Many phytochemicals and their derived metabolites produced by plants are extensively employed in commercial goods,pharmaceutical products as well as in the environmental and medicalfields.However,these secondary metabo...Many phytochemicals and their derived metabolites produced by plants are extensively employed in commercial goods,pharmaceutical products as well as in the environmental and medicalfields.However,these secondary metabolites obtained from plants are in low amounts,and it is difficult to synthesize them at the industrial level.Despite these challenges,they may be utilized for a variety of medicinal products that are either available in the market or are being researched and tested.Secondary metabolites are complex compounds that exhibit chirality.Further,under controlled conditions with elicitors,desired secondary metabolites may be produced from plant cell cultures.This review emphasizes the various aspects of secondary metabolites including their types,synthesis,and applications as medicinal products.The article aims to promote the use of plant secondary metabolites in the management and treatment of various diseases.展开更多
Bee products have long been used in traditional medicine.The raw materials,crude extracts and purified active compounds from them have been found to exhibil interesting bioactivities,such as antimicrobial,anti-inflamm...Bee products have long been used in traditional medicine.The raw materials,crude extracts and purified active compounds from them have been found to exhibil interesting bioactivities,such as antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.In addition,they have been widely used in the treatment of many immune-related diseases,as well as in recent times in the treatment of tumors.Bee product peptides induce apoptotic cell death in vitro in several transformed(cancer) human cell lines,including those derived from renal,lung,liver,prostate,bladder and lymphoid cancers.These bioactive natural products may.therefore,prove to be useful as part of a novel targeted therapy for some types of cancer,such as prostate and breast cancer.This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the in vivo and in vitro potential of selective bee products against tumor cells.展开更多
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator （uPA） plays a crucial role in the regulation of plasminogen activation, tumor cell adhesion and migration. The inhibition of uPA activity is a promising mechanism for anti-cancer...Urokinase-type plasminogen activator （uPA） plays a crucial role in the regulation of plasminogen activation, tumor cell adhesion and migration. The inhibition of uPA activity is a promising mechanism for anti-cancer therapy. Most current uPA inhibitors employ a highly basic group （either amidine or guanidine group） to target the S1 pocket of uPA active site, which leads to poor oral bioavailability. Here we study the possibility of using less basic 2-aminobenzothiazole （ABT） as S1 pocket binding group. We report the crystal structures of uPA complexes with ABT or 2-amino-benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester （ABTCE）. The inhibitory constants of these two inhibitors were measured by a chromogenic competitive assay, and it was found that ABTCE is a better inhibitor for uPA （Ki = 656 μM） than ABT （Ki = 5.03 mM）. This work shows that 2-amniobenzothiazole can be used as P1 group which may have better oral bioavailability than the commonly used amidine or guanidine group. We also found the ethyl ester group occupies the characteristic oxyanion hole and contacts to uPA 37- and 60-loops. Such work provides structural information for further improvements of potency and selectivity of this new class of uPA inhibitor.展开更多
Microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) is a promising method that can use carbon dioxide,which is a greenhouse gas,to produce methane which acts as an energy source,without using organic substances.However,this bioel...Microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) is a promising method that can use carbon dioxide,which is a greenhouse gas,to produce methane which acts as an energy source,without using organic substances.However,this bioelectrical reduction reaction can proceed at a certain high applied voltage when coupled with water oxidation in the anode coated with metallic catalyst.When coupled with the oxidation of HS–to SO_(4)^(2-),methane production is thermodynamically more feasible,thus implying its production at a considerably lower applied voltage.In this study,we demonstrated the possibility of electrotrophic methane production coupled with HS–oxidation in a cost-effective bioanode chamber in the MES without organic substrates at a low applied voltage of 0.2 V.In addition,microbial community analyses of biomass enriched in the bioanode and biocathode were used to reveal the most probable pathway for methane production from HS–oxidation.In the bioanode,electroautotrophic SO_(4)^(2-)production accompanied with electron donation to the electrode is performed mainly by the following two steps:first,incomplete sulfide oxidation to sulfur cycle intermediates (SCI) is performed;then the produced SCI are disproportionated to HS^(–)and SO_(4)^(2-).In the biocathode,methane is produced mainly via H_(2)and acetate by electronaccepting syntrophic bacteria,homoacetogens,and acetoclastic archaea.Here,a new ecofriendly MES with biological H_(2)S removal is established.