In real industrial scenarios, equipment cannot be operated in a faulty state for a long time, resulting in a very limited number of available fault samples, and the method of data augmentation using generative adversa...In real industrial scenarios, equipment cannot be operated in a faulty state for a long time, resulting in a very limited number of available fault samples, and the method of data augmentation using generative adversarial networks for smallsample data has achieved a wide range of applications. However, the current generative adversarial networks applied in industrial processes do not impose realistic physical constraints on the generation of data, resulting in the generation of data that do not have realistic physical consistency. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physical consistency-based WGAN, designs a loss function containing physical constraints for industrial processes, and validates the effectiveness of the method using a common dataset in the field of industrial process fault diagnosis. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only makes the generated data consistent with the physical constraints of the industrial process, but also has better fault diagnosis performance than the existing GAN-based methods.展开更多
The net primary productivity(NPP)of forest ecosystems plays a crucial role in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle under global climate change.While the temporal effect driven by ecosystem processes on NPP variatio...The net primary productivity(NPP)of forest ecosystems plays a crucial role in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle under global climate change.While the temporal effect driven by ecosystem processes on NPP variations is well-documented,spatial variations(from local to regional scales)remain inadequately understood.To evaluate the scale-dependent effects of productivity,predictions from the Biome-BGC model were compared with moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)and biometric NPP data in a large temperate forest region at both local and regional levels.Linear mixed-effect models and variance partitioning analysis were used to quantify the effects of environmental heterogeneity and trait variation on simulated NPP at varying spatial scales.Results show that NPP had considerable predictability at the local scale,with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.37,but this predictability declined significantly to 0.02 at the regional scale.Environmental heterogeneity and photosynthetic traits collectively explained 94.8%of the local variation in NPP,which decreased to 86.7%regionally due to the reduced common effects among these variables.Locally,the leaf area index(LAI)predominated(34.6%),while at regional scales,the stomatal conductance and maximum carboxylation rate were more influential(41.1%).Our study suggests that environmental heterogeneity drives the photosynthetic processes that mediate NPP variations across spatial scales.Incorporating heterogeneous local conditions and trait variations into analyses could enhance future research on the relationship between climate and carbon cycles at larger scales.展开更多
Laminated metal composites(LMCs)have widespread application prospects and are set to become indispensable in addressing modern engineering challenges owing to their capability of leveraging the synergy between differe...Laminated metal composites(LMCs)have widespread application prospects and are set to become indispensable in addressing modern engineering challenges owing to their capability of leveraging the synergy between different metals and tailoring performance by flexibly regulating the layered configuration.The plastic forming process,as a promising advanced manufacturing technology,has been increasingly adopted for the fabrication of LMC components due to its advantages of high material utilization rate,high production efficiency,and excellent mechanical properties of the product.This review delved into the research progress on the plastic-forming process of LMCs,including rolling,extrusion,spinning,etc.It outlined the forming principles,unique characteristics,bonding mechanisms,and the influence of key process parameters on deformation,microstructure,and property.This review focused on the heterogeneous deformation and interfacial regulation of LMCs,providing insights into the mechanisms of heterogeneous deformation,damage and fracture,and formation mechanisms of intermetallic compounds.It also delineated the experimental characterization and numerical modeling methods to elucidate the heterogeneous deformation behavior,as well as the approaches to evaluating and enhancing the performance of LMCs.Finally,the challenges and prospects of manufacturing high-performance LMCs by plastic forming process are orchestrated.展开更多
Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits were proposed as a new type of porphyry Mo deposits,and had unique geological characteristics.It is still poorly understood about the magmatic processes that led to the Dabie-type Mo mi...Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits were proposed as a new type of porphyry Mo deposits,and had unique geological characteristics.It is still poorly understood about the magmatic processes that led to the Dabie-type Mo mineralization.Here,we present zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic,whole-rock and biotite elemental,and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic analyses on the Lingshan granitic batholith in the Dabie Orogen.It consists of three units(ⅠtoⅢ)that were emplaced before,genetically accompanied with,and after the Mo mineralization.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yielded crystallization ages of 128.2±1.0 Ma(MSWD=1.14)for UnitⅠand ages of 127.8±1.2 Ma(MSWD=0.28)and 126.6±1.8 Ma(MSWD=1.6)for UnitⅡ,indicating that they were emplaced during 130 to 125 Ma.The granites have high SiO_(2)contents(75.84 wt.%to 78.94 wt.%)and low MgO contents(0.07 wt.%to 0.10 wt.%),and are classified as fractionatedⅠ-type granite.UnitsⅠandⅡhave similar Sr-Nd isotopic ratios(ε_(Nd)(t)=-16.2 to-17.2,(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)=0.70540 to 0.70692)and zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(-17.4 to-20.4),indicating they were derived from partial melting of the ancient Yangtze lower crust.Mo mineralized granite from UnitⅡis characterized by the lower oxygen fugacity,fluorine enrichment and high fractionation.Magmas of unitsⅠandⅡhave experienced fractional crystallization,with the assimilation of supracrustal materials that account for the increased TiO_(2),F and Mo contents,and the decreased fO_(2).We proposed that the assimilation in upper-crustal magmatic processes plays key factors for magmatic systems that led to the Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits.展开更多
Three kinds of Al−5Sr−5Sb modifiers were prepared by permanent mold casting(PMC),controlled diffusion solidification(CDS),and rolling.The influence of the preparation method on Al−5Sr−5Sb was examined by assessing the...Three kinds of Al−5Sr−5Sb modifiers were prepared by permanent mold casting(PMC),controlled diffusion solidification(CDS),and rolling.The influence of the preparation method on Al−5Sr−5Sb was examined by assessing the melting enthalpy from DSC curves and conducting first-principles calculations.Al−5Sr−5Sb was incorporated into AlSi10MnMg alloy to examine the modification effect and mechanism.It is found that the AlSi10MnMg alloy modified with CDS-prepared Al−5Sr−5Sb shows significant improvement in its microstructure,changing the eutectic Si phase from lamellar to coral-like or fiber-like structures.This modification leads to enhanced macroscopic properties:the thermal conductivity is increased by 24.14%to 189.63 W/(m·K),elongation is increased by 59.15%to 10.87%,and tensile strength is increased by 66.9%to 254.98 MPa compared to the unmodified alloy.展开更多
