Developmental and reproductive toxicity(DART)endpoint entails a toxicological assessment of all developmental stages and reproductive cycles of an organism.In silico tools to predict DART will provide a method to asse...Developmental and reproductive toxicity(DART)endpoint entails a toxicological assessment of all developmental stages and reproductive cycles of an organism.In silico tools to predict DART will provide a method to assess this complex toxicity endpoint and will be valuable for screening emerging pollutants as well as for m anaging new chemicals in China.Currently,there are few published DART prediction models in China,but many related research and development projects are in progress.In 2013,WU et al.published an expert rule-based DART decision tree(DT).This DT relies on known chemical structures linked to DART to forecast DART potential of a given chemical.Within this procedure,an accurate DART data interpretation is the foundation of building and expanding the DT.This paper excerpted case studies demonstrating DART data curation and interpretation of four chemicals(including 8-hydroxyquinoline,3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,thiacloprid,and imidacloprid)to expand the existing DART DT.Chemicals were first selected from the database of Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center,Ministry of Ecology and Environment(MEESCC)in China.The structures of these 4 chemicals were analyzed and preliminarily grouped by chemists based on core structural features,functional groups,receptor binding property,metabolism,and possible mode of actions.Then,the DART conclusion was derived by collecting chemical information,searching,integrating,and interpreting DART data by the toxicologists.Finally,these chemicals were classified into either an existing category or a new category via integrating their chemical features,DART conclusions,and biological properties.The results showed that 8-hydroxyquinoline impacted estrous cyclicity,s exual organ weights,and embryonal development,and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol caused central nervous system(CNS)malformations,which were added to an existing subcategory 8e(aromatic compounds with multi-halogen and nitro groups)of the DT.Thiacloprid caused dystocia and fetal skeletal malformation,and imidacloprid disrupted the endocrine system and male fertility.They both contain 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine substituted imidazolidine c yclic ring,which were expected to create a new category of neonicotinoids.The current work delineates a t ransparent process of curating toxicological data for the purpose of DART data interpretation.In the presence of sufficient related structures and DART data,the DT can be expanded by iteratively adding chemicals within the a pplicable domain of each category or subcategory.This DT can potentially serve as a tool for screening emerging pollutants and assessing new chemicals in China.展开更多
Protein damage repair and prevention are important objectives in skin care industry.Skin protein damage or modifications such as glycation,carbonylation or oxidation,have a significant impact on its function,therefore...Protein damage repair and prevention are important objectives in skin care industry.Skin protein damage or modifications such as glycation,carbonylation or oxidation,have a significant impact on its function,therefore directly influencing various skin functions or properties including skin appearance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive methods to visualize and assess the protein damage.In this article,we present a three-channel imaging approach to simultaneously visualize and quantitatively evaluate protein oxidation,protein glycation and carbonylation in a full-thickness skin model.We successfully visualized and quantified the impact of the multiple stimuli(ultraviolet radiation A(UVA)and/or methylglyoxal)as well as treatment effect of positive control(vitamins C and E)with this method.Our findings indicate that multiple stimuli exhibit synergistic effects on protein damage.Furthermore,we evaluated a unique combination of skin care ingredients which demonstrated an excellent efficacy in resisting protein damage.Further research revealed that three ingredients of the combination upregulate autophagy in cells,which may contribute to remove damaged proteins and maintain protein quality homeostasis.This method provides a holistic assessment of protein damages and can be employed to evaluate the impact of various stimuli or to assess the efficacy of skin care ingredients in mitigating such damage.展开更多
Oral rinses containing chemotherapeutic agents,such as cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC),can alleviate plaque-induced gingival infections,but how oral microbiota respond to these treatments in human population remains poo...Oral rinses containing chemotherapeutic agents,such as cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC),can alleviate plaque-induced gingival infections,but how oral microbiota respond to these treatments in human population remains poorly understood.Via a double-blinded,randomised controlled trial of 91 subjects,the impact of CPC-containing oral rinses on supragingival plaque was investigated in experimental gingivitis,where the subjects,after a 21-day period of dental prophylaxis to achieve healthy gingivae,received either CPC rinses or water for 21 days.Within-subject temporal dynamics of plaque microbiota and symptoms of gingivitis were profiled via 16S ribosomal DNA gene pyrosequencing and assessment with the Mazza gingival index.Cetylpyridinium chloride conferred gingival benefits,as progression of gingival inflammation resulting from a lack of dental hygiene was significantly slower in the mouth rinse group than in the water group due to inhibition of 17 gingivitis-enriched bacterial genera.Tracking of plaque a andβdiversity revealed that CPC treatment prevents acquisition of new taxa that would otherwise accumulate but maintains the original biodiversity of healthy plaques.Furthermore,CPC rinses reduced the size,local connectivity and microbiota-wide connectivity of the bacterial correlation network,particularly for nodes representing gingivitis-enriched taxa.The findings of this study provide mechanistic insights into the impact of oral rinses on the progression and maturation of dental plaque in the natural human population.展开更多
Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single particle.The dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlle...Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single particle.The dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlled temperature and p H.The selected sodium carbonate particles are all spherical with the same mass and diameter.The dissolution process is quantified with the measurement of particle diameter from dissolution images.The concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate in solvent is calculated with the measured diameter of particle.Both surface reaction model and mass transport model are implemented to determine the dissolution mechanism and quantify the dissolution rate constant at each experimental condition.According to the fitting results with both two models,it is clarified that the dissolution process at the increasing temperature is controlled by the mass transport of dissolved sodium carbonate travelling from particle surface into solvent.The dissolution process at the increasing pH is controlled by the chemical reaction on particle surface.Furthermore,the dissolution rate constant for each single spherical sodium carbonate particle is quantified and the results show that the dissolution rate constant of single spherical sodium carbonate increases significantly with the rising of temperature,but decreases with the increasing of pH conversely.展开更多
In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM)fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine.First,the rheology of WLM f...In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM)fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine.First,the rheology of WLM fluids was investigated,and the Carreau model was utilized to describe their apparent viscosity.Then,the effects of the rotation speeds and rheological properties on the flow fields were studied using different WLM fluids at different rotation speeds.The results revealed that with increasing Reynolds number,the discharge angle decreases and the carven size increases.Furthermore,elastic effects of WLM fluids lead to a more curved flow and a smaller carven.展开更多
Acute upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. common colds cause multiple symptoms and affect adults on average 2 - 4 times a year and children 6 - 8 times per year. Thousands of non-prescription, over-the-counter pr...Acute upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. common colds cause multiple symptoms and affect adults on average 2 - 4 times a year and children 6 - 8 times per year. Thousands of non-prescription, over-the-counter products are used by sufferers, aimed at relieving the various both er some symptoms such as cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, etc. This study evaluated real-world effectiveness of Wick MediNait or Wick DayMed medicines alone and together in a combination as a day and night treatment regimen. Adult cold sufferers were recruited in pharmacy by pharmacy staff following self-purchase of either Wick MediNait, Wick DayMed capsules, or the combination of DayMed and MediNait. Participants completed online questionnaires before and after product use (evening of the first day for DayMed and the morning after using MediNait at bedtime). For the primary endpoint “Wick MediNait was effective at relieving my symptoms”, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the users who Strongly Agreed or Agreed vs. Neither Agreed or Disagreed, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed. Further, all symptoms evaluated (cough, runny nose, nasal congestion, fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, sneezing) were statistically improved after MediNait and DayMed alone and when both were used, and users were satisfied with both treatments. All treatments were well tolerated with minimal adverse event reporting. The diurnal use of DayMed capsules combined with the nocturnal use of MediNait allows cold sufferers to efficiently self-manage their symptom relief throughout the day and night.展开更多
Real-world user satisfaction with a fixed dose combination over-the-counter cold remedy (Vicks Symptomed Complete Cytrynowy hot drink;VSCC) was evaluated in a prospective, non-comparative, observational study involvin...Real-world user satisfaction with a fixed dose combination over-the-counter cold remedy (Vicks Symptomed Complete Cytrynowy hot drink;VSCC) was evaluated in a prospective, non-comparative, observational study involving 176 pharmacies in Poland from February to April 2015. 1391 participants completed a questionnaire in the pharmacy and several paper questionnaires at home following use of the product at their own discretion. Participants returned their completed questionnaires to the pharmacy. 1356 participants were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Participants highly valued the advice from their pharmacist (97%, P < 0.0001, important vs. not important) and thought the quality of that advice was good (93%, P < 0.0001, good/very good vs. very bad-fair). 96% of participants found VSCC to be effective in some way against their cold symptoms (P < 0.0001, effective vs. not effective) and 68% of them stated that it was better than any other cold therapy they had used before (P < 0.0001, better/best vs. same/worse). Adverse event reporting was very low.展开更多
