Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stan...Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.展开更多
Phytin is the Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-K^(+)salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes.Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being...Phytin is the Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-K^(+)salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes.Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance.Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients,the effect varying with the nutrient concerned.On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion,phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca^(2+).Even at low gastric pH,phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior.Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation.Partially crystalized Ca^(2+)near the enzyme?s active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure.Thus,phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms;interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide?s basic amino acids;coordinating free Ca^(2+),destabilizing pepsin;binding some dietary proteins directly,further compromising gastric proteolysis.Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum,Ca^(2+)and other cations rebind with accessible anions,phytic acid being a significant contender.Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes(e.g.Ca^(2+),Zn2+)which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors(e.g.Zn2+)to increase enzyme activity.Goblet cells initially employ Ca^(2+)as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage.After mucin granule release,Ca^(2+)is progressively displaced by Na^(+)to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation.Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer(USWL).Excessive removal of Ca^(2+)from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na^(+).This partly explains increased mucin and Na^(+)losses noted with high phytate diets.This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca^(2+)and less so Zn2+is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.展开更多
Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids(FFA)that can impair digestible energy(DE).Placement of the fatty acid(FA)hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates ...Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids(FFA)that can impair digestible energy(DE).Placement of the fatty acid(FA)hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates a complex of both nutrients.Resulting modifications create a new structure termed the V-helix that becomes resistant toα-amylase.Granules in grain naturally contain minimal amounts of these complexes with more being generated during food manufacturing when moisture and heat release amylose in the presence of FFA.A paucity of FFA usually exists in complete feeds without sources of poorquality fat.Animal fats and by-product meals from rendering are prominent in their saturated FFA content which favorably complex within the helix.V-helix-FA complexes may arise during their concurrent encounter of FFA together with amylose during feed manufacture,particularly pelleting.FFA in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)are speculated to further form complexes when present together with amylose.Although amylose may be dissolved in the gastric and small intestinal milieu,FFA separately coalesce into hydrophobic fat droplets along with other dietary lipids.Formation of complexes is likely restricted until FFA are released into the aqueous phase during fat digestion.Althoughα-amylase may be prominent,V-helix-FA complexes being resistant to enzymic attack pass into the large intestine.Subsequent microbial catabolism of V-helices may generate volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the mucosa;however,an inability to use FFA once released leads to their excretion and basis for decreased DE.Immature microbial populations with young animals usually lack the capacity to fully catabolize the V-helix,further extending the loss in DE.展开更多
The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum ca...The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca.Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action,then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated.Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla.Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon.Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum.Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core.Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids(VFA)and electrolytes being absorbed.Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation.The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered.Resistant starches(RS)and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon,whereas non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid.Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon.These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface.Acetic,propionic,and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates.Fibrolytic enzymes,when supplemented to feed,may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation.Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na^(+),whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated.Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.展开更多
Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract(GIT)that had resisted digestion.The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feedin...Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract(GIT)that had resisted digestion.The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feeding which vary with age as well as diet.These digestion resistant proteins of endogenous origin continue to be unavailable in the large intestine,whereas those of dietary origin provide amino acids that largely support the existing microbial population while denying limited amounts for absorption.Other mucins pre-exist within the large intestine as two layers at the lumen surface.A loose layer harboring a diverse microbial population is superimposed on the unstirred water layer(USWL)which simultaneously acts as an obstacle to microbes at the loose layer while performing as a molecular sieve for nutrients.The USWL is formed through interplay between enterocyte and goblet cells;however,the basis for presence of the loose layer is elusive.Large intestinal fermentation predominates within the colon of swine,whereas fowl employ their ceca.Motility within the colon of swine segregates fine materials into haustrae out-pocketings that parallel their placement within the ceca of fowl.Viscous mucins from small intestinal endogenous losses may envelop microbes within the large intestinal lumen to present successive adherents on the USWL that assemble its loose layer.The loose layer continually functions as a microbial reservoir in support of lumen fermentation.Microbial catabolism of mucin within the loose layer is known to be slow,but its proximity to the enterocyte is of advantage to enterocyte absorption with by-product amino acids fostering the USWL.展开更多