The distillation process is an important chemical process,and the application of data-driven modelling approach has the potential to reduce model complexity compared to mechanistic modelling,thus improving the efficie...The distillation process is an important chemical process,and the application of data-driven modelling approach has the potential to reduce model complexity compared to mechanistic modelling,thus improving the efficiency of process optimization or monitoring studies.However,the distillation process is highly nonlinear and has multiple uncertainty perturbation intervals,which brings challenges to accurate data-driven modelling of distillation processes.This paper proposes a systematic data-driven modelling framework to solve these problems.Firstly,data segment variance was introduced into the K-means algorithm to form K-means data interval(KMDI)clustering in order to cluster the data into perturbed and steady state intervals for steady-state data extraction.Secondly,maximal information coefficient(MIC)was employed to calculate the nonlinear correlation between variables for removing redundant features.Finally,extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)was integrated as the basic learner into adaptive boosting(AdaBoost)with the error threshold(ET)set to improve weights update strategy to construct the new integrated learning algorithm,XGBoost-AdaBoost-ET.The superiority of the proposed framework is verified by applying this data-driven modelling framework to a real industrial process of propylene distillation.展开更多
The world-class Jiaodong gold province in the North China Craton hosts over 5000 t of Au resource and is characterized by abundant visible gold mineralization.However,the critical processes controlling the formation o...The world-class Jiaodong gold province in the North China Craton hosts over 5000 t of Au resource and is characterized by abundant visible gold mineralization.However,the critical processes controlling the formation of visible gold in this province remain poorly understood.To solve this problem,integrated microtextural,trace elemental,and sulfur isotopic analyses of pyrite from the high-grade Linglong gold deposit in the Jiaodong gold province were conducted in this study.Two distinct pyrite types were identified within auriferous quartz-sulfide veins:(1)Py1 aggregates in quartz-pyrite veins(hydrothermal stageⅡ),and(2)euhedral to subhedral,coarse-grained Py2 crystals in quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins(hydrothermal stageⅢ).Microtextural and elemental analyses revealed that visible gold predominantly occurs as intergranular particles between primary pyrite crystals within Py1 aggregates.The Py1 exhibits complex microtextures with abundant mineral inclusions of polymetallic sulfides and has low concentrations of Au(median:0.032 ppm)with a narrowδ^(34)S range(4.86‰-6.75‰),indicative of rapid crystallization under unstable,disequilibrium conditions.By contrast,the Py2 is texturally homogeneous and contains higher Au concentrations(median:0.304 ppm)with progressively increasingδ^(34)S values(5.25‰-10.14‰)over time,suggesting slow crystal growth under more stable,near-equilibrium conditions.Based on the microtextural and geochemical information,it is proposed that fluid boiling occurred only during the hydrothermal stage Ⅱ,which resulted in the unstable physicochemical environment and rapid deposition of gold.During the boiling processes,gold colloids likely occurred and promoted the formation of visible gold.展开更多
Currently,although some progress has been made in infancy-stage rocking-chair aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs),more discussions have focused only on the different electrochemical performances displayed by different m...Currently,although some progress has been made in infancy-stage rocking-chair aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs),more discussions have focused only on the different electrochemical performances displayed by different material types rather than the intrinsic ion transport migration electrochemistry.Herein,we for the first time delve into the mechanism of tailoring the solvation sheath and desolvation processes at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces to enhance the structural stabilities in the deep discharge states.In this work,the TiO_(2)front interfaces are induced on electrochemically active but unstable TiSe_(2)host materials to construct unique TiO_(2)/TiSe_(2)-C heterointerfaces.According to X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES),differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance(EQCM),the intercalated species are transformed from[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)to[Zn(H_(2)O)_(2)]^(2+)due to the built-in electric fields(BEFs)effects,further accelerating the ion transfer kinetics.Furthermore,owing to the absence of high-energy desolvation solvents released from desolvation processes,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)energy barriers,Ti-Se bond strength,and structural stabilities are significantly improved,and the initial CE and HER overpotentials of the TiO_(2)/TiSe_(2)-C heterointerfaces increased from 13.76%to 84.7%,and from 1.04 to 1.30 V,respectively,and the H2 precipitation current density even at-1.3 V decreased by 73.2%.This work provides valuable insights into the complex interface electrochemical mechanism of tailoring the solvation sheath and desolvation processes toward rocking-chair zinc-ion batteries.展开更多
Nickel laterite ore is an important nickel-bearing mineral.Research on pre-heating and hydrogen pre-reduction in the pyrometallurgical process of nickel laterite ore is very limited,especially when using fluidized bed...Nickel laterite ore is an important nickel-bearing mineral.Research on pre-heating and hydrogen pre-reduction in the pyrometallurgical process of nickel laterite ore is very limited,especially when using fluidized bed roasting.This study systematically explores the mechanisms of fluidized bed pre-heating treatment and hydrogen pre-reduction in the roasting process of saprolitic nickel laterite ore.According to single-factor experiment results,the appropriate pre-heating and pre-reduction conditions were a pre-heating temperature of 700℃,a pre-heating time of 30 min,a pre-reduction temperature of 700℃,a pre-reduction time of 30 min,and a hydrogen concentration of 80%.Then,the nickel metallization rate and iron metallization rate reached 90.56%and 41.31%,respectively.Various analytical and testing methods were employed to study the changes in phase composition,magnetism,surface element valence states,and microstructure of nickel laterite ore during fluidized pre-heating and pre-reduction.The study shows that hydrogen can achieve nickel reduction at relatively low temperatures.It was also found that pre-heating treatment of nickel laterite ore is beneficial.Pre-heating opens up the mineral structures of serpentine and limonite,allowing the reducing gas and nickel to interact quickly during the reduction process,enhancing the pre-reduction process.展开更多
