Objective:To evaluate the effects of Mirazid and myrrh volatile oil on adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica) under laboratory conditions.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(Mirazid) and myrrh volatile oi...Objective:To evaluate the effects of Mirazid and myrrh volatile oil on adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica) under laboratory conditions.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(Mirazid) and myrrh volatile oil on the surface morphology of adult F.gigantica following treatment in vitro had been determined by scanning electron microscopy.The results were compared with those observed in the fluke tegument following incubation in triclabendazole sulphoxide(TCBZ-SO),active form.(Fasinex,Ciba-Geigy).Results:Observations of the efficacy of Mirazid oleoresin extract and myrrh volatile oil indicated that both products showed dosedependent anthelmintic efficacy.The anterior half of the fluke was consistently more severely affected than the posterior half.The surface changes induced by Mirazid oleoresin extract were less severe than those observed after exposure to either myrrh volatile oil or TCBZ-SO.Flukes showed swelling after these treatments,but its level and blebbing were much greater with myrrh volatile oil;in which patches of tegumental sloughing were observed in the apical cone and the posterior mid-body region of flukes.This was not observed after treatment with Mirazid oleoresin extract.Conclusions:The comparatively more disruption,observed in myrrh volatile oil exposed specimens,compared to that exposed to Mirazid oleoresin extract might suggest that the anthelmintic activity of Mirazid oleo resin extract was attributed to its content of volatile oil.So,increasing the concentration of myrrh volatile oil in Mirazid might possibly help to developing its anthelmintic activity._______________________________________________展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to compare and analyze the accuracy of computer-aided sperm analysis(CASA)and manual method for detecting the quality of fresh boar semen at room temperature.[Methods]Statistical m...[Objectives]This study was conducted to compare and analyze the accuracy of computer-aided sperm analysis(CASA)and manual method for detecting the quality of fresh boar semen at room temperature.[Methods]Statistical methods such as analysis of variance,ZB score and Z score were used to compare the accuracy of five different brands of CASA systems and manual method to detect the vitality and density of fresh boar semen at room temperature.[Results]After setting the parameters of five CASA systems the same as follows:VCL(curvilinear velocity),VSL(straight-line velocity)≥5μm/s,STR(straightness)=VSL(straight-line velocity)/VAP(average path velocity)≥25%,the sperm motility of six parts of boar semen was tested at normal temperature using different brands of special fixed-volume slides with a uniform chamber height[(20±2)μm].There were no significant differences in sperm vitality detected by the five CASA systems(P>0.05).The ZB scores of the vitality obtained by observers or instrument engineers who did not have a job certificate from the quality inspection department showed that the results of three observers or instrument engineers were unsatisfactory(∣ZB∣>3),but there were no significant differences in vitality between the CASA systems and the inspector with a job certificate(P>0.05).Regarding sperm density detection,when the sperm density was less than 280×106/ml,there were no significant differences between the results displayed by the instruments and the results of the manual hemocytometer counting(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The accuracy of the CASA systems set to uniform parameters was consistent with the accuracy of the visual vitality obtained by an inspector with a job certificate.When the semen was diluted with 3%NaCl solution to a sperm density<280×10^6/ml,the sperm density detected by the CASA systems was consistent in reliability with that obtained by the hemocytometer detection.The CASA systems are faster and more efficient and objective than manual detection,and have the advantages of strong operability and easy promotion.展开更多
In this study, 21 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 196 Egyptian local chickens obtained from Fayoumi (n = 35), Dandarawy (n = 30), Baladi (n = 29), Sinai (n = 30), El-Salam (n = 36), and Golden Montazah (n...In this study, 21 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 196 Egyptian local chickens obtained from Fayoumi (n = 35), Dandarawy (n = 30), Baladi (n = 29), Sinai (n = 30), El-Salam (n = 36), and Golden Montazah (n = 36) strains. The results were compared to two pure commercial chicken populations reared in Japan-White Leghorn (n = 42) and Rhode Island Red (n = 43). A total of 162 alleles were observed, with an average of 7.7 alleles per locus. The average expected heterozygosity for the Egyptian chickens was 0.595. The closest pairwise Nei’s genetic distance was recorded between Sinai and Golden Montazah (0.038) and the smallest pairwise FST value (0.006) was observed between Baladi and Sinai. The most probable structure clustering of the eight studied populations was at K = 6. Baladi, Sinai and Golden Montazah strains were clustered together forming admixed mosaic cluster. Dandarawy ranked firstly and contributed the most to aggregate genetic diversity based on two prioritization methods. The information resulting from this study may be used as an initial guide to design further investigations for development of sustainable genetic improvement and conservation programs for the Egyptian chicken genetic resources.展开更多
