Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was ...Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.展开更多
Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding St...Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.展开更多
Background: MenAfriVac<sup>TM</sup> is the first of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s pre-qualified vaccines to be allowed to mass vaccination campaign at a temperature below or equal to 40°C dur...Background: MenAfriVac<sup>TM</sup> is the first of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s pre-qualified vaccines to be allowed to mass vaccination campaign at a temperature below or equal to 40°C during 4 days. This new vaccination practice has already been used in some African countries. This article described the opinion and use of this new technique by actors on the field, during a mass vaccination campaign in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Methods: We conducted a crosssectional study on the practice of CTC by actors on the field and their perception on the new practice, during a mass vaccination campaign in 2 of 25 health districts in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Findings: As results, in Séguéla 98.25% of respondents expressed a favourable opinion of CTC, citing advantages such as vaccine carriers requiring no ice packs (29.2%), financial benefit (12.28%) and lighter vaccine carriers (5.26%). In Bouna, respondents gave the same advantages in, respectively, 34%, 2% and 8% of cases. The peak of the total of vials used for immunization sessions reached 376 vials at day one, then dropped to 235 vials at day three and 220 vials at day six. Discussion: Vaccinators found some benefits related to CTC practice, but on the field, they were cautious in using CTC technique.展开更多
Mangroves show a biogenic response to adjust sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and carbon(vertical soil accretion),reshaping their structure and composition to minimize the effects.Additionally,the often-overloo...Mangroves show a biogenic response to adjust sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and carbon(vertical soil accretion),reshaping their structure and composition to minimize the effects.Additionally,the often-overlooked factors of soil nutrient availability,functional traits,and stand structure can alter the mangrove diversity-salinity-productivity link.However,how these multiple drivers interplay to maintain growth against salinity still needs to be better understood.Considering all these,we answered two questions:(QI)How do species diversity and structural heterogeneity modulate growth vs.salinity relationships?(QII)To what extent can structural heterogeneity and species diversity create optimal conditions by minimizing the adverse effects of salinity while concurrently maximizing forest growth?To comprehensively understand the interplay between structural and species diversity,nutrient availability,functional traits,and rising salinity,we examined a dataset from 60 permanent plots established in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh.Our results indicated that species diversity less directly contributed to forest growth than structural heterogeneity,nutrient availability(N,P,and K),and leaf area index.While forest structural and species diversity alone is unlikely to optimize growth,incorporating nutrients into the models showed a slight improvement in buffering against salinity.However,when nutrients were combined with the leaf area index,the models indicated a much stronger enhancement in the forest’s resilience to salinity through interactions with these factors,allowing continued growth.In conclusion,our study highlights the relative contributions of species and structural diversity to mangrove growth under stress and the potential roles of nutrients and functional traits.These findings are valuable for forest growth modelling,informing conservation and management strategies for mangroves,particularly in coastal plantations facing environmental changes.展开更多
Background: Malaria cases have declined significantly along the China-Myanmar border in the past 10 years and this region is going through a process from control to elimination.The aim of this study is to investigate ...Background: Malaria cases have declined significantly along the China-Myanmar border in the past 10 years and this region is going through a process from control to elimination.The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of malaria along the border,will identify challenges in the progress from control to elimination.Methods:: National reported malaria cases from China and Myanmar,along with the data of 18 Chinese border counties and 23 townships in Myanmar were obtained from a web-based diseases information reporting system in China and the national malaria control program of Myanmar,respectively.Epidemiological data was analyzed,including the number of reported cases,annual parasite index and proportion of vivax infection.Spatial mapping of the annual parasite index(API)at county or township level in 2014 and 2018 was performed by ArcGIS.The relationship of malaria endemicity on both sides of the border was evaluated by regression analysis.Results: The number of reported malaria cases and API declined in the border counties or townships.In 2014,392 malaria cases were reported from 18 Chinese border counties,including 8.4%indigenous cases and 91.6%imported cases,while the highest API(0.11)was occurred in Yingjiang County.There have been no indigenous cases reported since 2017,but 164 imported cases were reported in 2018 and 97.6%were imported from Myanmar.The average API in 2014 in 23 Myanmar townships was significantly greater than that of 18 Chinese counties(P<0.01).However,the API decreased significantly in Myanmar side from 2014 to 2018(P<0.01).The number of townships with an API between 0 and 1 increased to 15 in 2018,compared to only five in 2014,while still four townships had API>10.Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species along the border.The number of reported malaria cases and the proportion of vivax infection in the 18 Chinese counties were strongly correlated with those of the 23 Myanmar townships(P<0.05).Conclusions: Malaria elimination is approaching along the China-Myanmar border.However,in order to achieve the malaria elimination in this region and prevent the re-establishment of malaria in China after elimination,continued political,financial and scientific commitment is required.展开更多