Solvated zinc ions are prone to undergo desolvation at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces,and unstable H_(2)O molecules within the solvated sheaths tend to trigger hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),further accelerati...Solvated zinc ions are prone to undergo desolvation at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces,and unstable H_(2)O molecules within the solvated sheaths tend to trigger hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),further accelerating interfaces decay.Herein,we propose for the first time a novel strategy to enhance the interfacial stabilities by insitu dynamic reconstruction of weakly solvated Zn2þduring the desolvation processes at heterointerfaces.Theoretical calculations indicate that,due to built-in electric field effects(BEFs),the plating/stripping mechanism shifts from[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]_(2)þto[Zn(H_(2)O)_(5)(SO_(4))^(2-)]_(2)þwithout additional electrolyte additives,reducing the solvation ability of H_(2)O,enhancing the competitive coordination of SO_(4)^(2-),essentially eliminating the undesirable side effects of anodes.Hence,symmetric cells can operate stably for 3000 h(51.7-times increase in cycle life),and the full cells can operate stably for 5000 cycles(51.5-times increase in cycle life).This study provides valuable insights into the critical design of weakly solvated Zn^(2+) þand desolvation processes at heterointerfaces.展开更多
A comparative investigation was conducted to evaluate the microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of hot-stamped steels fabricated via the compact strip production(CSP)and conventional cold-rolli...A comparative investigation was conducted to evaluate the microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of hot-stamped steels fabricated via the compact strip production(CSP)and conventional cold-rolling methods.CSP steel exhibited an initial microstructure comprising ferrite,pearlite,and minor bainite,which retained a characteristic hot-rolled banded structure with refined ferrite grains(5.7μm).In contrast,conventionally processed steel displayed coarser equiaxed ferrite(9.8μm).In terms of mechanical properties,CSP parts demonstrated superior tensile strength(>1433 MPa)and elongation(>6.48%)compared to conventional counterparts(average elongation of 5.27%).However,CSP samples showed a 23 HV lower hardness,attributed to a deeper decarburization layer.Enhanced strength in CSP steel was linked to finer prior austenite grains and dislocation density inherited from the initial microstructure,despite potential undissolved cementite at lower austenitizing temperatures.Corrosion testing revealed improved resistance in CSP-processed steel,likely due to finer grains acting as barriers to corrosion propagation.The trade-offs in CSP are highlighted:while achieving higher strength-ductility synergy and corrosion resistance,decarburization effects necessitate optimization to mitigate hardness reduction.The potential of CSP for high-performance automotive applications requiring balanced mechanical and anti-corrosion properties is underscored.展开更多
Bacillus cereus is a significant pathogen responsible for toxin-induced foodborne diseases,and is widely distributed in the natural environment.B.cereus biofilm formation is regulated by multifactorial interactions,de...Bacillus cereus is a significant pathogen responsible for toxin-induced foodborne diseases,and is widely distributed in the natural environment.B.cereus biofilm formation is regulated by multifactorial interactions,demonstrating dynamic adaptability to environmental cues.In this study,crystal violet staining and MTT staining methods were employed to conduct an indepth investigation into the biofilm formation and metabolic activity changes of five strains of B.cereus in different culture media and with various culture conditions.Experimental data indicated that the composition of the culture medium,the length of incubation time,and the fluctuation of temperature all had a significant impact on the biofilm formation of B.cereus,and this impact exhibited obvious differences among different strains.This result provides a solid experimental basis for deeply elucidating the internal regulatory mechanism of B.cereus biofilm formation and the change principles of metabolic activity.展开更多
Electrochemical processes lie at the core of biological function,governing energy transduction,metabolic flux,and mo-lecular signaling.Recent advances in electrochemical science now allow these processes to be probed ...Electrochemical processes lie at the core of biological function,governing energy transduction,metabolic flux,and mo-lecular signaling.Recent advances in electrochemical science now allow these processes to be probed and controlled with unprecedented spatial,temporal,and chemical resolution.In this review,we present an integrated framework that pro-gresses from fundamental mechanisms to analytical technologies and functional modulation.We begin by outlining elec-tron transfer pathways in mitochondrial respiration,microbial extracellular electron transfer,and DNA-and protein-based charge conduction,followed by the principles of photon-electron conversion in photosynthesis and the central role of redox equilibrium in coordinating cellular responses.We then highlight electrochemical analytical strategies that enable multiscale biological characterization,including biosensing,electrochemical and scanning probe imaging,electrogenerated chemilu-minescence detection,and measurements of membrane potentials and neurotransmitter dynamics.Emerging platforms such as flexible biointerfaces,ultramicroelectrodes,and nanopore systems further extend these capabilities to in vivo and single-molecule contexts.Finally,we discuss how electrochemical inputs can be used to regulate metabolic pathways,mi-crobial and protein activities,and neural signaling,enabling precision therapeutic and bioengineering applications.Togeth-er,these developments establish electrochemistry as a powerful foundation for decoding and directing biological systems.展开更多
Uniform deposition is a promising strategy to inhibit dendrite growth and corrosion of the Zn anode in cost-effective energy storage systems:aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs).Herein,we report a regulating Zn^(2+)ions di...Uniform deposition is a promising strategy to inhibit dendrite growth and corrosion of the Zn anode in cost-effective energy storage systems:aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs).Herein,we report a regulating Zn^(2+)ions dissolution/deposition method for achieving a highly reversible Zn anode.11-mercaptoundecanoic acid(MUA)as ligands was utilized to protect the(002)plane,benefiting from the strong affinity between the thiol group and Zn,with MUA anchoring in the form of Zn-S-RCOOH,which contributes to a stable interface for uniform deposition/deposition.展开更多