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the chemical components of active extract from Cnidoscolus quercifolius root bark and its cytotoxic potential against several tumor strains. Methods: The high-performance liquid chromatography w...Objective: To evaluate the chemical components of active extract from Cnidoscolus quercifolius root bark and its cytotoxic potential against several tumor strains. Methods: The high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and ~1H and ^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the extract were used to distinguish the existence of possible functional groups in the root bark extract. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of methanol extract on human colon cancer cell lines was evaluated using OVCAR-8, SF-295, HCT-116, HL-60 strains and the samples were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Results: The analysis of nuclear magnetic spectra of the active chloroform fraction revealed the presence of absorptions bands correspondent to a mixture of favelines such as neofavelanone, deoxofaveline or methyl-faveline, which structures were confirmed by ultraviolet spectra upon high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection analysis. The active fraction showed cytotoxic effects in the tested strains, HCT-116, SF-295, OVCAR-8 and HL-60 cells with IC_(50) of 72 hours ranging from 4.95 to 15.23 μg/mL. Conclusions: The results suggest that the substances present in faveleira(Cnidoscolus quercifolius) root bark extract have a cytotoxic potential against several tumor lines, showing a broader antitumour potential, and in addition no adverse to healthy cells. Therefore, the root bark extract of Cnidoscolus quercifolius has a possibility of use for anticarcinogenic therapies.展开更多
β-Trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein （RIP） isolated from the root tuber of Trichosanthe kirilowii Maxim, is an isoform of trichosanthin. Here we report its crystallization in two crystal forms us...β-Trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein （RIP） isolated from the root tuber of Trichosanthe kirilowii Maxim, is an isoform of trichosanthin. Here we report its crystallization in two crystal forms using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The form A and form B crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121 and monoclinic space group P21, respectively. X-ray data have been collected to 1.6 and 1.2 A resolution for form A and form B crystals, respectively, using a synchrotron source.展开更多
Luffaculin 1 purified from the seeds of Luffa acutangula belongs to the type I ribosome-inactivating proteins （RIPs）. It has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol as a precipitant...Luffaculin 1 purified from the seeds of Luffa acutangula belongs to the type I ribosome-inactivating proteins （RIPs）. It has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. The crystal is of space group P1 with a = 39.135, b = 46.813, c = 83.571 A, α = 891068,β = 80.009 and y = 72.143°, and has two molecules per asymmetric unit. X-ray data have been collected to be 1.4 A using a synchrotron source.展开更多
Cucurmosin 2, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein （RIP） isolated from sarcocarp of Cucurbita moschata, has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using PEG6000 as the precipitant. The crystals belong to ...Cucurmosin 2, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein （RIP） isolated from sarcocarp of Cucurbita moschata, has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using PEG6000 as the precipitant. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit cell parameters a = 55.853, b = 65.507, c = 91.754 А, and have one molecule per asymmetric unit. X-ray data have been collected to 1.8А, using a synchrotron source.展开更多
TorI, a Tor system inhibitor acting through protein-protein interaction with the TorR response regulator, is an excisionase that interacts with the integrase and DNA during prophage excision. It has been crystallized ...TorI, a Tor system inhibitor acting through protein-protein interaction with the TorR response regulator, is an excisionase that interacts with the integrase and DNA during prophage excision. It has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol 3350 as a precipitant at pH 8.5. The X-ray diffraction data sets from the TorI crystal was collected at a resolution of 2.1 , using a synchrotron source. The crystal belongs to primitive monoclinic lattice with cell parameters of 46.210 × 53.992 × 73.561A展开更多
