The risks and damages related to the use of products, technologies and services of sanitary interest can be due to defects or manufacturing failures. Certain products already contain a certain degree of risk, which re...The risks and damages related to the use of products, technologies and services of sanitary interest can be due to defects or manufacturing failures. Certain products already contain a certain degree of risk, which requires strict quality control in their production, distribution and use, as well as in the disposal of their waste in the environment. With continuous development in science and technology, medical devices must undergo intradermal irritation and testing for sensitization, cytotoxicity, and acute systemic toxicity. In health care, biotechnology aims to provide technology-based products or processes related to energy, food, and health, which are capable of stimulating new businesses, expanding exports, integrating the value chain and stimulating new demands for innovative products and processes, taking into account health policies. The present article was prepared by a bibliographical survey of the electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, and Bireme. Cell culture testing can be successfully employed, as it is reproducible, rapid, sensitive, and financially accessible for performing in vitro toxicity testing. Thus, it has been possible to optimize the development phase of new products by decreasing animal use or even replacing them in certain tests. Some in vitro assays validated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the area of health products have already replaced animal testing.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of synbiotic mulberry on kidney injury in a dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced colitis model.Methods:Male Wistar rats were given drinking water containing 4%DSS for 7 days.Subseque...Objective:To investigate the effect of synbiotic mulberry on kidney injury in a dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced colitis model.Methods:Male Wistar rats were given drinking water containing 4%DSS for 7 days.Subsequently,the rats were treated by oral gavage with synbiotic mulberry at 250,500,and 1000 mg/kg,sulfasalazine at 100 mg/kg,or synbiotic at 1000 mg/kg for an additional 7 days while receiving 0.4%DSS in drinking water.The severity of colitis was evaluated based on the disease activity index score.On day 14,plasma was collected,and the kidneys were harvested to evaluate kidney injury parameters and histological changes.In addition,the expression of genes associated with kidney injury was determined by quantitative RT-PCR.Results:Treatment with all doses of synbiotic mulberry significantly lowered the disease activity index score,accompanied by reductions in kidney histopathological changes,malondialdehyde concentration,and plasma cystatin C levels.Kidney fibrosis was also ameliorated by 500 and 1000 mg/kg of synbiotic mulberry.Treatment with 250 and 500 mg/kg of synbiotic mulberry downregulated IL-18 mRNA expression,while KIM-1 mRNA expression was reduced and plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein level was restored by 1000 mg/kg of synbiotic mulberry.Conclusions:Synbiotic mulberry ameliorates kidney injury in rats with DSS-induced colitis.It may be further explored as a treatment of kidney injury under colitis conditions.展开更多
This article presents the stem and progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue,briefly comparing them with their bone marrow counterparts,and discussing their potential for use in regenerative medicine.Subcutane...This article presents the stem and progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue,briefly comparing them with their bone marrow counterparts,and discussing their potential for use in regenerative medicine.Subcutaneous adipose tissue differs from other mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs)sources in that it contains a pre-adipocyte population that dwells in the adventitia of robust blood vessels.Pre-adipocytes are present both in the stromal-vascular fraction(SVF;freshly isolated cells)and in the adherent fraction of adipose stromal/stem cells(ASCs;in vitro expanded cells),and have an active role on the chronic inflammation environment established in obesity,likely due their monocyticmacrophage lineage identity.The SVF and ASCs have been explored in cell therapy protocols with relative success,given their paracrine and immunomodulatory effects.Importantly,the widely explored multipotentiality of ASCs has direct application in bone,cartilage and adipose tissue engineering.The aim of this editorial is to reinforce the peculiarities of the stem and progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue,revealing the spheroids as a recently described biotechnological tool for cell therapy and tissue engineering.Innovative cell culture techniques,in particular 3D scaffold-free cultures such as spheroids,are now available to increase the potential for regeneration and differentiation of mesenchymal lineages.Spheroids are being explored not only as a model for cell differentiation,but also as powerful 3D cell culture tools to maintain the stemness and expand the regenerative and differentiation capacities of mesenchymal cell lineages.展开更多
Objective:To screen crude extracts of propolis,bee pollen and honey from four stingless bee species[Trigona incisa(T.incisa)],Timia apicalis,Trigona fuso-baltata and Trigona filscibasis)native to East Kalimantan.Indon...Objective:To screen crude extracts of propolis,bee pollen and honey from four stingless bee species[Trigona incisa(T.incisa)],Timia apicalis,Trigona fuso-baltata and Trigona filscibasis)native to East Kalimantan.Indonesia for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines(HepG2,SW620,ChaGo-1,KATO-Ⅲand BT474).Methods:All samples were extracted with methanol,and then subpartitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate.Each crude extract was screened at 20μg/mL for in vitro cytotoxicity against the cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Tn addition,four previously shown bioactive components from propolis(apigenin,cafieic acid phenyl ester,kaempferol and naringenin)and two chemotherapeutic drugs(doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil)were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the cell lines.Results:Overall,crude extracts from propolis and honey had higher cytotoxic activities than bee pollen,but the activity was dependent upon the extraction solvent,bee species and cell line.Propolis extracts from T.incisa and Tarda apicalis showed the highest and lowest cytotoxic activity,respectively.Only the HepG2 cell line was broadly sensitive to the honey extracts.For pure compounds,doxorubicin was the most cytotoxic,the four propolis compounds the least,but the ChaGo-I cell line was sensitive to kaempferol at 10μg/mL and KATO-Ⅲwas sensitive to kaempferol and apigenin at 10μg/mL,.All pure compounds were effective against the BT474 cell line.Conclusions:Propolis from f,incisa and Trigona fusco-balteata contain an in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines.Further study is required,including the isolation and characterization of the active antiproliferative agent(s).展开更多
A novel monoclonal antibody （MAb） against oxytetracycline （OTC） was generated and characterized. The MAb was used in the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay （ELISA）-based detection system. An OTC...A novel monoclonal antibody （MAb） against oxytetracycline （OTC） was generated and characterized. The MAb was used in the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay （ELISA）-based detection system. An OTC-bovine serum albumin （BSA） conjugate was prepared and used in the immunization of mice. A conventional somatic cell fusion technique was used to generate MAb-secreting hybridomas denoted 2-4F, 7-3G, and 11-11A. An indirect competitive ELISA （icELISA） was applied to measure the sensitivity and specificity of each MAb in terms of its 50% inhibitory concentration （IC50） and percentage of cross-reactivity, respectively. MAb 2-4F exhibited the highest sensitivity, with an ICs0 of 7.01 ng/ml. This MAb showed strong cross-reactivity to rolitetracycline, but no cross- reactivity to other unrelated antibiotics. When MAb 2-4F was used to detect OTC from shrimp samples, the recoveries were in the range of 82%-118% for an intra-assay and 96%-113% for an inter-assay. The coefficients of variation of the assays were 3.9%-13.9% and 5.5%-14.9%, respectively.展开更多