This study examined spatial variations in the concentration,grain size and heavy mineral assemblages on Cedar Beach（Lake Erie,Canada）.Magnetic studies of heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands present on the beac...This study examined spatial variations in the concentration,grain size and heavy mineral assemblages on Cedar Beach（Lake Erie,Canada）.Magnetic studies of heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands present on the beach showed that magnetite（～150μm） is the dominant magnetic mineral.Surficial magnetic susceptibility values defined three zones：a lakeward region close to the water line（Zone 1）,the upper swash zone（Zone 2） and the region landwards of the upper swash zone （Zone 3）.Zone 2 showed the highest bulk and mass susceptibility（κ,χ） and the highest mass percentage of smaller grain-size（250μm） fractions in the bulk sand sample.Susceptibility（i.e.κandχ） values decreased and grain size coarsened from Zone 2 lakewards（into Zone 1） and landwards （into Zone 3）,and correlated with the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblage,most probably reflecting preferential separation of large,less dense particles by waves and currents both along and across the beach.The eroded western section of Cedar Beach showed much higher concentrations of heavy minerals including magnetite,and finer sand grain sizes than the accreting eastern section, suggesting that magnetic techniques could be used as a rapid,cost-effective way of examining erosion along sensitive coastline areas.展开更多
Two general approaches are adopted in solving dynamic optimization problems in chemical processes, namely, the analytical and numerical methods. The numerical method, which is based on heuristic algorithms, has been w...Two general approaches are adopted in solving dynamic optimization problems in chemical processes, namely, the analytical and numerical methods. The numerical method, which is based on heuristic algorithms, has been widely used. An approach that combines differential evolution （DE） algorithm and control vector parameteri- zation （CVP） is proposed in this paper. In the proposed CVP, control variables are approximated with polynomials based on state variables and time in the entire time interval. Region reduction strategy is used in DE to reduce the width of the search region, which improves the computing efficiency. The results of the case studies demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the oroposed methods.展开更多
This paper addresses the problem of robust iterative learning control design for a class of uncertain multiple-input multipleoutput discrete linear systems with actuator faults. The stability theory for linear repetit...This paper addresses the problem of robust iterative learning control design for a class of uncertain multiple-input multipleoutput discrete linear systems with actuator faults. The stability theory for linear repetitive processes is used to develop formulas for gain matrices design, together with convergent conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities. An extension to deal with model uncertainty of the polytopic or norm bounded form is also developed and an illustrative example is given.展开更多
As important emerging contaminants, antibiotics have caused potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health due to their extensive production and consumption. Among various techniques for removing ant...As important emerging contaminants, antibiotics have caused potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health due to their extensive production and consumption. Among various techniques for removing antibiotics from wastewater, H_(2)O_(2)-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) have received increasing attention due to their fast reaction rate and strong oxidation capability. Hence this review critically discusses:(i) Recent research progress of AOPs with the addition of H_(2)O_(2) for antibiotics removal through different methods of H_(2)O_(2) activation;(ii) recent advances in AOPs that can in-situ generate and activate H_(2)O_(2) for antibiotics removal;(iii) H_(2)O_(2)-based AOPs as a combination with other techniques for the degradation and mineralization of antibiotics in wastewater. Future perspectives about H_(2)O_(2)-based AOPs are also presented to grasp the future research trend in the area.展开更多
Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs)via iron-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is significant in the environmental and biological fields.However,current AOPs assisted by co-c...Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs)via iron-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is significant in the environmental and biological fields.However,current AOPs assisted by co-catalysts still suffer from the poor mass/electron transfer and non-durable promotion effect,giving rise to the sluggish Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)cycle and low dynamic concentration of Fe^(2+)for ROS production.Herein,we present a three-dimensional(3D)macroscale co-catalyst functionalized with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))to achieve ultra-efficient Fe^(2+)regeneration(equilibrium Fe^(2+)ratio of 82.4%)and remarkable stability(more than 20 cycles)via a circulating flow-through process.Unlike the conventional batch-type reactor,experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the optimal utilization of the 3D active area under the flow-through mode,initiated by the convectionenhanced mass/charge transfer for Fe^(2+)reduction and then strengthened by MoS_(2)-induced flow rotation for sufficient reactant mixing,is crucial for oxidant activation and subsequent ROS generation.Strikingly,the flow-through co-catalytic system with superwetting capabilities can even tackle the intricate oily wastewater stabilized by different surfactants without the loss of pollutant degradation efficiency.Our findings highlight an innovative co-catalyst system design to expand the applicability of AOPs based technology,especially in large-scale complex wastewater treatment.展开更多
In this paper, we use a spectral model for the medium-range numerical weather forecast to discuss the impact of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on the medium-range weather processes. Under the tests of two ty...In this paper, we use a spectral model for the medium-range numerical weather forecast to discuss the impact of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on the medium-range weather processes. Under the tests of two typical winter and summer cases, we find that the influences of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on summer weather are really important, especially on its rainfall, surface heat transport and 500 hPa height field. On winter weather, however, the influences are very weak.展开更多
文摘In real industrial scenarios, equipment cannot be operated in a faulty state for a long time, resulting in a very limited number of available fault samples, and the method of data augmentation using generative adversarial networks for smallsample data has achieved a wide range of applications. However, the current generative adversarial networks applied in industrial processes do not impose realistic physical constraints on the generation of data, resulting in the generation of data that do not have realistic physical consistency. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physical consistency-based WGAN, designs a loss function containing physical constraints for industrial processes, and validates the effectiveness of the method using a common dataset in the field of industrial process fault diagnosis. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only makes the generated data consistent with the physical constraints of the industrial process, but also has better fault diagnosis performance than the existing GAN-based methods.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFF1304001-01)the Science and Technology Project of the Department of Transportation of Heilongjiang Province(No.HJK2023B024-3)the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32371870).