Kefiran is an exopolysaccharide derived from kefir grains that has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.The high production cost of kefiran is primarily attributed to the expensive fermentation media.Therefore,the...Kefiran is an exopolysaccharide derived from kefir grains that has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.The high production cost of kefiran is primarily attributed to the expensive fermentation media.Therefore,the use of byproducts from agro-industries could present an economically favorable alternative.In this study,locally available mature coconut water(MCW)and whey lactose(WL)were used as cost-effective nutrient sources for kefiran production by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens JCM 6985.MCW gave a higher yield of kefiran and acid than WL and was comparable to the commercial medium.The optimal sugar concentration for kefiran and acid production from MCW was 30 g/L,and the pH control during cultivation could alleviate the inhibitory effect of acidic pH and enhance kefiran and acid production.When the MCW was added with yeast extract at 3 g-nitrogen/L,the kefiran and acid production increased up to 3.26±0.03 g/L and 15.5±0.7 g/L,respectively.Moreover,the kefiran and acid production was scaled up in the bioreactor and enhanced by the repeated-batch cultivation for six cycles.The structure analysis indicated that kefiran produced by L.kefiranofaciens when using MCW had a similar structure to that extracted from kefir grains.The findings demonstrate promising methods for cost-effective production of kefiran and lactic acid using inexpensive nutrient sources such as MCW.展开更多
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) infection is the leading cause of economic casualty in swine industry worldwide. The virus can cause reproductive failure, respiratory disease, and growth ret...Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) infection is the leading cause of economic casualty in swine industry worldwide. The virus can cause reproductive failure, respiratory disease, and growth retardation in the pigs. This review deals with current status of commercial PRRS vaccines presently used to control PRRS. The review focuses on the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety aspects of the vaccines. Commercial PRRS modified-live virus(MLV) vaccine elicits delayed humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination. The vaccine confers late but effective protection against genetically homologous PRRSV, and partial protection against genetically heterologous virus. The MLV vaccine is of concern for its safety as the vaccine virus can revert to virulence and cause diseases. PRRS killed virus(KV) vaccine, on the other hand, is safe but confers limited protection against either homologous or heterologous virus. The KV vaccine yet helps reduce disease severity when administered to the PRRSV-infected pigs. Although efforts have been made to improve the immunogenicity, ef-ficacy and safety of PRRS vaccines, a better vaccine is still needed in order to protect against PRRSV.展开更多
The increasing prevalence of obesity is alarming because it is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases(such as type 2 diabetes). The occurrence of these comorbidities in obese patients can arise from w...The increasing prevalence of obesity is alarming because it is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases(such as type 2 diabetes). The occurrence of these comorbidities in obese patients can arise from white adipose tissue(WAT) dysfunctions, which affect metabolism, insulin sensitivity and promote local and systemic inflammation. In mammals, WAT depots at different anatomical locations(subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral) are highly heterogeneous in their morpho-phenotypic profiles and contribute differently to homeostasis and obesity development, depending on their ability to trigger and modulate WAT inflammation. This heterogeneity is likely due to the differential behavior of cells from each depot. Numerous studies suggest that adiposederived stem/stromal cells(ASC; referred to as adipose progenitor cells, in vivo)with depot-specific gene expression profiles and adipogenic and immunomodulatory potentials are keys for the establishment of the morphofunctional heterogeneity between WAT depots, as well as for the development of depot-specific responses to metabolic challenges. In this review, we discuss depot-specific ASC properties and how they can contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic disorders, to provide guidance for researchers and clinicians in the development of ASC-based therapeutic approaches.展开更多
Methane is produced in a microbial electrosynthesis system(MES) without organic substrates. However, a relatively high applied voltage is required for the bioelectrical reactions.In this study, we demonstrated that el...Methane is produced in a microbial electrosynthesis system(MES) without organic substrates. However, a relatively high applied voltage is required for the bioelectrical reactions.In this study, we demonstrated that electrotrophic methane production at the biocathode was achieved even at a very low voltage of 0.1 V in an MES, in which abiotic HS-oxidized to SO_(4)^(2-) at the anodic carbon-cloth surface coated with platinum powder. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed the most probable pathway for methane production from electrons. First, electrotrophic H_(2) was produced by syntrophic bacteria, such as Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophus, Leptolinea, and Aminicenantales, with the direct acceptance of electrons at the biocathode. Subsequently, most of the produced H_(2) was converted to acetate by homoacetogens, such as Clostridium and Spirochaeta 2. In conclusion,the majority of the methane was indirectly produced by a large population of acetoclastic methanogens, namely Methanosaeta, via acetate. Further, hydrogenotrophic methanogens,including Methanobacterium and Methanolinea, produced methane via H_(2).展开更多