In this work,a novel conjugate of ractopamine and bovine serum albumin(RAC–BSA)has been developed via the Mannich reaction,with a mole coupling ratio for RAC–BSA of 9:1.The proposed conjugation method provides a sim...In this work,a novel conjugate of ractopamine and bovine serum albumin(RAC–BSA)has been developed via the Mannich reaction,with a mole coupling ratio for RAC–BSA of 9:1.The proposed conjugation method provides a simple and one-step method with the use of fewer reagents compared with other conjugation methods for competitive immunoassays.RAC–BSA conjugation was used to fabricate a competitive lateral flow strip test for RAC detection in animal feed.For sample preparation,RAC was spiked in swine feed purchased from the local markets in Thailand,and methanol and running buffer at a volume ratio of 10:90 was used as extraction buffer.The procedures for sample preparation were completed within 25 min.Under optimal conditions,the limit of detection(LOD),assessed by the naked eye within 5 min,was found to be 1 ng/g.A semi-quantitative analysis was also conducted using a smart phone and computer software,with a linearity of 0.075–0.750 ng/g,calculated LOD of 0.10 ng/g,calculated limit of quantitation of 0.33 ng/g,and good correlation of 0.992.The recoveries were found in the range of 96.4%–103.7%with a relative standard deviation of 2.5%–3.6%for intra-and inter-assays.Comparison of the results obtained by the strip test with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay had a good agreement in terms of accuracy.Furthermore,this strip test exhibited highly specific RAC detection without cross reactivity with related compounds.Therefore,the RAC–BSA conjugation via the Mannich reaction can be accepted as a one-step and easy conjugation method and applied to the competitive lateral flow strip test.展开更多
In vitro antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Piper sarmentosum leaves, fruits, stems, and the essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves together with their constituents were inves...In vitro antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Piper sarmentosum leaves, fruits, stems, and the essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves together with their constituents were investigated against two rice pathogenic fungi： Rhizoctonia solani （sheath blight causal agent） and Bipolaris oryzae （brown spot causal agent）, and two rice pathogenic bacteria： Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo） （bacterial leaf blight causal agent） and pv. oryzicola （Xoc） （bacterial leaf streak causal agent）. Among them, the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and fruits, and the essential oil showed significantly high potential anti-rice microbial activity. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane leave and fruit extracts, myristicin, sarmentine, brachystamide B, brachyamide B, and piperonal were isolated. Moreover, the major constituent of its oil was also myristicin. Myristicin and brachyamide B revealed the highest potent inhibition against R. solani and B. oryzae （half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC5o） of 0.69 and 0.12 mmol L-I）, respectively. Moreover, brachyamide B and piperonal displayed most antibacterial activity against Xoo （MIC/MBC 7.62/1.90 mmol L-1） and Xoc （MIC/MBC 2.59/20.75 mmol L-1）, respectively. Additionally, the essential oil also exhibited the antimicrobial activity against all tested rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi. These compounds and the oil were first evaluated for anti-rice pathogenic microbial activity.展开更多
Forest structure and function strongly depend on and concurrently influence environmental conditions.Tree performance is generally governed by its genetics and environment;thus,recent hotspots in this field include tr...Forest structure and function strongly depend on and concurrently influence environmental conditions.Tree performance is generally governed by its genetics and environment;thus,recent hotspots in this field include tree genotype×environment,phenotype×environment,and functional trait×environment interactions.The editorial,review,and 22 original research articles in this Special Issue,"Tree ecophysiology in the context of climate change",highlight ecophysiological phenomena(e.g.,climate hormesis,seed germination,tree mortality),processes(e.g.,tree metabolism,photosynthate allocation,nutrient uptake and transport),indicators(e.g.,carbon sequestration,pollutants),measurements(e.g.,thermal time methods,soil quality indices,vegetation spectral index,and near-infrared leaf reflectance),and modeling(e.g.,climate correlations with tree growth,photo synthetic phenology,hydraulic strategies,OliveCan model)in the context of global climate change.Understanding forest-environment interactions from an ecophysiological perspective as climate changes provides insights into species fitness in suboptimal environments,species competition for limited resources,and phylogenetic divergence or convergence of species,and predicting species distributions.展开更多
In Thailand,the forest crested lizard,Calotes emma consists of two subspecies,C.emma alticristatus Schmidt,1925 and C.emma emma Gray,1845.This study was performed to determine the genetic diversity and differentiation...In Thailand,the forest crested lizard,Calotes emma consists of two subspecies,C.emma alticristatus Schmidt,1925 and C.emma emma Gray,1845.This study was performed to determine the genetic diversity and differentiation of C.emma from 16 different localities throughout Thailand.A total of 116 samples were analyzed using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1(CO1).Of these,65 and 51 of C.e.alticristatus and C.e.emma were classified into 23(N1-N23)and 21(S1-S21)haplotypes,respectively.There was no shared haplotype between subspecies or between different populations within each subspecies.These haplotypes were classified into four(north-A to north-D)and three(south-A to south-C)haplogroups of C.e aliristaus and C.e.emma,respectively.Phylogenetic analyses retrieved four lineages(classified asⅠtoⅣ).LineagesⅠandⅡcontained the four haplogroups of C.e.alicristatus,whereas lineageⅡandⅣcontained three haplogroups of C.e.emma.These two subspecies live separately in different climate zones,ie.C.e.alticristatus is found in an equatorial winter dry climate,whereas C.e.emma inha bits areas with an equa torial monsoonal clima te.展开更多
This study was performed to explore the genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko) from 23 different geographical areas in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia. The mitochondrial tRNAGl...This study was performed to explore the genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko) from 23 different geographical areas in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia. The mitochondrial tRNAGln/tRNA-Met/partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 from 166 specimens was amplified and sequenced. A total of 54 different haplotypes were found. Highly significant genetic differences occurred between populations from different localities. The haplotype network revealed six major haplogroups(G1 to G6) belonging to different clades(clade A–E). Clade D and clade E were newly observed in this study. Haplogroup G4(clade D) was a sympatric population with haplogroup G1(clade B). The populations from northern Thailand were divided into two distinct haplogroups separated by mountain range. Genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the tokay in Southeast Asia was related to the geographical region sampled, spatial distance and natural barriers. Our results indicate that red-spotted tokay geckos from mainland Southeast Asia are cryptically diverse. Morphological comparisons, in addition to an intensive genetic investigation covering the whole species range, are needed to clarify the systematic and population structure of this species group.展开更多
Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters call...Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters called spheroids are the basis for scaffold-free tissue engineering.In this review,we explore the use of spheroids from adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a model in the developmental engineering area in order to mimic the developmental stages of cartilage and bone tissues.Spheroids from adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells lineages recapitulate crucial events in bone and cartilage formation during embryogenesis,and are capable of spontaneously fusing to other spheroids,making them ideal building blocks for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.Here,we discuss data from ours and other labs on the use of adipose stromal/stem cell spheroids in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro.Overall,recent studies support the notion that spheroids are ideal"building blocks"for tissue engineering by“bottom-up”approaches,which are based on tissue assembly by advanced techniques such as three-dimensional bioprinting.Further studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate spheroid fusion are now crucial to support continued development of bottom-up tissue engineering approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.展开更多
Rotaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that causes acute diarrheal diseases in children(<5 years).More than 90%of the global rotavirus infection in humans was caused by Rotavirus group A.Rotavirus ...Rotaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that causes acute diarrheal diseases in children(<5 years).More than 90%of the global rotavirus infection in humans was caused by Rotavirus group A.Rotavirus infection has caused more than 200000 deaths annually and predominantly occurs in the low-income countries.Rotavirus evolution is indicated by the strain dynamics or the emergence of the unprecedented strain.The major factors that drive the rotavirus evolution include the genetic shift that is caused by the reassortment mechanism,either in the intra-or the inter-genogroup.However,other factors are also known to have an impact on rotavirus evolution.This review discusses the structure and types,epidemiology,and evolution of rotaviruses.This article also reviews other supplemental factors of rotavirus evolution,such as genetic reassortment,mutation rate,glycan specificity,vaccine introduction,the host immune respo-nses,and antiviral drugs.展开更多
Objective: To establish a simple, rapid, precise and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC) method with densitometric detection for the determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn.(P. foeti...Objective: To establish a simple, rapid, precise and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC) method with densitometric detection for the determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn.(P. foetida).Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant leaf powder was used for the experimental work.Separation was performed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with ethyl acetate:methanol: distilled water: formic acid in the proportion of 50:2:3:6(v/v), as the mobile phase. The determination was carried out using the densitometric absorbance mode at340 nm.Results: Vitexin response was linear over the range of 2.5–17.5 mg/m L with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. Intraday and interday precision studies showed the relative SD was< 3%. Accuracy of the method was determined and the average recovery was 100.3%.The limit of quantitation and limit of detection were 0.879 and 0.290 mg/m L, respectively.The contents of vitexin in P. foetida leaf extracts were within the range of 0.030%–0.310%.Conclusions: The method was evaluated for sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility. Each analysis by HPTLC is less expensive than current methods. This method is suitable for routine quality control of raw material of the leaves of P. foetida extract and its products.展开更多
Objective: To find new compounds in order to overcome the mainstay of metastatic breast cancer due to the adverse side effects from, and increasing resistance to, current chemotherapeutic agents. Methods: 毩-Mangostin...Objective: To find new compounds in order to overcome the mainstay of metastatic breast cancer due to the adverse side effects from, and increasing resistance to, current chemotherapeutic agents. Methods: 毩-Mangostin and apigenin were reported in comparison to doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug. Ductal carcinoma(BT474) cell line and nontumorigenic epithelial tissue from mammary gland(MCF-10 A) were used. Cell viability assessment was calculated by the standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Cell morphology was investigated by light microscopy. By flow cytometry analysis, programmed cell death was observed using annexin observed using propidium iodide st桋 and propidium iodide staining while cell-cycle arrest wasaining. Change in transcriptional expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results: In 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, the result revealed and apigenin were more cytotoxic to BT474 cells. Longer exposure times to 毩-mangostin enin caused more floating cells and a lower density of adhered cells wi毩-mangostin and apigth more vacuoles present in the colonies in BT474 only. 毩-Mangostin and apigenin caused necrosis in BT474 cells in a 24 h exposure, but a small amount of early apoptotic cells could also be detected at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, whereas doxorubicin caused early apoptosis to BT474 cells at 24 h. Transcript expression and activity analysis supported caspase-3 was involved in the death of BT474 cells treated by all compounds. Moreover, 毩-mangostin and apigenin arrested the cellcycle at the G1-phase, but at the G2/M-phase by doxorubicin. All three compounds induced a change in transcript expression levels of inflammation-associated, proto-oncogene, autophagyassociated and apoptosis-associated genes. Conclusions: ntial new sources of chemotherapeuti毩-Mangostin and apigenin are worth investigating as potec agents for breast cancer treatment.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To analyze the whole transcriptome of zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis(P.variabilis),a cnidarian,and discover the potential toxic substances in P.variabilis.METHODS The P.variabilis RNA deep sequencing was ...OBJECTIVE To analyze the whole transcriptome of zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis(P.variabilis),a cnidarian,and discover the potential toxic substances in P.variabilis.METHODS The P.variabilis RNA deep sequencing was performed using the HiSeq 2500 automatic sequencing platform.All the unigenes generated from the assembly process were functionally annotated based on the similarity with databases.The multiple alignments of translated toxin-related sequences were performed with Clustalw2,and amino acid identity and similarity highlighted by using BoxShade tool.Three different methods including ITASSER,PEP-FOLD and MODELLER were applied to predict tri-dimensional models of toxin-related polypeptides from translated transcript sequences of P.variabilis.The toxicity of one of the putative toxins,namely ShK/Aurelin-like peptide,was evaluated using zebrafish model.RESULTS A total of 67,549,914 pairs of quality-filtered,90-base-pair Illumina reads from an mRNA sample were obtained.The de novo assemblies yielded 276,526 contigs.The sequence comparison of 130,121 unigenes with entries in Toxin database showed that 1542 unigenes were potential peptide toxins at which 11 unigenes were related to Stichodactyla toxin(ShK)domain(Pfam ID:PF01549).ShK is a 35 residues peptide sequence that was firstly discovered from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus.Here,we found out one ShK-like peptide that processed a relatively higher sequence similarity with known ShK(Uniprot ID:P29186)of Bunodosoma granuliferum(red warty sea anemone).The Protopalythoa Shk-like peptide was submitted to Probis server to detect probable binding site and found to match with a protein AURELIN(PDB id:2lg4,UniProt id:Q0MWV8)which possesses structural homology with previously identified antimicrobial peptides and K+-channel-blocking toxins.Our results showed that the ShK/Aurelin-like peptide was lethal to zebrafish embryos at concentrations above 30-μmol·L1,and could induce zebrafish locomotor deficit at 10μmol·L-1.CONCLUSION This study,for the first time,presented the whole transcriptome profile and a potential toxic peptide of P.variabilis.展开更多