文摘The net primary productivity(NPP)of forest ecosystems plays a crucial role in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle under global climate change.While the temporal effect driven by ecosystem processes on NPP variations is well-documented,spatial variations(from local to regional scales)remain inadequately understood.To evaluate the scale-dependent effects of productivity,predictions from the Biome-BGC model were compared with moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)and biometric NPP data in a large temperate forest region at both local and regional levels.Linear mixed-effect models and variance partitioning analysis were used to quantify the effects of environmental heterogeneity and trait variation on simulated NPP at varying spatial scales.Results show that NPP had considerable predictability at the local scale,with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.37,but this predictability declined significantly to 0.02 at the regional scale.Environmental heterogeneity and photosynthetic traits collectively explained 94.8%of the local variation in NPP,which decreased to 86.7%regionally due to the reduced common effects among these variables.Locally,the leaf area index(LAI)predominated(34.6%),while at regional scales,the stomatal conductance and maximum carboxylation rate were more influential(41.1%).Our study suggests that environmental heterogeneity drives the photosynthetic processes that mediate NPP variations across spatial scales.Incorporating heterogeneous local conditions and trait variations into analyses could enhance future research on the relationship between climate and carbon cycles at larger scales.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52305361,52105337,52475354,and 52090043)the BK21 Four program(SNU Materials Education/Research Division for Creative Global Leaders)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M741245),and the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3706903)support from the Ko-rean Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE,Korea)(Grant No.20022438).
文摘Laminated metal composites(LMCs)have widespread application prospects and are set to become indispensable in addressing modern engineering challenges owing to their capability of leveraging the synergy between different metals and tailoring performance by flexibly regulating the layered configuration.The plastic forming process,as a promising advanced manufacturing technology,has been increasingly adopted for the fabrication of LMC components due to its advantages of high material utilization rate,high production efficiency,and excellent mechanical properties of the product.This review delved into the research progress on the plastic-forming process of LMCs,including rolling,extrusion,spinning,etc.It outlined the forming principles,unique characteristics,bonding mechanisms,and the influence of key process parameters on deformation,microstructure,and property.This review focused on the heterogeneous deformation and interfacial regulation of LMCs,providing insights into the mechanisms of heterogeneous deformation,damage and fracture,and formation mechanisms of intermetallic compounds.It also delineated the experimental characterization and numerical modeling methods to elucidate the heterogeneous deformation behavior,as well as the approaches to evaluating and enhancing the performance of LMCs.Finally,the challenges and prospects of manufacturing high-performance LMCs by plastic forming process are orchestrated.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2024ZD1001005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42172103)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Nos.2023AFD206,2024AFD401,2025AFD439,2025AFD452)the Research Fund Program of Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco-Environment Geology(Nos.HBREGKFJJ-202302,HBREGKFJJ-202402)the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources(No.GPMR202424)。
文摘Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits were proposed as a new type of porphyry Mo deposits,and had unique geological characteristics.It is still poorly understood about the magmatic processes that led to the Dabie-type Mo mineralization.Here,we present zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic,whole-rock and biotite elemental,and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic analyses on the Lingshan granitic batholith in the Dabie Orogen.It consists of three units(ⅠtoⅢ)that were emplaced before,genetically accompanied with,and after the Mo mineralization.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yielded crystallization ages of 128.2±1.0 Ma(MSWD=1.14)for UnitⅠand ages of 127.8±1.2 Ma(MSWD=0.28)and 126.6±1.8 Ma(MSWD=1.6)for UnitⅡ,indicating that they were emplaced during 130 to 125 Ma.The granites have high SiO_(2)contents(75.84 wt.%to 78.94 wt.%)and low MgO contents(0.07 wt.%to 0.10 wt.%),and are classified as fractionatedⅠ-type granite.UnitsⅠandⅡhave similar Sr-Nd isotopic ratios(ε_(Nd)(t)=-16.2 to-17.2,(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)=0.70540 to 0.70692)and zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(-17.4 to-20.4),indicating they were derived from partial melting of the ancient Yangtze lower crust.Mo mineralized granite from UnitⅡis characterized by the lower oxygen fugacity,fluorine enrichment and high fractionation.Magmas of unitsⅠandⅡhave experienced fractional crystallization,with the assimilation of supracrustal materials that account for the increased TiO_(2),F and Mo contents,and the decreased fO_(2).We proposed that the assimilation in upper-crustal magmatic processes plays key factors for magmatic systems that led to the Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits.