Objective:To evaluated the histological changes within the tegument of adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica)that led to the gross changes that were visible externally.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(...Objective:To evaluated the histological changes within the tegument of adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica)that led to the gross changes that were visible externally.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(Mirazid^(?)),myrrh volatile oil and triclabendazole sulphoxide(reference drug)on the tegumental structure of adult F.gigantiea following treatment in vitro had been determined by light microscopy.Results:The internal changes in the tegument observed in this study were compatible with surface changes seen in the previous scanning electron microscopy study,using the same drugs.The swelling of tegumental syncytium was a particular feature of their action,but its level was much greater with myrrh volatile oil,in which vacuolization of the tegument and loss of spines were observed.Conclusions:The present study demonstrated the fasciocidal properties of Mirazid^(?)oleoresin extract,and it might be possible to reinforce its fasciocidal activity by increasing its content of myrrh volatile oil.展开更多
Newcastle disease (ND) virus is a leading threat to commercial and domestic poultry in Pakistan. The virus infects and constitutes irreversible impairment to the nervous system, damages the respiratory system, and mar...Newcastle disease (ND) virus is a leading threat to commercial and domestic poultry in Pakistan. The virus infects and constitutes irreversible impairment to the nervous system, damages the respiratory system, and marks severe gastrointestinal lesions leading to heavy mortality in short-living birds and substantial losses in layers and breeders. The continuous emergence and evolution of the virus made it inclined to evade the humoral response and indirectly the circumvention of artificial active immunization. Newcastle disease is caused by the orthoavula genus of the paramyxoviridae family and has shown high genetic diversity even in their genotypes while information regarding enzootic trends of the virus is scanty in Pakistan. A total of 40 tracheal samples of NDV were collected from different commercial broiler farms and 11 isolates of NDV were identified. In the current study, we determined the genetic diversity of the Newcastle disease virus based on the partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene available in the NCBI database. Genetic analysis showed that seven isolates belonged to class I genotype VII and four belonged to class II genotype II. Interestingly, two isolates had epidemiological connections with vaccine-like class II genotype II. Our findings, concerning the recent outbreaks of class I genotype VII and class II genotype II of NDV in vaccinated commercial flocks, suggest possible potential partial mutations in the fusion protein gene. Genetic diversity and formation of the new cleavage site in an important neutralizing protein of wild strain are linked with the potency of artificial active immunization and a major cause of vaccine failure.展开更多
Coconut oil(CO)has recently gained increasing scientific and industrial attention owing to its rich profile of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and diverse bioactive constituents.These unique components confer promising...Coconut oil(CO)has recently gained increasing scientific and industrial attention owing to its rich profile of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and diverse bioactive constituents.These unique components confer promising nutraceutical and functional properties relevant to both human health and sustainable livestock production.This review aims to provide an updated and integrative overview of the biological roles and mechanisms of coconut oil,emphasizing its potential applications in animal nutrition and health promotion.Coconut oil exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities,including antimicrobial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotective,neuroprotective,and metabolic regulatory effects.These functions are primarily mediated through modulation of oxidative stress,lipid metabolism,and inflammatory signaling pathways.In animal production,dietary inclusion of coconut oil has been shown to improve growth performance,immune responses,and product quality,although some findings remain inconsistent and context dependent.Despite the increasing interest in its health benefits,clinical validation of coconut oil's long-term effects in humans and animals remains limited.Therefore,understanding its mechanisms of action and standardizing dosages are crucial to ensure safe and effective utilization.In summary,coconut oil represents a promising natural ingredient that bridges human nutrition and sustainable livestock production.However,further mechanistic and clinical investigations are warranted to substantiate its long-term functional and health-promoting effects.展开更多