In this paper, we evaluate semiempirical methods (AM1, PM3, and ZINDO), HF and DFT (B3LYP) in different basis sets to determine which method best describes the sign and magnitude of the geometrical parameters of artem...In this paper, we evaluate semiempirical methods (AM1, PM3, and ZINDO), HF and DFT (B3LYP) in different basis sets to determine which method best describes the sign and magnitude of the geometrical parameters of artemisinin in the region of the endoperoxide ring compared to crystallographic data. We also classify these methods using statistical analysis. The results of PCA were based on three main components, explaining 98.0539% of the total variance, for the geometrical parameters C3O13, O1O2C3, O13C12C12a, and O2C3O13C12. The DFT method (B3LYP) corresponded well with the experimental data in the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The experimental and theoretical angles were analyzed by simple linear regression, and statistical parameters (correlation coefficients, significance, and predictability) were evaluated to determine the accuracy of the calculations. The statistical analysis exhibited a good correlation and high predictive power for the DFT (B3LYP) method in the 6-31G** basis set.展开更多
Fish gill is a multifunctional organ with role in acid-base balance, elimination of nitrogen waste and mainly gas exchange and ion regulation. There is a high energetic coast for ionregulation in freshwater fish maint...Fish gill is a multifunctional organ with role in acid-base balance, elimination of nitrogen waste and mainly gas exchange and ion regulation. There is a high energetic coast for ionregulation in freshwater fish maintained in salt water but a raise in growing taxes was observed for some species. The freshwater Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is widely used in aquaculture farmers and the aim of this study was to investigate the changes on the gill filaments nltrastructure in fish kept under different salinities. Alevins were obtained and transported to laboratory of studies in animal stress Federal University of Paran~. Established groups in 0%0, 16%0 and 32%0 salt water with 12 animals in each one. After 30 days of exposition, the animals were anesthetized and the second gill arches were dissected and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondrial rich cells fractional area and density in the gill epithelia were determinated. The under scanning electron microscopy （SEM） in 0%0 salinity group reveal changes in the apical ridge of mitochondrial rich cells （MRCs）. In all other groups, the observations revealed numerous crypts disposed mainly in the filament epithelia. In transmission electron microscopy （TEM） two distinct types of MRCs were observed. The data of MRCFA and density revealed in 0%0 and 16%0 values significantly elevated in comparison to 32%0. Despite these lower values, the density in the gill epithelia was higher. The main differences found between the groups revealed that fish exposed to 16%o salinity have less MRCs aperture to the environment and are less related to ion regulation process.展开更多
The central importance of quantum chemistry is to obtain solutions of the Schr?dinger equation for the accurate determination of the properties of atomic and molecular systems that occurred from the calculation of wav...The central importance of quantum chemistry is to obtain solutions of the Schr?dinger equation for the accurate determination of the properties of atomic and molecular systems that occurred from the calculation of wave functions accurate for many diatomic and polyatomic molecules, using Self Consistent Field method (SCF). The application of quantum chemical methods in the study and planning of bioactive compounds has become a common practice nowadays. From the point of view of planning it is important to note, when it comes to the use of molecular modeling, a collective term that refers to methods and theoretical modeling and computational techniques to mimic the behavior of molecules, not intend to reach a bioactive molecule simply through the use of computer programs. The choice of method for energy minimization depends on factors related to the size of the molecule, parameters of availability, stored data and computational resources. Molecular models generated by the computer are the result of mathematical equations that estimate the positions and properties of the electrons and nuclei, the calculations exploit experimentally, the characteristics of a structure, providing a new perspective on the molecule. In this work we show that studies of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Energy (HOMO), Low Unoccupied Molecular Orbital Energy (LUMO) and Map of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) using Hatree-Fock method with different basis sets (HF/3-21G*, HF/3-21G**, HF/6-31G, HF/6-31G*, HF/6-31G** and HF/6-311G), that are of great importance in modern chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and other fields of knowledge of health sciences. In order to obtain a significant correlation, it is essential that the descriptors are used appropriately. Thus, the quantum chemical calculations are an attractive source of new molecular descriptors that can, in principle, express all the geometrical and electronic properties of molecules and their interactions with biological receptor.展开更多
Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon, which is often related to flooding processes and public health. The aim of the present research is to correlate Prelimi...Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon, which is often related to flooding processes and public health. The aim of the present research is to correlate Preliminary Risk of Flooding (PRF) to independent variables, based on the following methodology: 1) identifying and classifying risk areas by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and 2) statistically correlating risk to sanitary and environmental variables. Results have shown that preliminary risk is correlated to, at least, seven sanitary and environmental variables, depending on flood influence area;and there are significant correlations observed in the rainy season interval [probability or significance (p) 0.05]. In conclusion, PRF is higher in the rainy season, but it is spatially influenced by the elevation of terrain, number of flooding points, drainage typology and Environmental Salubrity Index (ESI) of neighborhoods, which directly affect the water quality in nearby groundwater wells (Total Coliforms, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)). However, this influence can eventually significantly change in the dry season.展开更多
Cardiac rehabilitation protocols applied during the inhospital phase(phaseⅠ)are subjective and their results are contested when evaluated considering what should be the three basic principles of exercise prescription...Cardiac rehabilitation protocols applied during the inhospital phase(phaseⅠ)are subjective and their results are contested when evaluated considering what should be the three basic principles of exercise prescription:specificity,overload and reversibility.In this review,we focus on the problems associated with the models of exercise prescription applied at this early stage in-hospital and adopted today,especially the lack of clinical studies demonstrating its effectiveness.Moreover,we present the concept of"periodization"as a useful tool in the search for better results.展开更多
文摘The risks and damages related to the use of products, technologies and services of sanitary interest can be due to defects or manufacturing failures. Certain products already contain a certain degree of risk, which requires strict quality control in their production, distribution and use, as well as in the disposal of their waste in the environment. With continuous development in science and technology, medical devices must undergo intradermal irritation and testing for sensitization, cytotoxicity, and acute systemic toxicity. In health care, biotechnology aims to provide technology-based products or processes related to energy, food, and health, which are capable of stimulating new businesses, expanding exports, integrating the value chain and stimulating new demands for innovative products and processes, taking into account health policies. The present article was prepared by a bibliographical survey of the electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, and Bireme. Cell culture testing can be successfully employed, as it is reproducible, rapid, sensitive, and financially accessible for performing in vitro toxicity testing. Thus, it has been possible to optimize the development phase of new products by decreasing animal use or even replacing them in certain tests. Some in vitro assays validated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the area of health products have already replaced animal testing.