基金supported by Gansu Provincial Basic Research Program-Natural Science Fund,China(No.22JR5RA251)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Gansu Province,China(No.23JRRA785)。
文摘Three kinds of Al−5Sr−5Sb modifiers were prepared by permanent mold casting(PMC),controlled diffusion solidification(CDS),and rolling.The influence of the preparation method on Al−5Sr−5Sb was examined by assessing the melting enthalpy from DSC curves and conducting first-principles calculations.Al−5Sr−5Sb was incorporated into AlSi10MnMg alloy to examine the modification effect and mechanism.It is found that the AlSi10MnMg alloy modified with CDS-prepared Al−5Sr−5Sb shows significant improvement in its microstructure,changing the eutectic Si phase from lamellar to coral-like or fiber-like structures.This modification leads to enhanced macroscopic properties:the thermal conductivity is increased by 24.14%to 189.63 W/(m·K),elongation is increased by 59.15%to 10.87%,and tensile strength is increased by 66.9%to 254.98 MPa compared to the unmodified alloy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3307801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62394343,62373155,62073142)+3 种基金Major Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang(No.2022A01006-4)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(the 111 Project)under Grant B17017the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462024YJRC011)the Open Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology,China(Grant No.ICT2024B70).
文摘The distillation process is an important chemical process,and the application of data-driven modelling approach has the potential to reduce model complexity compared to mechanistic modelling,thus improving the efficiency of process optimization or monitoring studies.However,the distillation process is highly nonlinear and has multiple uncertainty perturbation intervals,which brings challenges to accurate data-driven modelling of distillation processes.This paper proposes a systematic data-driven modelling framework to solve these problems.Firstly,data segment variance was introduced into the K-means algorithm to form K-means data interval(KMDI)clustering in order to cluster the data into perturbed and steady state intervals for steady-state data extraction.Secondly,maximal information coefficient(MIC)was employed to calculate the nonlinear correlation between variables for removing redundant features.Finally,extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)was integrated as the basic learner into adaptive boosting(AdaBoost)with the error threshold(ET)set to improve weights update strategy to construct the new integrated learning algorithm,XGBoost-AdaBoost-ET.The superiority of the proposed framework is verified by applying this data-driven modelling framework to a real industrial process of propylene distillation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42302106 and 42102089)National Foundation for Guiding Local Science and Technology Development(Guizhou[2024]043)Innovation and Development Fund of Science and Technology of Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2025-1).
文摘The world-class Jiaodong gold province in the North China Craton hosts over 5000 t of Au resource and is characterized by abundant visible gold mineralization.However,the critical processes controlling the formation of visible gold in this province remain poorly understood.To solve this problem,integrated microtextural,trace elemental,and sulfur isotopic analyses of pyrite from the high-grade Linglong gold deposit in the Jiaodong gold province were conducted in this study.Two distinct pyrite types were identified within auriferous quartz-sulfide veins:(1)Py1 aggregates in quartz-pyrite veins(hydrothermal stageⅡ),and(2)euhedral to subhedral,coarse-grained Py2 crystals in quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins(hydrothermal stageⅢ).Microtextural and elemental analyses revealed that visible gold predominantly occurs as intergranular particles between primary pyrite crystals within Py1 aggregates.The Py1 exhibits complex microtextures with abundant mineral inclusions of polymetallic sulfides and has low concentrations of Au(median:0.032 ppm)with a narrowδ^(34)S range(4.86‰-6.75‰),indicative of rapid crystallization under unstable,disequilibrium conditions.By contrast,the Py2 is texturally homogeneous and contains higher Au concentrations(median:0.304 ppm)with progressively increasingδ^(34)S values(5.25‰-10.14‰)over time,suggesting slow crystal growth under more stable,near-equilibrium conditions.Based on the microtextural and geochemical information,it is proposed that fluid boiling occurred only during the hydrothermal stage Ⅱ,which resulted in the unstable physicochemical environment and rapid deposition of gold.During the boiling processes,gold colloids likely occurred and promoted the formation of visible gold.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977097).
文摘Currently,although some progress has been made in infancy-stage rocking-chair aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs),more discussions have focused only on the different electrochemical performances displayed by different material types rather than the intrinsic ion transport migration electrochemistry.Herein,we for the first time delve into the mechanism of tailoring the solvation sheath and desolvation processes at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces to enhance the structural stabilities in the deep discharge states.In this work,the TiO_(2)front interfaces are induced on electrochemically active but unstable TiSe_(2)host materials to construct unique TiO_(2)/TiSe_(2)-C heterointerfaces.According to X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES),differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance(EQCM),the intercalated species are transformed from[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)to[Zn(H_(2)O)_(2)]^(2+)due to the built-in electric fields(BEFs)effects,further accelerating the ion transfer kinetics.Furthermore,owing to the absence of high-energy desolvation solvents released from desolvation processes,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)energy barriers,Ti-Se bond strength,and structural stabilities are significantly improved,and the initial CE and HER overpotentials of the TiO_(2)/TiSe_(2)-C heterointerfaces increased from 13.76%to 84.7%,and from 1.04 to 1.30 V,respectively,and the H2 precipitation current density even at-1.3 V decreased by 73.2%.This work provides valuable insights into the complex interface electrochemical mechanism of tailoring the solvation sheath and desolvation processes toward rocking-chair zinc-ion batteries.
基金Project(2023JH3/10200010)supported by the Excellent Youth Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,ChinaProject(XLYC2203167)supported by the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program,China+2 种基金Project(RC231175)supported by the Mid-career and Young Scientific and Technological Talents Program of Shenyang,ChinaProject(2023A03003-2)supported by the Key Special Program of Xinjiang,ChinaProject(N2301026)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘Nickel laterite ore is an important nickel-bearing mineral.Research on pre-heating and hydrogen pre-reduction in the pyrometallurgical process of nickel laterite ore is very limited,especially when using fluidized bed roasting.This study systematically explores the mechanisms of fluidized bed pre-heating treatment and hydrogen pre-reduction in the roasting process of saprolitic nickel laterite ore.According to single-factor experiment results,the appropriate pre-heating and pre-reduction conditions were a pre-heating temperature of 700℃,a pre-heating time of 30 min,a pre-reduction temperature of 700℃,a pre-reduction time of 30 min,and a hydrogen concentration of 80%.Then,the nickel metallization rate and iron metallization rate reached 90.56%and 41.31%,respectively.Various analytical and testing methods were employed to study the changes in phase composition,magnetism,surface element valence states,and microstructure of nickel laterite ore during fluidized pre-heating and pre-reduction.The study shows that hydrogen can achieve nickel reduction at relatively low temperatures.It was also found that pre-heating treatment of nickel laterite ore is beneficial.Pre-heating opens up the mineral structures of serpentine and limonite,allowing the reducing gas and nickel to interact quickly during the reduction process,enhancing the pre-reduction process.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977097).