Fish play an essential role in human nutrition,providing an abundant supply of essential fatty acids,high-quality protein,and essential micronutrients.Proper nutrition for fish is crucial for maintaining health,enhanc...Fish play an essential role in human nutrition,providing an abundant supply of essential fatty acids,high-quality protein,and essential micronutrients.Proper nutrition for fish is crucial for maintaining health,enhancing growth performance,and improving feed efficiency.In recent years,the use of natural feed additives has attracted considerable attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic chemicals,owing to their safety,bio-logical activity,and positive effects on fish health and productivity.Among these natural additives,Astragalus herb has shown remarkable potential.It is a widely recognized therapeutic plant widely used in traditional medicine for its immunomodulatory,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory properties.Astragalus and its bioactive components have been successfully applied in various animal production systems,including aquaculture,where they promote health and performance.Several studies have demonstrated that supplementing fish diets with Astragalus enhances growth performance,antioxidant enzyme activity,immune response,and hematological parameters,thereby helping fish resist environmental stress and disease.In conclusion,Astragalus shows a promising and effective role in enhancing fish growth performance and overall health.The main goal of this review is to clarify the positive effects,chemical composition,mode of action,and useful application of Astragalus in fish nutrition and its implications for human health.展开更多
Chenopodium album,commonly known as lamb’s quarters or wild spinach,has long been recognized as a nutrient-dense plant,yet its applications in human and livestock nutrition and pharmaceutical sciences remain signific...Chenopodium album,commonly known as lamb’s quarters or wild spinach,has long been recognized as a nutrient-dense plant,yet its applications in human and livestock nutrition and pharmaceutical sciences remain significantly underexplored.This article presents a novel perspective on the epigenetic,microbiome-modulating,metabolic-enhancing,and therapeutic roles of Chenopodium album.By leveraging its bioactive phytochemicals,high nutrient density,and adaptive growth properties,this research highlights how the Chenopodium album can be integrated into precision human diets,sustainable livestock feeding strategies,and pharmaceutical formulations to enhance health,immunity,and productivity.We propose a cutting-edge framework for its use in functional foods,livestock dietary supplementation,and drug development,setting the stage for a new era in nutrition and medicine.展开更多
Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids(FFA)that can impair digestible energy(DE).Placement of the fatty acid(FA)hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates ...Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids(FFA)that can impair digestible energy(DE).Placement of the fatty acid(FA)hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates a complex of both nutrients.Resulting modifications create a new structure termed the V-helix that becomes resistant toα-amylase.Granules in grain naturally contain minimal amounts of these complexes with more being generated during food manufacturing when moisture and heat release amylose in the presence of FFA.A paucity of FFA usually exists in complete feeds without sources of poorquality fat.Animal fats and by-product meals from rendering are prominent in their saturated FFA content which favorably complex within the helix.V-helix-FA complexes may arise during their concurrent encounter of FFA together with amylose during feed manufacture,particularly pelleting.FFA in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)are speculated to further form complexes when present together with amylose.Although amylose may be dissolved in the gastric and small intestinal milieu,FFA separately coalesce into hydrophobic fat droplets along with other dietary lipids.Formation of complexes is likely restricted until FFA are released into the aqueous phase during fat digestion.Althoughα-amylase may be prominent,V-helix-FA complexes being resistant to enzymic attack pass into the large intestine.Subsequent microbial catabolism of V-helices may generate volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the mucosa;however,an inability to use FFA once released leads to their excretion and basis for decreased DE.Immature microbial populations with young animals usually lack the capacity to fully catabolize the V-helix,further extending the loss in DE.展开更多
The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum ca...The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca.Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action,then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated.Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla.Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon.Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum.Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core.Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids(VFA)and electrolytes being absorbed.Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation.The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered.Resistant starches(RS)and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon,whereas non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid.Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon.These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface.Acetic,propionic,and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates.Fibrolytic enzymes,when supplemented to feed,may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation.Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na^(+),whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated.Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.展开更多
Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract(GIT)that had resisted digestion.The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feedin...Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract(GIT)that had resisted digestion.The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feeding which vary with age as well as diet.These digestion resistant proteins of endogenous origin continue to be unavailable in the large intestine,whereas those of dietary origin provide amino acids that largely support the existing microbial population while denying limited amounts for absorption.Other mucins pre-exist within the large intestine as two layers at the lumen surface.A loose layer harboring a diverse microbial population is superimposed on the unstirred water layer(USWL)which simultaneously acts as an obstacle to microbes at the loose layer while performing as a molecular sieve for nutrients.The USWL is formed through interplay between enterocyte and goblet cells;however,the basis for presence of the loose layer is elusive.Large intestinal fermentation predominates within the colon of swine,whereas fowl employ their ceca.Motility within the colon of swine segregates fine materials into haustrae out-pocketings that parallel their placement within the ceca of fowl.Viscous mucins from small intestinal endogenous losses may envelop microbes within the large intestinal lumen to present successive adherents on the USWL that assemble its loose layer.The loose layer continually functions as a microbial reservoir in support of lumen fermentation.Microbial catabolism of mucin within the loose layer is known to be slow,but its proximity to the enterocyte is of advantage to enterocyte absorption with by-product amino acids fostering the USWL.展开更多
Phytin is the Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-K^(+)salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes.Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being...Phytin is the Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-K^(+)salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes.Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance.Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients,the effect varying with the nutrient concerned.On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion,phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca^(2+).Even at low gastric pH,phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior.Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation.Partially crystalized Ca^(2+)near the enzyme?s active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure.Thus,phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms;interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide?s basic amino acids;coordinating free Ca^(2+),destabilizing pepsin;binding some dietary proteins directly,further compromising gastric proteolysis.Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum,Ca^(2+)and other cations rebind with accessible anions,phytic acid being a significant contender.Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes(e.g.Ca^(2+),Zn2+)which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors(e.g.Zn2+)to increase enzyme activity.Goblet cells initially employ Ca^(2+)as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage.After mucin granule release,Ca^(2+)is progressively displaced by Na^(+)to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation.Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer(USWL).Excessive removal of Ca^(2+)from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na^(+).This partly explains increased mucin and Na^(+)losses noted with high phytate diets.This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca^(2+)and less so Zn2+is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks.The experiment used a randomized design with a 5×2 factorial...This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks.The experiment used a randomized design with a 5×2 factorial arrangement of 5 graded levels of barley(0%,15%,30%,45%and 60%)with or without 1.5 g/kgβ-1,3-1,4-glucanase(15,000 U/kg).During the experimental period of 120 d,the weight and total number of eggs within each pen were recorded daily,and egg quality was determined every 4 wk.At the end of the experiment,3 randomly selected ducks within each replicate were sacrificed,then duodenal digesta and jejunal mucosa was collected.Dietary inclusion of barley had no effects on egg production,daily egg mass or FCR,but supplementation with glucanase improved egg production and FCR(P<0.01).Barley did not affect feed intake of laying ducks,but glucanase tended to increase feed intake(P=0.09).Neither barley norβ-glucanase had effects on the egg quality variables,except for yolk color score,which was decreased with increasing barley supplementation.Glucanase,but not barley,increased the activity of chymotrypsin and amylase in duodenal digesta.Barley inclusion affected the activity of alkaline phosphatase and maltase in jejunal mucosa(P<0.05),butβ-glucanase had no effects on the activity of these brush border enzymes.Barley inclusion increased the glucan content in duodenal digesta,but supplementation of glucanase to barley-based diet reduced digesta glucan content and reduced total volatile fatty acids and increased the proportion of acetic acid in cecal contents.The results indicate that,without glucanase,the optimal dietary barley level in the diets of laying ducks is about 13%for maximal production performance;glucanase supplementation of the barley diets improved production perfor-mance,probably through enhancing digestive function.展开更多