基金supported by the Mae Fah Luang University Research Development Grant 2023,Mae Fah Luang University,Chiang Rai Thailand(Grant no.661B07007 to KW)the Technology and Innovation-Based Enterprise Development Fund:Fund(Grant no.YP043/2565 to AO and PW).
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of synbiotic mulberry on kidney injury in a dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced colitis model.Methods:Male Wistar rats were given drinking water containing 4%DSS for 7 days.Subsequently,the rats were treated by oral gavage with synbiotic mulberry at 250,500,and 1000 mg/kg,sulfasalazine at 100 mg/kg,or synbiotic at 1000 mg/kg for an additional 7 days while receiving 0.4%DSS in drinking water.The severity of colitis was evaluated based on the disease activity index score.On day 14,plasma was collected,and the kidneys were harvested to evaluate kidney injury parameters and histological changes.In addition,the expression of genes associated with kidney injury was determined by quantitative RT-PCR.Results:Treatment with all doses of synbiotic mulberry significantly lowered the disease activity index score,accompanied by reductions in kidney histopathological changes,malondialdehyde concentration,and plasma cystatin C levels.Kidney fibrosis was also ameliorated by 500 and 1000 mg/kg of synbiotic mulberry.Treatment with 250 and 500 mg/kg of synbiotic mulberry downregulated IL-18 mRNA expression,while KIM-1 mRNA expression was reduced and plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein level was restored by 1000 mg/kg of synbiotic mulberry.Conclusions:Synbiotic mulberry ameliorates kidney injury in rats with DSS-induced colitis.It may be further explored as a treatment of kidney injury under colitis conditions.
基金Supported by the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro(FAPERJ),No.E-26/202.682/2018
文摘This article presents the stem and progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue,briefly comparing them with their bone marrow counterparts,and discussing their potential for use in regenerative medicine.Subcutaneous adipose tissue differs from other mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs)sources in that it contains a pre-adipocyte population that dwells in the adventitia of robust blood vessels.Pre-adipocytes are present both in the stromal-vascular fraction(SVF;freshly isolated cells)and in the adherent fraction of adipose stromal/stem cells(ASCs;in vitro expanded cells),and have an active role on the chronic inflammation environment established in obesity,likely due their monocyticmacrophage lineage identity.The SVF and ASCs have been explored in cell therapy protocols with relative success,given their paracrine and immunomodulatory effects.Importantly,the widely explored multipotentiality of ASCs has direct application in bone,cartilage and adipose tissue engineering.The aim of this editorial is to reinforce the peculiarities of the stem and progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue,revealing the spheroids as a recently described biotechnological tool for cell therapy and tissue engineering.Innovative cell culture techniques,in particular 3D scaffold-free cultures such as spheroids,are now available to increase the potential for regeneration and differentiation of mesenchymal lineages.Spheroids are being explored not only as a model for cell differentiation,but also as powerful 3D cell culture tools to maintain the stemness and expand the regenerative and differentiation capacities of mesenchymal cell lineages.
基金Supported by East Kalimantan,Indonesia,the National Research Council of Thailand the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Integrated Innovation Academic Center:HAC Chulalongkorn University Centenary Academic Development Project(Grant No.RES560530041)
文摘Objective:To screen crude extracts of propolis,bee pollen and honey from four stingless bee species[Trigona incisa(T.incisa)],Timia apicalis,Trigona fuso-baltata and Trigona filscibasis)native to East Kalimantan.Indonesia for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines(HepG2,SW620,ChaGo-1,KATO-Ⅲand BT474).Methods:All samples were extracted with methanol,and then subpartitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate.Each crude extract was screened at 20μg/mL for in vitro cytotoxicity against the cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Tn addition,four previously shown bioactive components from propolis(apigenin,cafieic acid phenyl ester,kaempferol and naringenin)and two chemotherapeutic drugs(doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil)were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the cell lines.Results:Overall,crude extracts from propolis and honey had higher cytotoxic activities than bee pollen,but the activity was dependent upon the extraction solvent,bee species and cell line.Propolis extracts from T.incisa and Tarda apicalis showed the highest and lowest cytotoxic activity,respectively.Only the HepG2 cell line was broadly sensitive to the honey extracts.For pure compounds,doxorubicin was the most cytotoxic,the four propolis compounds the least,but the ChaGo-I cell line was sensitive to kaempferol at 10μg/mL and KATO-Ⅲwas sensitive to kaempferol and apigenin at 10μg/mL,.All pure compounds were effective against the BT474 cell line.Conclusions:Propolis from f,incisa and Trigona fusco-balteata contain an in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines.Further study is required,including the isolation and characterization of the active antiproliferative agent(s).