For fish farming,water is the limiting factor for good productivity.Limnological characteristics determine the health and the productivity of the fish and can indicate possible problems arising in the ecosystem.The pr...For fish farming,water is the limiting factor for good productivity.Limnological characteristics determine the health and the productivity of the fish and can indicate possible problems arising in the ecosystem.The present study aimed to verify the nictemeral and vertical dynamics of limnological characteristics in a tilapia farming tank coated with geomembrane and with low water renewal.Collections were carried out in a 24 hour on period of 18 days with an interval of three hours between the water collections.In order to determine the vertical dynamics,water samples were taken at three depths(5,35,and 70 cm)in the central region of the tank.It was found that the parameters analyzed showed changes in the period.Dissolved oxygen and pH changed sharply in the 24-hour period(p$<0.05$),with values of 3.86 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 AM and 18.39 mg L$^{-1}$at 3:00 PM;and 8.0 at 06:00 AM and 9.65 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 PM,respectively.With respect to the three layers of the tank,the difference between the values of dissolved oxygen in the epilimnion and the metalimnion(above 14 mg L$^{-1}$)is clear,while in the hypolimnion the concentration of this oxygen was 7.57 mg L$^{-1}$(p$<0.05$).Nitrite and phosphorus had similar behavior,with more pronounced values in hypolimnion.There is a strong correlation between temperature and depth of the tank($r=-0.85,~p=5.86\times 10^{-9}$),depth and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.77,p=9.97\times 10^{-6}$),temperature and ammonia($r=-0.82,~p=6.33\times 10^{-8}$),depth and ammonia($r=0.79,~p=4.79\times 10^{-7}$),and nitrite and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.72,~p=2.15\times 10^{-4}$).The principal component analysis showed that there was a separation between the strata epilimnion,metalimnion,and hypolimnion.The response surface analysis showed the interaction between depth,temperature and the variables dissolved oxygen,ammonia,and phosphorus.The result of this study helps to illustrate the dynamics of a tilapia tank covered with geomembrane and low water renewal over a period of 24 hours at different layers of the water body.展开更多
文摘Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.
文摘Phytin is the Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-K^(+)salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes.Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance.Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients,the effect varying with the nutrient concerned.On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion,phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca^(2+).Even at low gastric pH,phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior.Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation.Partially crystalized Ca^(2+)near the enzyme?s active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure.Thus,phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms;interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide?s basic amino acids;coordinating free Ca^(2+),destabilizing pepsin;binding some dietary proteins directly,further compromising gastric proteolysis.Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum,Ca^(2+)and other cations rebind with accessible anions,phytic acid being a significant contender.Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes(e.g.Ca^(2+),Zn2+)which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors(e.g.Zn2+)to increase enzyme activity.Goblet cells initially employ Ca^(2+)as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage.After mucin granule release,Ca^(2+)is progressively displaced by Na^(+)to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation.Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer(USWL).Excessive removal of Ca^(2+)from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na^(+).This partly explains increased mucin and Na^(+)losses noted with high phytate diets.This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca^(2+)and less so Zn2+is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.
文摘Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids(FFA)that can impair digestible energy(DE).Placement of the fatty acid(FA)hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates a complex of both nutrients.Resulting modifications create a new structure termed the V-helix that becomes resistant toα-amylase.Granules in grain naturally contain minimal amounts of these complexes with more being generated during food manufacturing when moisture and heat release amylose in the presence of FFA.A paucity of FFA usually exists in complete feeds without sources of poorquality fat.Animal fats and by-product meals from rendering are prominent in their saturated FFA content which favorably complex within the helix.V-helix-FA complexes may arise during their concurrent encounter of FFA together with amylose during feed manufacture,particularly pelleting.FFA in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)are speculated to further form complexes when present together with amylose.Although amylose may be dissolved in the gastric and small intestinal milieu,FFA separately coalesce into hydrophobic fat droplets along with other dietary lipids.Formation of complexes is likely restricted until FFA are released into the aqueous phase during fat digestion.Althoughα-amylase may be prominent,V-helix-FA complexes being resistant to enzymic attack pass into the large intestine.Subsequent microbial catabolism of V-helices may generate volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the mucosa;however,an inability to use FFA once released leads to their excretion and basis for decreased DE.Immature microbial populations with young animals usually lack the capacity to fully catabolize the V-helix,further extending the loss in DE.