Understanding how different livestock species and breeds respond to consumption of brackish water could improve usage of this resource.Therefore,Angora,Boer,and Spanish goat doelings and Dorper,Katahdin,and St.Croix e...Understanding how different livestock species and breeds respond to consumption of brackish water could improve usage of this resource.Therefore,Angora,Boer,and Spanish goat doelings and Dorper,Katahdin,and St.Croix ewe lambs(6 animals per animal type[AT];initial age=296±2.1 days)consuming water with varying concentrations of minerals of a natural brackish water source(BR)and sodium chloride(NaCl;SL)were used to determine effects on water and feed intake,nutrient digestion,heat energy,methane emission,ruminal fluid conditions,and blood constituent concentrations.There were 6 simultaneous 6(water treatments[WT])×6(AT)Latin squares with 3-wk periods.The WT were fresh(FR),BR alone(100-BR),a similar total dissolved solids(TDS)concentration as 100-BR via NaCl addition to FR(100-SL),BR with concentrations of all minerals increased by approximately 50%(150-BR),a similar TDS level as 150-BR by NaCl addition to FR(150-SL),and a similar 150 TDS level achieved by addition of a 1:1 mixture of BR minerals and NaCl to 100-BR(150-BR/SL).Concentrations(mg/kg)in BR were 4928 TDS,85.9 bicarbonate,224.9 calcium,1175 chloride,60.5 magnesium,4.59 potassium,1387sodium,1962 sulfate,and 8.3 boron,and TDS in other WT were 209,5684,7508,8309,and 7319 mg/kg for FR,100-SL,150-BR,150-SL,and 150-BR/SL,respectively.There were very few significant effects of WT or AT×WT interactions,although AT had numerous effects.Water intake was affected by AT(P=0.02)and WT(P=0.04),with greater water intake for 150-SL than for FR,100-BR,100-SL,and 150-BR.Dry matter intake among AT was lowest(P<0.05)for Angora.Digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber and heat energy differed among AT(P<0.05),but nitrogen digestion and ruminal methane emission were similar among AT.Blood aldosterone concentration was higher(P<0.05)for FR than for other WT.In conclusion,all AT seemed resilient to these WT regardless of mineral source and concentrations,with TDS less than 8300 mg/kg,which did not influence nutrient utilization,ruminal fermentation,energy balance,or blood constituent levels.展开更多
For fish farming,water is the limiting factor for good productivity.Limnological characteristics determine the health and the productivity of the fish and can indicate possible problems arising in the ecosystem.The pr...For fish farming,water is the limiting factor for good productivity.Limnological characteristics determine the health and the productivity of the fish and can indicate possible problems arising in the ecosystem.The present study aimed to verify the nictemeral and vertical dynamics of limnological characteristics in a tilapia farming tank coated with geomembrane and with low water renewal.Collections were carried out in a 24 hour on period of 18 days with an interval of three hours between the water collections.In order to determine the vertical dynamics,water samples were taken at three depths(5,35,and 70 cm)in the central region of the tank.It was found that the parameters analyzed showed changes in the period.Dissolved oxygen and pH changed sharply in the 24-hour period(p$<0.05$),with values of 3.86 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 AM and 18.39 mg L$^{-1}$at 3:00 PM;and 8.0 at 06:00 AM and 9.65 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 PM,respectively.With respect to the three layers of the tank,the difference between the values of dissolved oxygen in the epilimnion and the metalimnion(above 14 mg L$^{-1}$)is clear,while in the hypolimnion the concentration of this oxygen was 7.57 mg L$^{-1}$(p$<0.05$).Nitrite and phosphorus had similar behavior,with more pronounced values in hypolimnion.There is a strong correlation between temperature and depth of the tank($r=-0.85,~p=5.86\times 10^{-9}$),depth and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.77,p=9.97\times 10^{-6}$),temperature and ammonia($r=-0.82,~p=6.33\times 10^{-8}$),depth and ammonia($r=0.79,~p=4.79\times 10^{-7}$),and nitrite and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.72,~p=2.15\times 10^{-4}$).The principal component analysis showed that there was a separation between the strata epilimnion,metalimnion,and hypolimnion.The response surface analysis showed the interaction between depth,temperature and the variables dissolved oxygen,ammonia,and phosphorus.The result of this study helps to illustrate the dynamics of a tilapia tank covered with geomembrane and low water renewal over a period of 24 hours at different layers of the water body.展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effects of Mirazid and myrrh volatile oil on adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica) under laboratory conditions.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(Mirazid) and myrrh volatile oil on the surface morphology of adult F.gigantica following treatment in vitro had been determined by scanning electron microscopy.The results were compared with those observed in the fluke tegument following incubation in triclabendazole sulphoxide(TCBZ-SO),active form.