基金supported by the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund of Chulalongkorn University(No.RD_50-53_61)the National Research University Development Project(No.AM1023A)the Office of the Higher Education Commission,Thailand
文摘A novel monoclonal antibody （MAb） against oxytetracycline （OTC） was generated and characterized. The MAb was used in the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay （ELISA）-based detection system. An OTC-bovine serum albumin （BSA） conjugate was prepared and used in the immunization of mice. A conventional somatic cell fusion technique was used to generate MAb-secreting hybridomas denoted 2-4F, 7-3G, and 11-11A. An indirect competitive ELISA （icELISA） was applied to measure the sensitivity and specificity of each MAb in terms of its 50% inhibitory concentration （IC50） and percentage of cross-reactivity, respectively. MAb 2-4F exhibited the highest sensitivity, with an ICs0 of 7.01 ng/ml. This MAb showed strong cross-reactivity to rolitetracycline, but no cross- reactivity to other unrelated antibiotics. When MAb 2-4F was used to detect OTC from shrimp samples, the recoveries were in the range of 82%-118% for an intra-assay and 96%-113% for an inter-assay. The coefficients of variation of the assays were 3.9%-13.9% and 5.5%-14.9%, respectively.
基金Project Project supported by the Thailand Research Fund through the International Research Network(No.PHD58W0001)the Thailand Research Fund through Research Team Promotion Grant the Ratchadaphisaksomphot Endowment Fund of Chulalongkorn University(No.RTA6080002),Thailand
文摘In this work,a novel conjugate of ractopamine and bovine serum albumin(RAC–BSA)has been developed via the Mannich reaction,with a mole coupling ratio for RAC–BSA of 9:1.The proposed conjugation method provides a simple and one-step method with the use of fewer reagents compared with other conjugation methods for competitive immunoassays.RAC–BSA conjugation was used to fabricate a competitive lateral flow strip test for RAC detection in animal feed.For sample preparation,RAC was spiked in swine feed purchased from the local markets in Thailand,and methanol and running buffer at a volume ratio of 10:90 was used as extraction buffer.The procedures for sample preparation were completed within 25 min.Under optimal conditions,the limit of detection(LOD),assessed by the naked eye within 5 min,was found to be 1 ng/g.A semi-quantitative analysis was also conducted using a smart phone and computer software,with a linearity of 0.075–0.750 ng/g,calculated LOD of 0.10 ng/g,calculated limit of quantitation of 0.33 ng/g,and good correlation of 0.992.The recoveries were found in the range of 96.4%–103.7%with a relative standard deviation of 2.5%–3.6%for intra-and inter-assays.Comparison of the results obtained by the strip test with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay had a good agreement in terms of accuracy.Furthermore,this strip test exhibited highly specific RAC detection without cross reactivity with related compounds.Therefore,the RAC–BSA conjugation via the Mannich reaction can be accepted as a one-step and easy conjugation method and applied to the competitive lateral flow strip test.
基金supported by a grant from the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund,Thailand(Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund,F31GSES13)
文摘In vitro antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Piper sarmentosum leaves, fruits, stems, and the essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves together with their constituents were investigated against two rice pathogenic fungi： Rhizoctonia solani （sheath blight causal agent） and Bipolaris oryzae （brown spot causal agent）, and two rice pathogenic bacteria： Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo） （bacterial leaf blight causal agent） and pv. oryzicola （Xoc） （bacterial leaf streak causal agent）. Among them, the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and fruits, and the essential oil showed significantly high potential anti-rice microbial activity. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane leave and fruit extracts, myristicin, sarmentine, brachystamide B, brachyamide B, and piperonal were isolated. Moreover, the major constituent of its oil was also myristicin. Myristicin and brachyamide B revealed the highest potent inhibition against R. solani and B. oryzae （half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC5o） of 0.69 and 0.12 mmol L-I）, respectively. Moreover, brachyamide B and piperonal displayed most antibacterial activity against Xoo （MIC/MBC 7.62/1.90 mmol L-1） and Xoc （MIC/MBC 2.59/20.75 mmol L-1）, respectively. Additionally, the essential oil also exhibited the antimicrobial activity against all tested rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi. These compounds and the oil were first evaluated for anti-rice pathogenic microbial activity.
基金the Excellence Action Plan for China STM Journals(EAPCSTMJ-C-077)International Infl uence Promotion Project of China STM Journals(Journal of Forestry ResearchPIIJ2-B-18).
文摘Forest structure and function strongly depend on and concurrently influence environmental conditions.Tree performance is generally governed by its genetics and environment;thus,recent hotspots in this field include tree genotype×environment,phenotype×environment,and functional trait×environment interactions.The editorial,review,and 22 original research articles in this Special Issue,"Tree ecophysiology in the context of climate change",highlight ecophysiological phenomena(e.g.,climate hormesis,seed germination,tree mortality),processes(e.g.,tree metabolism,photosynthate allocation,nutrient uptake and transport),indicators(e.g.,carbon sequestration,pollutants),measurements(e.g.,thermal time methods,soil quality indices,vegetation spectral index,and near-infrared leaf reflectance),and modeling(e.g.,climate correlations with tree growth,photo synthetic phenology,hydraulic strategies,OliveCan model)in the context of global climate change.Understanding forest-environment interactions from an ecophysiological perspective as climate changes provides insights into species fitness in suboptimal environments,species competition for limited resources,and phylogenetic divergence or convergence of species,and predicting species distributions.
基金This research was supported by Higher Education Research Promotion(HERP),FY2015 to W.Saijuntha.We would like to thank Dr.Adrian R.Plant for English proofreading.
文摘In Thailand,the forest crested lizard,Calotes emma consists of two subspecies,C.emma alticristatus Schmidt,1925 and C.emma emma Gray,1845.This study was performed to determine the genetic diversity and differentiation of C.emma from 16 different localities throughout Thailand.A total of 116 samples were analyzed using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1(CO1).Of these,65 and 51 of C.e.alticristatus and C.e.emma were classified into 23(N1-N23)and 21(S1-S21)haplotypes,respectively.There was no shared haplotype between subspecies or between different populations within each subspecies.These haplotypes were classified into four(north-A to north-D)and three(south-A to south-C)haplogroups of C.e aliristaus and C.e.emma,respectively.Phylogenetic analyses retrieved four lineages(classified asⅠtoⅣ).LineagesⅠandⅡcontained the four haplogroups of C.e.alicristatus,whereas lineageⅡandⅣcontained three haplogroups of C.e.emma.These two subspecies live separately in different climate zones,ie.C.e.alticristatus is found in an equatorial winter dry climate,whereas C.e.emma inha bits areas with an equa torial monsoonal clima te.