文摘The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca.Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action,then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated.Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla.Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon.Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum.Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core.Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids(VFA)and electrolytes being absorbed.Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation.The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered.Resistant starches(RS)and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon,whereas non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid.Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon.These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface.Acetic,propionic,and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates.Fibrolytic enzymes,when supplemented to feed,may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation.Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na^(+),whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated.Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.
文摘Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract(GIT)that had resisted digestion.The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feeding which vary with age as well as diet.These digestion resistant proteins of endogenous origin continue to be unavailable in the large intestine,whereas those of dietary origin provide amino acids that largely support the existing microbial population while denying limited amounts for absorption.Other mucins pre-exist within the large intestine as two layers at the lumen surface.A loose layer harboring a diverse microbial population is superimposed on the unstirred water layer(USWL)which simultaneously acts as an obstacle to microbes at the loose layer while performing as a molecular sieve for nutrients.The USWL is formed through interplay between enterocyte and goblet cells;however,the basis for presence of the loose layer is elusive.Large intestinal fermentation predominates within the colon of swine,whereas fowl employ their ceca.Motility within the colon of swine segregates fine materials into haustrae out-pocketings that parallel their placement within the ceca of fowl.Viscous mucins from small intestinal endogenous losses may envelop microbes within the large intestinal lumen to present successive adherents on the USWL that assemble its loose layer.The loose layer continually functions as a microbial reservoir in support of lumen fermentation.Microbial catabolism of mucin within the loose layer is known to be slow,but its proximity to the enterocyte is of advantage to enterocyte absorption with by-product amino acids fostering the USWL.
文摘For fish farming,water is the limiting factor for good productivity.Limnological characteristics determine the health and the productivity of the fish and can indicate possible problems arising in the ecosystem.The present study aimed to verify the nictemeral and vertical dynamics of limnological characteristics in a tilapia farming tank coated with geomembrane and with low water renewal.Collections were carried out in a 24 hour on period of 18 days with an interval of three hours between the water collections.In order to determine the vertical dynamics,water samples were taken at three depths(5,35,and 70 cm)in the central region of the tank.It was found that the parameters analyzed showed changes in the period.Dissolved oxygen and pH changed sharply in the 24-hour period(p$<0.05$),with values of 3.86 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 AM and 18.39 mg L$^{-1}$at 3:00 PM;and 8.0 at 06:00 AM and 9.65 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 PM,respectively.With respect to the three layers of the tank,the difference between the values of dissolved oxygen in the epilimnion and the metalimnion(above 14 mg L$^{-1}$)is clear,while in the hypolimnion the concentration of this oxygen was 7.57 mg L$^{-1}$(p$<0.05$).Nitrite and phosphorus had similar behavior,with more pronounced values in hypolimnion.There is a strong correlation between temperature and depth of the tank($r=-0.85,~p=5.86\times 10^{-9}$),depth and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.77,p=9.97\times 10^{-6}$),temperature and ammonia($r=-0.82,~p=6.33\times 10^{-8}$),depth and ammonia($r=0.79,~p=4.79\times 10^{-7}$),and nitrite and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.72,~p=2.15\times 10^{-4}$).The principal component analysis showed that there was a separation between the strata epilimnion,metalimnion,and hypolimnion.The response surface analysis showed the interaction between depth,temperature and the variables dissolved oxygen,ammonia,and phosphorus.The result of this study helps to illustrate the dynamics of a tilapia tank covered with geomembrane and low water renewal over a period of 24 hours at different layers of the water body.