文摘Solvated zinc ions are prone to undergo desolvation at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces,and unstable H_(2)O molecules within the solvated sheaths tend to trigger hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),further accelerating interfaces decay.Herein,we propose for the first time a novel strategy to enhance the interfacial stabilities by insitu dynamic reconstruction of weakly solvated Zn2þduring the desolvation processes at heterointerfaces.Theoretical calculations indicate that,due to built-in electric field effects(BEFs),the plating/stripping mechanism shifts from[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]_(2)þto[Zn(H_(2)O)_(5)(SO_(4))^(2-)]_(2)þwithout additional electrolyte additives,reducing the solvation ability of H_(2)O,enhancing the competitive coordination of SO_(4)^(2-),essentially eliminating the undesirable side effects of anodes.Hence,symmetric cells can operate stably for 3000 h(51.7-times increase in cycle life),and the full cells can operate stably for 5000 cycles(51.5-times increase in cycle life).This study provides valuable insights into the critical design of weakly solvated Zn^(2+) þand desolvation processes at heterointerfaces.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3702405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52471036)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023A1515012363).
文摘A comparative investigation was conducted to evaluate the microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of hot-stamped steels fabricated via the compact strip production(CSP)and conventional cold-rolling methods.CSP steel exhibited an initial microstructure comprising ferrite,pearlite,and minor bainite,which retained a characteristic hot-rolled banded structure with refined ferrite grains(5.7μm).In contrast,conventionally processed steel displayed coarser equiaxed ferrite(9.8μm).In terms of mechanical properties,CSP parts demonstrated superior tensile strength(>1433 MPa)and elongation(>6.48%)compared to conventional counterparts(average elongation of 5.27%).However,CSP samples showed a 23 HV lower hardness,attributed to a deeper decarburization layer.Enhanced strength in CSP steel was linked to finer prior austenite grains and dislocation density inherited from the initial microstructure,despite potential undissolved cementite at lower austenitizing temperatures.Corrosion testing revealed improved resistance in CSP-processed steel,likely due to finer grains acting as barriers to corrosion propagation.The trade-offs in CSP are highlighted:while achieving higher strength-ductility synergy and corrosion resistance,decarburization effects necessitate optimization to mitigate hardness reduction.The potential of CSP for high-performance automotive applications requiring balanced mechanical and anti-corrosion properties is underscored.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Pro-gram of China(No.2022YFD1301003)the Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology and Industry System(No.SDAIT-11-11)+4 种基金the Marine Science and Technology Innovation Project of Qingdao(No.24-1-3-hygg-25-hy)the Cooperative Scientific Research Project‘Chunhui Plan’of the Ministry of Education of PRC(No.HZKY 20220481)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing&Safety Control(No.SKL202408)the Shandong Province Grant for Distin-guished Young Scholars(No.ZR2022JQ15)the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103094)。
文摘Bacillus cereus is a significant pathogen responsible for toxin-induced foodborne diseases,and is widely distributed in the natural environment.B.cereus biofilm formation is regulated by multifactorial interactions,demonstrating dynamic adaptability to environmental cues.In this study,crystal violet staining and MTT staining methods were employed to conduct an indepth investigation into the biofilm formation and metabolic activity changes of five strains of B.cereus in different culture media and with various culture conditions.Experimental data indicated that the composition of the culture medium,the length of incubation time,and the fluctuation of temperature all had a significant impact on the biofilm formation of B.cereus,and this impact exhibited obvious differences among different strains.This result provides a solid experimental basis for deeply elucidating the internal regulatory mechanism of B.cereus biofilm formation and the change principles of metabolic activity.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFA1200101 and 2021YFA1200104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21635005,21890741,22174134,and 22474133)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-054).
文摘Electrochemical processes lie at the core of biological function,governing energy transduction,metabolic flux,and mo-lecular signaling.Recent advances in electrochemical science now allow these processes to be probed and controlled with unprecedented spatial,temporal,and chemical resolution.In this review,we present an integrated framework that pro-gresses from fundamental mechanisms to analytical technologies and functional modulation.We begin by outlining elec-tron transfer pathways in mitochondrial respiration,microbial extracellular electron transfer,and DNA-and protein-based charge conduction,followed by the principles of photon-electron conversion in photosynthesis and the central role of redox equilibrium in coordinating cellular responses.We then highlight electrochemical analytical strategies that enable multiscale biological characterization,including biosensing,electrochemical and scanning probe imaging,electrogenerated chemilu-minescence detection,and measurements of membrane potentials and neurotransmitter dynamics.Emerging platforms such as flexible biointerfaces,ultramicroelectrodes,and nanopore systems further extend these capabilities to in vivo and single-molecule contexts.Finally,we discuss how electrochemical inputs can be used to regulate metabolic pathways,mi-crobial and protein activities,and neural signaling,enabling precision therapeutic and bioengineering applications.Togeth-er,these developments establish electrochemistry as a powerful foundation for decoding and directing biological systems.