文摘Developmental and reproductive toxicity(DART)endpoint entails a toxicological assessment of all developmental stages and reproductive cycles of an organism.In silico tools to predict DART will provide a method to assess this complex toxicity endpoint and will be valuable for screening emerging pollutants as well as for m anaging new chemicals in China.Currently,there are few published DART prediction models in China,but many related research and development projects are in progress.In 2013,WU et al.published an expert rule-based DART decision tree(DT).This DT relies on known chemical structures linked to DART to forecast DART potential of a given chemical.Within this procedure,an accurate DART data interpretation is the foundation of building and expanding the DT.This paper excerpted case studies demonstrating DART data curation and interpretation of four chemicals(including 8-hydroxyquinoline,3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,thiacloprid,and imidacloprid)to expand the existing DART DT.Chemicals were first selected from the database of Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center,Ministry of Ecology and Environment(MEESCC)in China.The structures of these 4 chemicals were analyzed and preliminarily grouped by chemists based on core structural features,functional groups,receptor binding property,metabolism,and possible mode of actions.Then,the DART conclusion was derived by collecting chemical information,searching,integrating,and interpreting DART data by the toxicologists.Finally,these chemicals were classified into either an existing category or a new category via integrating their chemical features,DART conclusions,and biological properties.The results showed that 8-hydroxyquinoline impacted estrous cyclicity,s exual organ weights,and embryonal development,and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol caused central nervous system(CNS)malformations,which were added to an existing subcategory 8e(aromatic compounds with multi-halogen and nitro groups)of the DT.Thiacloprid caused dystocia and fetal skeletal malformation,and imidacloprid disrupted the endocrine system and male fertility.They both contain 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine substituted imidazolidine c yclic ring,which were expected to create a new category of neonicotinoids.The current work delineates a t ransparent process of curating toxicological data for the purpose of DART data interpretation.In the presence of sufficient related structures and DART data,the DT can be expanded by iteratively adding chemicals within the a pplicable domain of each category or subcategory.This DT can potentially serve as a tool for screening emerging pollutants and assessing new chemicals in China.
文摘Protein damage repair and prevention are important objectives in skin care industry.Skin protein damage or modifications such as glycation,carbonylation or oxidation,have a significant impact on its function,therefore directly influencing various skin functions or properties including skin appearance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive methods to visualize and assess the protein damage.In this article,we present a three-channel imaging approach to simultaneously visualize and quantitatively evaluate protein oxidation,protein glycation and carbonylation in a full-thickness skin model.We successfully visualized and quantified the impact of the multiple stimuli(ultraviolet radiation A(UVA)and/or methylglyoxal)as well as treatment effect of positive control(vitamins C and E)with this method.Our findings indicate that multiple stimuli exhibit synergistic effects on protein damage.Furthermore,we evaluated a unique combination of skin care ingredients which demonstrated an excellent efficacy in resisting protein damage.Further research revealed that three ingredients of the combination upregulate autophagy in cells,which may contribute to remove damaged proteins and maintain protein quality homeostasis.This method provides a holistic assessment of protein damages and can be employed to evaluate the impact of various stimuli or to assess the efficacy of skin care ingredients in mitigating such damage.
基金funded by a joint research program between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Procter & Gamble
文摘Oral rinses containing chemotherapeutic agents,such as cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC),can alleviate plaque-induced gingival infections,but how oral microbiota respond to these treatments in human population remains poorly understood.Via a double-blinded,randomised controlled trial of 91 subjects,the impact of CPC-containing oral rinses on supragingival plaque was investigated in experimental gingivitis,where the subjects,after a 21-day period of dental prophylaxis to achieve healthy gingivae,received either CPC rinses or water for 21 days.Within-subject temporal dynamics of plaque microbiota and symptoms of gingivitis were profiled via 16S ribosomal DNA gene pyrosequencing and assessment with the Mazza gingival index.Cetylpyridinium chloride conferred gingival benefits,as progression of gingival inflammation resulting from a lack of dental hygiene was significantly slower in the mouth rinse group than in the water group due to inhibition of 17 gingivitis-enriched bacterial genera.Tracking of plaque a andβdiversity revealed that CPC treatment prevents acquisition of new taxa that would otherwise accumulate but maintains the original biodiversity of healthy plaques.Furthermore,CPC rinses reduced the size,local connectivity and microbiota-wide connectivity of the bacterial correlation network,particularly for nodes representing gingivitis-enriched taxa.The findings of this study provide mechanistic insights into the impact of oral rinses on the progression and maturation of dental plaque in the natural human population.