The weather conditions of the summer of 2022 were very unusual,particularly in Eastern Asia,Europe,and North America.The devasting impact of climate change has come to our attention,with much hotter and drier conditio...The weather conditions of the summer of 2022 were very unusual,particularly in Eastern Asia,Europe,and North America.The devasting impact of climate change has come to our attention,with much hotter and drier conditions,and with more frequent and intense flooding events.Some extreme events have reached a dangerous level,increasingly threatening human lives.The interconnected risks caused by these extreme disaster events are triggering a chain effect,forcing us to respond to these crises through changes in our living environment,which affect the atmosphere,the biosphere,the economy including the availability of energy,our cities,and our global society.Moreover,we have to confront the abnormal consequences of untypical,rapid changes of extreme events and fast switches between extreme states,such as from severe drought to devastating flooding.Recognizing this new situation,it is crucial to improve the adaptation capacity of our societies in order to reduce the risks associated with climate change,and to develop smarter strategies for climate governance.High-quality development must be science-based,balanced,safe,sustainable,and climate-resilient,supported by the collaborative governance of climate mitigation and adaptation.This article provides some recommendations and suggestions for resilience building and collaborative governance with respect to climate adaptation in response to a new planetary state that is characterized by more frequent and severe extreme weather events.展开更多
Sustainable Development Goal 15(SDG 15)seeks to protect,restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,sustainably manage forests,combat desertification,and halt and reverse land degradation and halt bi...Sustainable Development Goal 15(SDG 15)seeks to protect,restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,sustainably manage forests,combat desertification,and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.SDG 15 is a very ambitious goal–it encompasses all types of land-based ecosystems and biodiversity,with 12 targets and 14 indicators.The year 2023 marks the mid-point of the 15-year period envisaged to achieve SDG 15,unfortunately,all status-related indicators are off track(e.g.15.1.1)and that many are going in reverse(e.g.15.5.1),although some policies related indicators(e.g.15.8.1)made some progress(United Nations 2023).展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40901289)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(No.2009CB421104),U.S.National Science Foundation
文摘Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.
文摘Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.
文摘Background: MenAfriVac<sup>TM</sup> is the first of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s pre-qualified vaccines to be allowed to mass vaccination campaign at a temperature below or equal to 40°C during 4 days. This new vaccination practice has already been used in some African countries. This article described the opinion and use of this new technique by actors on the field, during a mass vaccination campaign in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Methods: We conducted a crosssectional study on the practice of CTC by actors on the field and their perception on the new practice, during a mass vaccination campaign in 2 of 25 health districts in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Findings: As results, in Séguéla 98.25% of respondents expressed a favourable opinion of CTC, citing advantages such as vaccine carriers requiring no ice packs (29.2%), financial benefit (12.28%) and lighter vaccine carriers (5.26%). In Bouna, respondents gave the same advantages in, respectively, 34%, 2% and 8% of cases. The peak of the total of vials used for immunization sessions reached 376 vials at day one, then dropped to 235 vials at day three and 220 vials at day six. Discussion: Vaccinators found some benefits related to CTC practice, but on the field, they were cautious in using CTC technique.
基金funded by BANBEIS,Ministry of Education,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh(Reference:LS2023-2382)the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Research and Innovation Centre,Khulna University,Khulna-9208,Bangladesh and SUST Research Centre(Project Id:FES/2021/1/02)Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
文摘Mangroves show a biogenic response to adjust sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and carbon(vertical soil accretion),reshaping their structure and composition to minimize the effects.Additionally,the often-overlooked factors of soil nutrient availability,functional traits,and stand structure can alter the mangrove diversity-salinity-productivity link.However,how these multiple drivers interplay to maintain growth against salinity still needs to be better understood.Considering all these,we answered two questions:(QI)How do species diversity and structural heterogeneity modulate growth vs.salinity relationships?(QII)To what extent can structural heterogeneity and species diversity create optimal conditions by minimizing the adverse effects of salinity while concurrently maximizing forest growth?To comprehensively understand the interplay between structural and species diversity,nutrient availability,functional traits,and rising salinity,we examined a dataset from 60 permanent plots established in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh.Our results indicated that species diversity less directly contributed to forest growth than structural heterogeneity,nutrient availability(N,P,and K),and leaf area index.While forest structural and species diversity alone is unlikely to optimize growth,incorporating nutrients into the models showed a slight improvement in buffering against salinity.However,when nutrients were combined with the leaf area index,the models indicated a much stronger enhancement in the forest’s resilience to salinity through interactions with these factors,allowing continued growth.In conclusion,our study highlights the relative contributions of species and structural diversity to mangrove growth under stress and the potential roles of nutrients and functional traits.These findings are valuable for forest growth modelling,informing conservation and management strategies for mangroves,particularly in coastal plantations facing environmental changes.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.18ZR1443400)the National Important Scientific&Technological Project 2018ZX10101002-002)the Forge Ahead Together for Elimination Towards Malaria free China–Myanmar border and National Malaria Elimination Program of China.