Apis cerana indica foragers were used for the isolation of a full-length α- glucosidase cDNA, and for purification of the active nascent protein by low salt extraction of bee homogenates, ammonium sulphate precipitat...Apis cerana indica foragers were used for the isolation of a full-length α- glucosidase cDNA, and for purification of the active nascent protein by low salt extraction of bee homogenates, ammonium sulphate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Superdex 200 c hromatographies. The molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolution, and the pH, temperature, incubation, and substrate optima for enzymic activity were determined. Conformation of the purified enzyme as α-glucosidase was performed by BLAST software homology comparisons between matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy analysed partial tryptic peptide digests of the purified protein with the predicted amino acid sequences deduced from the α-glucosidase cDNA sequence.展开更多
文摘Many phytochemicals and their derived metabolites produced by plants are extensively employed in commercial goods,pharmaceutical products as well as in the environmental and medicalfields.However,these secondary metabolites obtained from plants are in low amounts,and it is difficult to synthesize them at the industrial level.Despite these challenges,they may be utilized for a variety of medicinal products that are either available in the market or are being researched and tested.Secondary metabolites are complex compounds that exhibit chirality.Further,under controlled conditions with elicitors,desired secondary metabolites may be produced from plant cell cultures.This review emphasizes the various aspects of secondary metabolites including their types,synthesis,and applications as medicinal products.The article aims to promote the use of plant secondary metabolites in the management and treatment of various diseases.
基金supported by the National Research Council of Thailandthe Japan Society for the Promotion of Science+1 种基金the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand(Grant No.AS613A)the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund of Chulalongkorn University(Grant No.RES560530041-FW)
文摘Bee products have long been used in traditional medicine.The raw materials,crude extracts and purified active compounds from them have been found to exhibil interesting bioactivities,such as antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.In addition,they have been widely used in the treatment of many immune-related diseases,as well as in recent times in the treatment of tumors.Bee product peptides induce apoptotic cell death in vitro in several transformed(cancer) human cell lines,including those derived from renal,lung,liver,prostate,bladder and lymphoid cancers.These bioactive natural products may.therefore,prove to be useful as part of a novel targeted therapy for some types of cancer,such as prostate and breast cancer.This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the in vivo and in vitro potential of selective bee products against tumor cells.
基金Supported by FJIRSM (SZD08003)National Natural Science Foundation of China (30811130467, 30625011)+1 种基金Ministry of Science of Technology (2006AA02A313, 2007CB914304)Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-YW-R-082)
文摘Urokinase-type plasminogen activator （uPA） plays a crucial role in the regulation of plasminogen activation, tumor cell adhesion and migration. The inhibition of uPA activity is a promising mechanism for anti-cancer therapy. Most current uPA inhibitors employ a highly basic group （either amidine or guanidine group） to target the S1 pocket of uPA active site, which leads to poor oral bioavailability. Here we study the possibility of using less basic 2-aminobenzothiazole （ABT） as S1 pocket binding group. We report the crystal structures of uPA complexes with ABT or 2-amino-benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester （ABTCE）. The inhibitory constants of these two inhibitors were measured by a chromogenic competitive assay, and it was found that ABTCE is a better inhibitor for uPA （Ki = 656 μM） than ABT （Ki = 5.03 mM）. This work shows that 2-amniobenzothiazole can be used as P1 group which may have better oral bioavailability than the commonly used amidine or guanidine group. We also found the ethyl ester group occupies the characteristic oxyanion hole and contacts to uPA 37- and 60-loops. Such work provides structural information for further improvements of potency and selectivity of this new class of uPA inhibitor.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 17H01300)。