基金the Institute of Particle and Science Engineering,University of Leeds and Procter&Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre(UK)for partially funding the project
文摘Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single particle.The dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlled temperature and p H.The selected sodium carbonate particles are all spherical with the same mass and diameter.The dissolution process is quantified with the measurement of particle diameter from dissolution images.The concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate in solvent is calculated with the measured diameter of particle.Both surface reaction model and mass transport model are implemented to determine the dissolution mechanism and quantify the dissolution rate constant at each experimental condition.According to the fitting results with both two models,it is clarified that the dissolution process at the increasing temperature is controlled by the mass transport of dissolved sodium carbonate travelling from particle surface into solvent.The dissolution process at the increasing pH is controlled by the chemical reaction on particle surface.Furthermore,the dissolution rate constant for each single spherical sodium carbonate particle is quantified and the results show that the dissolution rate constant of single spherical sodium carbonate increases significantly with the rising of temperature,but decreases with the increasing of pH conversely.
基金supported by Procter&Gamble Technology(Beijing)Co.,Ltd
文摘In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM)fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine.First,the rheology of WLM fluids was investigated,and the Carreau model was utilized to describe their apparent viscosity.Then,the effects of the rotation speeds and rheological properties on the flow fields were studied using different WLM fluids at different rotation speeds.The results revealed that with increasing Reynolds number,the discharge angle decreases and the carven size increases.Furthermore,elastic effects of WLM fluids lead to a more curved flow and a smaller carven.
文摘Acute upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. common colds cause multiple symptoms and affect adults on average 2 - 4 times a year and children 6 - 8 times per year. Thousands of non-prescription, over-the-counter products are used by sufferers, aimed at relieving the various both er some symptoms such as cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, etc. This study evaluated real-world effectiveness of Wick MediNait or Wick DayMed medicines alone and together in a combination as a day and night treatment regimen. Adult cold sufferers were recruited in pharmacy by pharmacy staff following self-purchase of either Wick MediNait, Wick DayMed capsules, or the combination of DayMed and MediNait. Participants completed online questionnaires before and after product use (evening of the first day for DayMed and the morning after using MediNait at bedtime). For the primary endpoint “Wick MediNait was effective at relieving my symptoms”, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the users who Strongly Agreed or Agreed vs. Neither Agreed or Disagreed, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed. Further, all symptoms evaluated (cough, runny nose, nasal congestion, fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, sneezing) were statistically improved after MediNait and DayMed alone and when both were used, and users were satisfied with both treatments. All treatments were well tolerated with minimal adverse event reporting. The diurnal use of DayMed capsules combined with the nocturnal use of MediNait allows cold sufferers to efficiently self-manage their symptom relief throughout the day and night.
文摘Real-world user satisfaction with a fixed dose combination over-the-counter cold remedy (Vicks Symptomed Complete Cytrynowy hot drink;VSCC) was evaluated in a prospective, non-comparative, observational study involving 176 pharmacies in Poland from February to April 2015. 1391 participants completed a questionnaire in the pharmacy and several paper questionnaires at home following use of the product at their own discretion. Participants returned their completed questionnaires to the pharmacy. 1356 participants were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Participants highly valued the advice from their pharmacist (97%, P < 0.0001, important vs. not important) and thought the quality of that advice was good (93%, P < 0.0001, good/very good vs. very bad-fair). 96% of participants found VSCC to be effective in some way against their cold symptoms (P < 0.0001, effective vs. not effective) and 68% of them stated that it was better than any other cold therapy they had used before (P < 0.0001, better/best vs. same/worse). Adverse event reporting was very low.