(Fasinex,Ciba-Geigy).Results:Observations of the efficacy of Mirazid oleoresin extract and myrrh volatile oil indicated that both products showed dosedependent anthelmintic efficacy.The anterior half of the fluke was consistently more severely affected than the posterior half.The surface changes induced by Mirazid oleoresin extract were less severe than those observed after exposure to either myrrh volatile oil or TCBZ-SO.Flukes showed swelling after these treatments,but its level and blebbing were much greater with myrrh volatile oil;in which patches of tegumental sloughing were observed in the apical cone and the posterior mid-body region of flukes.This was not observed after treatment with Mirazid oleoresin extract.Conclusions:The comparatively more disruption,observed in myrrh volatile oil exposed specimens,compared to that exposed to Mirazid oleoresin extract might suggest that the anthelmintic activity of Mirazid oleo resin extract was attributed to its content of volatile oil.So,increasing the concentration of myrrh volatile oil in Mirazid might possibly help to developing its anthelmintic activity._______________________________________________
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to compare and analyze the accuracy of computer-aided sperm analysis(CASA)and manual method for detecting the quality of fresh boar semen at room temperature.[Methods]Statistical methods such as analysis of variance,ZB score and Z score were used to compare the accuracy of five different brands of CASA systems and manual method to detect the vitality and density of fresh boar semen at room temperature.[Results]After setting the parameters of five CASA systems the same as follows:VCL(curvilinear velocity),VSL(straight-line velocity)≥5μm/s,STR(straightness)=VSL(straight-line velocity)/VAP(average path velocity)≥25%,the sperm motility of six parts of boar semen was tested at normal temperature using different brands of special fixed-volume slides with a uniform chamber height[(20±2)μm].There were no significant differences in sperm vitality detected by the five CASA systems(P>0.05).The ZB scores of the vitality obtained by observers or instrument engineers who did not have a job certificate from the quality inspection department showed that the results of three observers or instrument engineers were unsatisfactory(∣ZB∣>3),but there were no significant differences in vitality between the CASA systems and the inspector with a job certificate(P>0.05).Regarding sperm density detection,when the sperm density was less than 280×106/ml,there were no significant differences between the results displayed by the instruments and the results of the manual hemocytometer counting(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The accuracy of the CASA systems set to uniform parameters was consistent with the accuracy of the visual vitality obtained by an inspector with a job certificate.When the semen was diluted with 3%NaCl solution to a sperm density<280×10^6/ml,the sperm density detected by the CASA systems was consistent in reliability with that obtained by the hemocytometer detection.The CASA systems are faster and more efficient and objective than manual detection,and have the advantages of strong operability and easy promotion.
文摘In this study, 21 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 196 Egyptian local chickens obtained from Fayoumi (n = 35), Dandarawy (n = 30), Baladi (n = 29), Sinai (n = 30), El-Salam (n = 36), and Golden Montazah (n = 36) strains. The results were compared to two pure commercial chicken populations reared in Japan-White Leghorn (n = 42) and Rhode Island Red (n = 43). A total of 162 alleles were observed, with an average of 7.7 alleles per locus. The average expected heterozygosity for the Egyptian chickens was 0.595. The closest pairwise Nei’s genetic distance was recorded between Sinai and Golden Montazah (0.038) and the smallest pairwise FST value (0.006) was observed between Baladi and Sinai. The most probable structure clustering of the eight studied populations was at K = 6. Baladi, Sinai and Golden Montazah strains were clustered together forming admixed mosaic cluster. Dandarawy ranked firstly and contributed the most to aggregate genetic diversity based on two prioritization methods. The information resulting from this study may be used as an initial guide to design further investigations for development of sustainable genetic improvement and conservation programs for the Egyptian chicken genetic resources.
基金Supported by National Research Center,Egypt,through the Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department(Grant No.9040203)
文摘Objective:To evaluated the histological changes within the tegument of adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica)that led to the gross changes that were visible externally.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(Mirazid^(?)),myrrh volatile oil and triclabendazole sulphoxide(reference drug)on the tegumental structure of adult F.gigantiea following treatment in vitro had been determined by light microscopy.Results:The internal changes in the tegument observed in this study were compatible with surface changes seen in the previous scanning electron microscopy study,using the same drugs.The swelling of tegumental syncytium was a particular feature of their action,but its level was much greater with myrrh volatile oil,in which vacuolization of the tegument and loss of spines were observed.Conclusions:The present study demonstrated the fasciocidal properties of Mirazid^(?)oleoresin extract,and it might be possible to reinforce its fasciocidal activity by increasing its content of myrrh volatile oil.