基金supported by fast tract funding,fiscal year 2016 of Mahasarakham University to S.Sedlak
文摘This study was performed to explore the genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko) from 23 different geographical areas in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia. The mitochondrial tRNAGln/tRNA-Met/partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 from 166 specimens was amplified and sequenced. A total of 54 different haplotypes were found. Highly significant genetic differences occurred between populations from different localities. The haplotype network revealed six major haplogroups(G1 to G6) belonging to different clades(clade A–E). Clade D and clade E were newly observed in this study. Haplogroup G4(clade D) was a sympatric population with haplogroup G1(clade B). The populations from northern Thailand were divided into two distinct haplogroups separated by mountain range. Genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the tokay in Southeast Asia was related to the geographical region sampled, spatial distance and natural barriers. Our results indicate that red-spotted tokay geckos from mainland Southeast Asia are cryptically diverse. Morphological comparisons, in addition to an intensive genetic investigation covering the whole species range, are needed to clarify the systematic and population structure of this species group.
基金the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES),No.88882.366181/2019-01the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro(FAPERJ),No.E-26/202.682/2018National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),No.467513/2014-7
文摘Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters called spheroids are the basis for scaffold-free tissue engineering.In this review,we explore the use of spheroids from adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a model in the developmental engineering area in order to mimic the developmental stages of cartilage and bone tissues.Spheroids from adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells lineages recapitulate crucial events in bone and cartilage formation during embryogenesis,and are capable of spontaneously fusing to other spheroids,making them ideal building blocks for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.Here,we discuss data from ours and other labs on the use of adipose stromal/stem cell spheroids in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro.Overall,recent studies support the notion that spheroids are ideal"building blocks"for tissue engineering by“bottom-up”approaches,which are based on tissue assembly by advanced techniques such as three-dimensional bioprinting.Further studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate spheroid fusion are now crucial to support continued development of bottom-up tissue engineering approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.
文摘Rotaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that causes acute diarrheal diseases in children(<5 years).More than 90%of the global rotavirus infection in humans was caused by Rotavirus group A.Rotavirus infection has caused more than 200000 deaths annually and predominantly occurs in the low-income countries.Rotavirus evolution is indicated by the strain dynamics or the emergence of the unprecedented strain.The major factors that drive the rotavirus evolution include the genetic shift that is caused by the reassortment mechanism,either in the intra-or the inter-genogroup.However,other factors are also known to have an impact on rotavirus evolution.This review discusses the structure and types,epidemiology,and evolution of rotaviruses.This article also reviews other supplemental factors of rotavirus evolution,such as genetic reassortment,mutation rate,glycan specificity,vaccine introduction,the host immune respo-nses,and antiviral drugs.
文摘Objective: To establish a simple, rapid, precise and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC) method with densitometric detection for the determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn.(P. foetida).Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant leaf powder was used for the experimental work.Separation was performed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with ethyl acetate:methanol: distilled water: formic acid in the proportion of 50:2:3:6(v/v), as the mobile phase. The determination was carried out using the densitometric absorbance mode at340 nm.Results: Vitexin response was linear over the range of 2.5–17.5 mg/m L with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. Intraday and interday precision studies showed the relative SD was< 3%. Accuracy of the method was determined and the average recovery was 100.3%.The limit of quantitation and limit of detection were 0.879 and 0.290 mg/m L, respectively.The contents of vitexin in P. foetida leaf extracts were within the range of 0.030%–0.310%.Conclusions: The method was evaluated for sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility. Each analysis by HPTLC is less expensive than current methods. This method is suitable for routine quality control of raw material of the leaves of P. foetida extract and its products.
基金financially supported by Chulalongkorn Universitythe Doctoral Degree Chulalongkorn University 100th Year Birthday Anniversary+1 种基金the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund(Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund)Sci-Super IV_61_003 and the Overseas Research Experience Scholarship for Graduate Student
文摘Objective: To find new compounds in order to overcome the mainstay of metastatic breast cancer due to the adverse side effects from, and increasing resistance to, current chemotherapeutic agents. Methods: 毩-Mangostin and apigenin were reported in comparison to doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug. Ductal carcinoma(BT474) cell line and nontumorigenic epithelial tissue from mammary gland(MCF-10 A) were used. Cell viability assessment was calculated by the standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Cell morphology was investigated by light microscopy. By flow cytometry analysis, programmed cell death was observed using annexin observed using propidium iodide st桋 and propidium iodide staining while cell-cycle arrest wasaining. Change in transcriptional expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results: In 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, the result revealed and apigenin were more cytotoxic to BT474 cells. Longer exposure times to 毩-mangostin enin caused more floating cells and a lower density of adhered cells wi毩-mangostin and apigth more vacuoles present in the colonies in BT474 only. 毩-Mangostin and apigenin caused necrosis in BT474 cells in a 24 h exposure, but a small amount of early apoptotic cells could also be detected at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, whereas doxorubicin caused early apoptosis to BT474 cells at 24 h. Transcript expression and activity analysis supported caspase-3 was involved in the death of BT474 cells treated by all compounds. Moreover, 毩-mangostin and apigenin arrested the cellcycle at the G1-phase, but at the G2/M-phase by doxorubicin. All three compounds induced a change in transcript expression levels of inflammation-associated, proto-oncogene, autophagyassociated and apoptosis-associated genes. Conclusions: ntial new sources of chemotherapeuti毩-Mangostin and apigenin are worth investigating as potec agents for breast cancer treatment.
