertainties in the transition from the algorithm description to code implementation.FMPM addresses the problem of space explosion Chinese-English mixed texts and avoids issues such as bound variable iteration errors.The functional framework of the HashTrie structure serves as a reference for the formal verification of future HashTrie-based algorithms.
基金China Medical University and China Medical University Hospital,Taiwan for providing fundings(CMU111-S-20,CMU112-S-59,DMR-112-067)ECS thanks An Nan Hospital for support(ANHRF112-04).
文摘Objectives:Mitochondrial Ca^(2+)uniporter(MCU)provides a Ca^(2+)influx pathway from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix and a moderate mitochondrial Ca^(2+)rise stimulates ATP production and cell growth.MCU is highly expressed in various cancer cells including breast cancer cells,thereby increasing the capacity of mitochondrial Ca^(2+)uptake,ATP production,and cancer cell proliferation.The objective of this study was to examine MCU inhibition as an anti-cancer mechanism.Methods:The effects of MCU-i4,a newly developed MCU inhibitor,on cell viability,apoptosis,cytosolic Ca^(2+),mitochondrial Ca^(2+)and potential,glycolytic rate,generation of ATP,and reactive oxygen species,were examined in breast cancer BT474 cells.Results:MCU-i4 caused apoptotic cell death,and it decreased and increased,respectively,mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca^(2+)concentration.Inhibition of MCU by MCU-i4 revealed that cytosolic Ca^(2+)elevation resulted from endoplasmic reticulum(ER)Ca^(2+)release via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors(IP3R)and ryanodine receptors(RYR).Unexpectedly,MCU-i4 enhanced glycolysis and ATP production;it also triggered a large production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse.Conclusion:Cytotoxic mechanisms of MCU-i4 in cancer cells involved enhanced glycolysis and heightened formation of ATP and ROS.It is conventionally believed that cancer cell death could be caused by inhibition of glycolysis.Our observations suggest cancer cell death could also be induced by increased glycolytic metabolism.