基金supported by the foundation of Guangxi Innovation Driven Development Project Grant(AA22068080)the Science and Technology Plan of Guangxi(No.ZY22096019)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874051 and 52111530139)the Australian Research Council Discovery Program(DP220103416)Australian Research Council Future Fel owships(FT200100730,FT210100804)。
文摘Uniform deposition is a promising strategy to inhibit dendrite growth and corrosion of the Zn anode in cost-effective energy storage systems:aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs).Herein,we report a regulating Zn^(2+)ions dissolution/deposition method for achieving a highly reversible Zn anode.11-mercaptoundecanoic acid(MUA)as ligands was utilized to protect the(002)plane,benefiting from the strong affinity between the thiol group and Zn,with MUA anchoring in the form of Zn-S-RCOOH,which contributes to a stable interface for uniform deposition/deposition.
基金supported by funding from the 111 Project B07011 of Ministry of Education of China,the China Scholarship Council(CSC) to SWZ (NCIS No.2007103928)an NSERC grant to MTC. D.Chevalier is thanked for her help in sampling. Laboratory assistance was provided bv K.Kawasaki and S.Joshi
文摘This study examined spatial variations in the concentration,grain size and heavy mineral assemblages on Cedar Beach（Lake Erie,Canada）.Magnetic studies of heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands present on the beach showed that magnetite（～150μm） is the dominant magnetic mineral.Surficial magnetic susceptibility values defined three zones：a lakeward region close to the water line（Zone 1）,the upper swash zone（Zone 2） and the region landwards of the upper swash zone （Zone 3）.Zone 2 showed the highest bulk and mass susceptibility（κ,χ） and the highest mass percentage of smaller grain-size（250μm） fractions in the bulk sand sample.Susceptibility（i.e.κandχ） values decreased and grain size coarsened from Zone 2 lakewards（into Zone 1） and landwards （into Zone 3）,and correlated with the distribution of the heavy mineral assemblage,most probably reflecting preferential separation of large,less dense particles by waves and currents both along and across the beach.The eroded western section of Cedar Beach showed much higher concentrations of heavy minerals including magnetite,and finer sand grain sizes than the accreting eastern section, suggesting that magnetic techniques could be used as a rapid,cost-effective way of examining erosion along sensitive coastline areas.
基金Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(2012CB720500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program:U1162202)+2 种基金the National Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars(61222303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61174118,21206037)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(B504)
文摘Two general approaches are adopted in solving dynamic optimization problems in chemical processes, namely, the analytical and numerical methods. The numerical method, which is based on heuristic algorithms, has been widely used. An approach that combines differential evolution （DE） algorithm and control vector parameteri- zation （CVP） is proposed in this paper. In the proposed CVP, control variables are approximated with polynomials based on state variables and time in the entire time interval. Region reduction strategy is used in DE to reduce the width of the search region, which improves the computing efficiency. The results of the case studies demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the oroposed methods.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61273070 and 61203092)111 project(No.B12018)
文摘This paper addresses the problem of robust iterative learning control design for a class of uncertain multiple-input multipleoutput discrete linear systems with actuator faults. The stability theory for linear repetitive processes is used to develop formulas for gain matrices design, together with convergent conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities. An extension to deal with model uncertainty of the polytopic or norm bounded form is also developed and an illustrative example is given.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21976096,52170085 and 21773129)Tianjin Development Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship+2 种基金Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.21JCZDJC00320)Tianjin Post-graduate Students Research and Innovation Project(No.2021YJSB013)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University。
文摘As important emerging contaminants, antibiotics have caused potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health due to their extensive production and consumption. Among various techniques for removing antibiotics from wastewater, H_(2)O_(2)-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) have received increasing attention due to their fast reaction rate and strong oxidation capability. Hence this review critically discusses:(i) Recent research progress of AOPs with the addition of H_(2)O_(2) for antibiotics removal through different methods of H_(2)O_(2) activation;(ii) recent advances in AOPs that can in-situ generate and activate H_(2)O_(2) for antibiotics removal;(iii) H_(2)O_(2)-based AOPs as a combination with other techniques for the degradation and mineralization of antibiotics in wastewater. Future perspectives about H_(2)O_(2)-based AOPs are also presented to grasp the future research trend in the area.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52003240)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ21B070007)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M722818).
文摘Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs)via iron-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is significant in the environmental and biological fields.However,current AOPs assisted by co-catalysts still suffer from the poor mass/electron transfer and non-durable promotion effect,giving rise to the sluggish Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)cycle and low dynamic concentration of Fe^(2+)for ROS production.Herein,we present a three-dimensional(3D)macroscale co-catalyst functionalized with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))to achieve ultra-efficient Fe^(2+)regeneration(equilibrium Fe^(2+)ratio of 82.4%)and remarkable stability(more than 20 cycles)via a circulating flow-through process.Unlike the conventional batch-type reactor,experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the optimal utilization of the 3D active area under the flow-through mode,initiated by the convectionenhanced mass/charge transfer for Fe^(2+)reduction and then strengthened by MoS_(2)-induced flow rotation for sufficient reactant mixing,is crucial for oxidant activation and subsequent ROS generation.Strikingly,the flow-through co-catalytic system with superwetting capabilities can even tackle the intricate oily wastewater stabilized by different surfactants without the loss of pollutant degradation efficiency.Our findings highlight an innovative co-catalyst system design to expand the applicability of AOPs based technology,especially in large-scale complex wastewater treatment.
文摘In this paper, we use a spectral model for the medium-range numerical weather forecast to discuss the impact of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on the medium-range weather processes. Under the tests of two typical winter and summer cases, we find that the influences of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on summer weather are really important, especially on its rainfall, surface heat transport and 500 hPa height field. On winter weather, however, the influences are very weak.