基金The project supported by grants from the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao,China(058/2009and 078/2011/A3)Research Committee,University of Macao〔MYRG138(Y1-Y4)-ICMS12-LMY and MYRG139(Y1-Y4)-ICMS-LMY〕
文摘OBJECTIVE To analyze the whole transcriptome of zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis(P.variabilis),a cnidarian,and discover the potential toxic substances in P.variabilis.METHODS The P.variabilis RNA deep sequencing was performed using the HiSeq 2500 automatic sequencing platform.All the unigenes generated from the assembly process were functionally annotated based on the similarity with databases.The multiple alignments of translated toxin-related sequences were performed with Clustalw2,and amino acid identity and similarity highlighted by using BoxShade tool.Three different methods including ITASSER,PEP-FOLD and MODELLER were applied to predict tri-dimensional models of toxin-related polypeptides from translated transcript sequences of P.variabilis.The toxicity of one of the putative toxins,namely ShK/Aurelin-like peptide,was evaluated using zebrafish model.RESULTS A total of 67,549,914 pairs of quality-filtered,90-base-pair Illumina reads from an mRNA sample were obtained.The de novo assemblies yielded 276,526 contigs.The sequence comparison of 130,121 unigenes with entries in Toxin database showed that 1542 unigenes were potential peptide toxins at which 11 unigenes were related to Stichodactyla toxin(ShK)domain(Pfam ID:PF01549).ShK is a 35 residues peptide sequence that was firstly discovered from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus.Here,we found out one ShK-like peptide that processed a relatively higher sequence similarity with known ShK(Uniprot ID:P29186)of Bunodosoma granuliferum(red warty sea anemone).The Protopalythoa Shk-like peptide was submitted to Probis server to detect probable binding site and found to match with a protein AURELIN(PDB id:2lg4,UniProt id:Q0MWV8)which possesses structural homology with previously identified antimicrobial peptides and K+-channel-blocking toxins.Our results showed that the ShK/Aurelin-like peptide was lethal to zebrafish embryos at concentrations above 30-μmol·L1,and could induce zebrafish locomotor deficit at 10μmol·L-1.CONCLUSION This study,for the first time,presented the whole transcriptome profile and a potential toxic peptide of P.variabilis.
文摘In this paper, we evaluate semiempirical methods (AM1, PM3, and ZINDO), HF and DFT (B3LYP) in different basis sets to determine which method best describes the sign and magnitude of the geometrical parameters of artemisinin in the region of the endoperoxide ring compared to crystallographic data. We also classify these methods using statistical analysis. The results of PCA were based on three main components, explaining 98.0539% of the total variance, for the geometrical parameters C3O13, O1O2C3, O13C12C12a, and O2C3O13C12. The DFT method (B3LYP) corresponded well with the experimental data in the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The experimental and theoretical angles were analyzed by simple linear regression, and statistical parameters (correlation coefficients, significance, and predictability) were evaluated to determine the accuracy of the calculations. The statistical analysis exhibited a good correlation and high predictive power for the DFT (B3LYP) method in the 6-31G** basis set.
文摘Fish gill is a multifunctional organ with role in acid-base balance, elimination of nitrogen waste and mainly gas exchange and ion regulation. There is a high energetic coast for ionregulation in freshwater fish maintained in salt water but a raise in growing taxes was observed for some species. The freshwater Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is widely used in aquaculture farmers and the aim of this study was to investigate the changes on the gill filaments nltrastructure in fish kept under different salinities. Alevins were obtained and transported to laboratory of studies in animal stress Federal University of Paran~. Established groups in 0%0, 16%0 and 32%0 salt water with 12 animals in each one. After 30 days of exposition, the animals were anesthetized and the second gill arches were dissected and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondrial rich cells fractional area and density in the gill epithelia were determinated. The under scanning electron microscopy （SEM） in 0%0 salinity group reveal changes in the apical ridge of mitochondrial rich cells （MRCs）. In all other groups, the observations revealed numerous crypts disposed mainly in the filament epithelia. In transmission electron microscopy （TEM） two distinct types of MRCs were observed. The data of MRCFA and density revealed in 0%0 and 16%0 values significantly elevated in comparison to 32%0. Despite these lower values, the density in the gill epithelia was higher. The main differences found between the groups revealed that fish exposed to 16%o salinity have less MRCs aperture to the environment and are less related to ion regulation process.
文摘The central importance of quantum chemistry is to obtain solutions of the Schr?dinger equation for the accurate determination of the properties of atomic and molecular systems that occurred from the calculation of wave functions accurate for many diatomic and polyatomic molecules, using Self Consistent Field method (SCF). The application of quantum chemical methods in the study and planning of bioactive compounds has become a common practice nowadays. From the point of view of planning it is important to note, when it comes to the use of molecular modeling, a collective term that refers to methods and theoretical modeling and computational techniques to mimic the behavior of molecules, not intend to reach a bioactive molecule simply through the use of computer programs. The choice of method for energy minimization depends on factors related to the size of the molecule, parameters of availability, stored data and computational resources. Molecular models generated by the computer are the result of mathematical equations that estimate the positions and properties of the electrons and nuclei, the calculations exploit experimentally, the characteristics of a structure, providing a new perspective on the molecule. In this work we show that studies of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Energy (HOMO), Low Unoccupied Molecular Orbital Energy (LUMO) and Map of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) using Hatree-Fock method with different basis sets (HF/3-21G*, HF/3-21G**, HF/6-31G, HF/6-31G*, HF/6-31G** and HF/6-311G), that are of great importance in modern chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and other fields of knowledge of health sciences. In order to obtain a significant correlation, it is essential that the descriptors are used appropriately. Thus, the quantum chemical calculations are an attractive source of new molecular descriptors that can, in principle, express all the geometrical and electronic properties of molecules and their interactions with biological receptor.
文摘Drainage system is a poorly investigated basic sanitation and urban planning issue in the Amazon, which is often related to flooding processes and public health. The aim of the present research is to correlate Preliminary Risk of Flooding (PRF) to independent variables, based on the following methodology: 1) identifying and classifying risk areas by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and 2) statistically correlating risk to sanitary and environmental variables. Results have shown that preliminary risk is correlated to, at least, seven sanitary and environmental variables, depending on flood influence area;and there are significant correlations observed in the rainy season interval [probability or significance (p) 0.05]. In conclusion, PRF is higher in the rainy season, but it is spatially influenced by the elevation of terrain, number of flooding points, drainage typology and Environmental Salubrity Index (ESI) of neighborhoods, which directly affect the water quality in nearby groundwater wells (Total Coliforms, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)). However, this influence can eventually significantly change in the dry season.
文摘Cardiac rehabilitation protocols applied during the inhospital phase(phaseⅠ)are subjective and their results are contested when evaluated considering what should be the three basic principles of exercise prescription:specificity,overload and reversibility.In this review,we focus on the problems associated with the models of exercise prescription applied at this early stage in-hospital and adopted today,especially the lack of clinical studies demonstrating its effectiveness.Moreover,we present the concept of"periodization"as a useful tool in the search for better results.