文摘Background: Malaria cases have declined significantly along the China-Myanmar border in the past 10 years and this region is going through a process from control to elimination.The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of malaria along the border,will identify challenges in the progress from control to elimination.Methods:: National reported malaria cases from China and Myanmar,along with the data of 18 Chinese border counties and 23 townships in Myanmar were obtained from a web-based diseases information reporting system in China and the national malaria control program of Myanmar,respectively.Epidemiological data was analyzed,including the number of reported cases,annual parasite index and proportion of vivax infection.Spatial mapping of the annual parasite index(API)at county or township level in 2014 and 2018 was performed by ArcGIS.The relationship of malaria endemicity on both sides of the border was evaluated by regression analysis.Results: The number of reported malaria cases and API declined in the border counties or townships.In 2014,392 malaria cases were reported from 18 Chinese border counties,including 8.4%indigenous cases and 91.6%imported cases,while the highest API(0.11)was occurred in Yingjiang County.There have been no indigenous cases reported since 2017,but 164 imported cases were reported in 2018 and 97.6%were imported from Myanmar.The average API in 2014 in 23 Myanmar townships was significantly greater than that of 18 Chinese counties(P<0.01).However,the API decreased significantly in Myanmar side from 2014 to 2018(P<0.01).The number of townships with an API between 0 and 1 increased to 15 in 2018,compared to only five in 2014,while still four townships had API>10.Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species along the border.The number of reported malaria cases and the proportion of vivax infection in the 18 Chinese counties were strongly correlated with those of the 23 Myanmar townships(P<0.05).Conclusions: Malaria elimination is approaching along the China-Myanmar border.However,in order to achieve the malaria elimination in this region and prevent the re-establishment of malaria in China after elimination,continued political,financial and scientific commitment is required.
基金the support from the Monitoring, Analysis, and Prediction of Air Quality (MAP-AQ) projectthe Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) program+1 种基金funded by the Shanghai International Science and Technology Partnership Project (Grant Number 21230780200)the Shanghai B&R Joint Laboratory Project (Grant Number 22230750300)
文摘The weather conditions of the summer of 2022 were very unusual,particularly in Eastern Asia,Europe,and North America.The devasting impact of climate change has come to our attention,with much hotter and drier conditions,and with more frequent and intense flooding events.Some extreme events have reached a dangerous level,increasingly threatening human lives.The interconnected risks caused by these extreme disaster events are triggering a chain effect,forcing us to respond to these crises through changes in our living environment,which affect the atmosphere,the biosphere,the economy including the availability of energy,our cities,and our global society.Moreover,we have to confront the abnormal consequences of untypical,rapid changes of extreme events and fast switches between extreme states,such as from severe drought to devastating flooding.Recognizing this new situation,it is crucial to improve the adaptation capacity of our societies in order to reduce the risks associated with climate change,and to develop smarter strategies for climate governance.High-quality development must be science-based,balanced,safe,sustainable,and climate-resilient,supported by the collaborative governance of climate mitigation and adaptation.This article provides some recommendations and suggestions for resilience building and collaborative governance with respect to climate adaptation in response to a new planetary state that is characterized by more frequent and severe extreme weather events.
基金supported by the Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals[grant no.CBAS2022IRP07]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant no.XDA19090124].
文摘Sustainable Development Goal 15(SDG 15)seeks to protect,restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,sustainably manage forests,combat desertification,and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.SDG 15 is a very ambitious goal–it encompasses all types of land-based ecosystems and biodiversity,with 12 targets and 14 indicators.The year 2023 marks the mid-point of the 15-year period envisaged to achieve SDG 15,unfortunately,all status-related indicators are off track(e.g.15.1.1)and that many are going in reverse(e.g.15.5.1),although some policies related indicators(e.g.15.8.1)made some progress(United Nations 2023).