文摘Microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) is a promising method that can use carbon dioxide,which is a greenhouse gas,to produce methane which acts as an energy source,without using organic substances.However,this bioelectrical reduction reaction can proceed at a certain high applied voltage when coupled with water oxidation in the anode coated with metallic catalyst.When coupled with the oxidation of HS–to SO_(4)^(2-),methane production is thermodynamically more feasible,thus implying its production at a considerably lower applied voltage.In this study,we demonstrated the possibility of electrotrophic methane production coupled with HS–oxidation in a cost-effective bioanode chamber in the MES without organic substrates at a low applied voltage of 0.2 V.In addition,microbial community analyses of biomass enriched in the bioanode and biocathode were used to reveal the most probable pathway for methane production from HS–oxidation.In the bioanode,electroautotrophic SO_(4)^(2-)production accompanied with electron donation to the electrode is performed mainly by the following two steps:first,incomplete sulfide oxidation to sulfur cycle intermediates (SCI) is performed;then the produced SCI are disproportionated to HS^(–)and SO_(4)^(2-).In the biocathode,methane is produced mainly via H_(2)and acetate by electronaccepting syntrophic bacteria,homoacetogens,and acetoclastic archaea.Here,a new ecofriendly MES with biological H_(2)S removal is established.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the chemical components of active extract from Cnidoscolus quercifolius root bark and its cytotoxic potential against several tumor strains. Methods: The high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and ~1H and ^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the extract were used to distinguish the existence of possible functional groups in the root bark extract. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of methanol extract on human colon cancer cell lines was evaluated using OVCAR-8, SF-295, HCT-116, HL-60 strains and the samples were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Results: The analysis of nuclear magnetic spectra of the active chloroform fraction revealed the presence of absorptions bands correspondent to a mixture of favelines such as neofavelanone, deoxofaveline or methyl-faveline, which structures were confirmed by ultraviolet spectra upon high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection analysis. The active fraction showed cytotoxic effects in the tested strains, HCT-116, SF-295, OVCAR-8 and HL-60 cells with IC_(50) of 72 hours ranging from 4.95 to 15.23 μg/mL. Conclusions: The results suggest that the substances present in faveleira(Cnidoscolus quercifolius) root bark extract have a cytotoxic potential against several tumor lines, showing a broader antitumour potential, and in addition no adverse to healthy cells. Therefore, the root bark extract of Cnidoscolus quercifolius has a possibility of use for anticarcinogenic therapies.
基金the NNSF of China (No.39970872,No.30772587)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (C97052,C0510012)+1 种基金Special Fund of Fujian Development and Reform Commissionthe National Science Foundation of USA
文摘β-Trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein （RIP） isolated from the root tuber of Trichosanthe kirilowii Maxim, is an isoform of trichosanthin. Here we report its crystallization in two crystal forms using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The form A and form B crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121 and monoclinic space group P21, respectively. X-ray data have been collected to 1.6 and 1.2 A resolution for form A and form B crystals, respectively, using a synchrotron source.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970872) and Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (C97052)
文摘Luffaculin 1 purified from the seeds of Luffa acutangula belongs to the type I ribosome-inactivating proteins （RIPs）. It has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. The crystal is of space group P1 with a = 39.135, b = 46.813, c = 83.571 A, α = 891068,β = 80.009 and y = 72.143°, and has two molecules per asymmetric unit. X-ray data have been collected to be 1.4 A using a synchrotron source.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970872, 30772587)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (C97052,C0510012)+1 种基金Special Fund of Fujian Development and Reform Commission (2006-34)supported by the National Science Foundation of USA
文摘Cucurmosin 2, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein （RIP） isolated from sarcocarp of Cucurbita moschata, has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using PEG6000 as the precipitant. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit cell parameters a = 55.853, b = 65.507, c = 91.754 А, and have one molecule per asymmetric unit. X-ray data have been collected to 1.8А, using a synchrotron source.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry (IB021061) Franco-Chinese association for scientific research (AFCRST)
文摘TorI, a Tor system inhibitor acting through protein-protein interaction with the TorR response regulator, is an excisionase that interacts with the integrase and DNA during prophage excision. It has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol 3350 as a precipitant at pH 8.5. The X-ray diffraction data sets from the TorI crystal was collected at a resolution of 2.1 , using a synchrotron source. The crystal belongs to primitive monoclinic lattice with cell parameters of 46.210 × 53.992 × 73.561A
基金supported by Faculty of Agro-Industry and National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)and Prince of Songkla University(Ref.No.AGR6601042a).
文摘Kefiran is an exopolysaccharide derived from kefir grains that has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.The high production cost of kefiran is primarily attributed to the expensive fermentation media.Therefore,the use of byproducts from agro-industries could present an economically favorable alternative.In this study,locally available mature coconut water(MCW)and whey lactose(WL)were used as cost-effective nutrient sources for kefiran production by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens JCM 6985.MCW gave a higher yield of kefiran and acid than WL and was comparable to the commercial medium.The optimal sugar concentration for kefiran and acid production from MCW was 30 g/L,and the pH control during cultivation could alleviate the inhibitory effect of acidic pH and enhance kefiran and acid production.When the MCW was added with yeast extract at 3 g-nitrogen/L,the kefiran and acid production increased up to 3.26±0.03 g/L and 15.5±0.7 g/L,respectively.Moreover,the kefiran and acid production was scaled up in the bioreactor and enhanced by the repeated-batch cultivation for six cycles.The structure analysis indicated that kefiran produced by L.kefiranofaciens when using MCW had a similar structure to that extracted from kefir grains.The findings demonstrate promising methods for cost-effective production of kefiran and lactic acid using inexpensive nutrient sources such as MCW.
文摘Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) infection is the leading cause of economic casualty in swine industry worldwide. The virus can cause reproductive failure, respiratory disease, and growth retardation in the pigs. This review deals with current status of commercial PRRS vaccines presently used to control PRRS. The review focuses on the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety aspects of the vaccines. Commercial PRRS modified-live virus(MLV) vaccine elicits delayed humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination. The vaccine confers late but effective protection against genetically homologous PRRSV, and partial protection against genetically heterologous virus. The MLV vaccine is of concern for its safety as the vaccine virus can revert to virulence and cause diseases. PRRS killed virus(KV) vaccine, on the other hand, is safe but confers limited protection against either homologous or heterologous virus. The KV vaccine yet helps reduce disease severity when administered to the PRRSV-infected pigs. Although efforts have been made to improve the immunogenicity, ef-ficacy and safety of PRRS vaccines, a better vaccine is still needed in order to protect against PRRSV.
基金the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)the Coordination of High Education Personnel Improvement (CAPES) for financial support
文摘The increasing prevalence of obesity is alarming because it is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases(such as type 2 diabetes). The occurrence of these comorbidities in obese patients can arise from white adipose tissue(WAT) dysfunctions, which affect metabolism, insulin sensitivity and promote local and systemic inflammation. In mammals, WAT depots at different anatomical locations(subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral) are highly heterogeneous in their morpho-phenotypic profiles and contribute differently to homeostasis and obesity development, depending on their ability to trigger and modulate WAT inflammation. This heterogeneity is likely due to the differential behavior of cells from each depot. Numerous studies suggest that adiposederived stem/stromal cells(ASC; referred to as adipose progenitor cells, in vivo)with depot-specific gene expression profiles and adipogenic and immunomodulatory potentials are keys for the establishment of the morphofunctional heterogeneity between WAT depots, as well as for the development of depot-specific responses to metabolic challenges. In this review, we discuss depot-specific ASC properties and how they can contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic disorders, to provide guidance for researchers and clinicians in the development of ASC-based therapeutic approaches.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)as a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(No.17H01300)。
文摘Methane is produced in a microbial electrosynthesis system(MES) without organic substrates. However, a relatively high applied voltage is required for the bioelectrical reactions.In this study, we demonstrated that electrotrophic methane production at the biocathode was achieved even at a very low voltage of 0.1 V in an MES, in which abiotic HS-oxidized to SO_(4)^(2-) at the anodic carbon-cloth surface coated with platinum powder. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed the most probable pathway for methane production from electrons. First, electrotrophic H_(2) was produced by syntrophic bacteria, such as Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophus, Leptolinea, and Aminicenantales, with the direct acceptance of electrons at the biocathode. Subsequently, most of the produced H_(2) was converted to acetate by homoacetogens, such as Clostridium and Spirochaeta 2. In conclusion,the majority of the methane was indirectly produced by a large population of acetoclastic methanogens, namely Methanosaeta, via acetate. Further, hydrogenotrophic methanogens,including Methanobacterium and Methanolinea, produced methane via H_(2).
文摘Apis cerana indica foragers were used for the isolation of a full-length α- glucosidase cDNA, and for purification of the active nascent protein by low salt extraction of bee homogenates, ammonium sulphate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Superdex 200 c hromatographies. The molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolution, and the pH, temperature, incubation, and substrate optima for enzymic activity were determined. Conformation of the purified enzyme as α-glucosidase was performed by BLAST software homology comparisons between matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy analysed partial tryptic peptide digests of the purified protein with the predicted amino acid sequences deduced from the α-glucosidase cDNA sequence.