文摘Newcastle disease (ND) virus is a leading threat to commercial and domestic poultry in Pakistan. The virus infects and constitutes irreversible impairment to the nervous system, damages the respiratory system, and marks severe gastrointestinal lesions leading to heavy mortality in short-living birds and substantial losses in layers and breeders. The continuous emergence and evolution of the virus made it inclined to evade the humoral response and indirectly the circumvention of artificial active immunization. Newcastle disease is caused by the orthoavula genus of the paramyxoviridae family and has shown high genetic diversity even in their genotypes while information regarding enzootic trends of the virus is scanty in Pakistan. A total of 40 tracheal samples of NDV were collected from different commercial broiler farms and 11 isolates of NDV were identified. In the current study, we determined the genetic diversity of the Newcastle disease virus based on the partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene available in the NCBI database. Genetic analysis showed that seven isolates belonged to class I genotype VII and four belonged to class II genotype II. Interestingly, two isolates had epidemiological connections with vaccine-like class II genotype II. Our findings, concerning the recent outbreaks of class I genotype VII and class II genotype II of NDV in vaccinated commercial flocks, suggest possible potential partial mutations in the fusion protein gene. Genetic diversity and formation of the new cleavage site in an important neutralizing protein of wild strain are linked with the potency of artificial active immunization and a major cause of vaccine failure.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)(grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2601).
文摘Coconut oil(CO)has recently gained increasing scientific and industrial attention owing to its rich profile of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and diverse bioactive constituents.These unique components confer promising nutraceutical and functional properties relevant to both human health and sustainable livestock production.This review aims to provide an updated and integrative overview of the biological roles and mechanisms of coconut oil,emphasizing its potential applications in animal nutrition and health promotion.Coconut oil exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities,including antimicrobial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotective,neuroprotective,and metabolic regulatory effects.These functions are primarily mediated through modulation of oxidative stress,lipid metabolism,and inflammatory signaling pathways.In animal production,dietary inclusion of coconut oil has been shown to improve growth performance,immune responses,and product quality,although some findings remain inconsistent and context dependent.Despite the increasing interest in its health benefits,clinical validation of coconut oil's long-term effects in humans and animals remains limited.Therefore,understanding its mechanisms of action and standardizing dosages are crucial to ensure safe and effective utilization.In summary,coconut oil represents a promising natural ingredient that bridges human nutrition and sustainable livestock production.However,further mechanistic and clinical investigations are warranted to substantiate its long-term functional and health-promoting effects.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)(grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2601).
文摘Fish play an essential role in human nutrition,providing an abundant supply of essential fatty acids,high-quality protein,and essential micronutrients.Proper nutrition for fish is crucial for maintaining health,enhancing growth performance,and improving feed efficiency.In recent years,the use of natural feed additives has attracted considerable attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic chemicals,owing to their safety,bio-logical activity,and positive effects on fish health and productivity.Among these natural additives,Astragalus herb has shown remarkable potential.It is a widely recognized therapeutic plant widely used in traditional medicine for its immunomodulatory,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory properties.Astragalus and its bioactive components have been successfully applied in various animal production systems,including aquaculture,where they promote health and performance.Several studies have demonstrated that supplementing fish diets with Astragalus enhances growth performance,antioxidant enzyme activity,immune response,and hematological parameters,thereby helping fish resist environmental stress and disease.In conclusion,Astragalus shows a promising and effective role in enhancing fish growth performance and overall health.The main goal of this review is to clarify the positive effects,chemical composition,mode of action,and useful application of Astragalus in fish nutrition and its implications for human health.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)(grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2501).
文摘Chenopodium album,commonly known as lamb’s quarters or wild spinach,has long been recognized as a nutrient-dense plant,yet its applications in human and livestock nutrition and pharmaceutical sciences remain significantly underexplored.This article presents a novel perspective on the epigenetic,microbiome-modulating,metabolic-enhancing,and therapeutic roles of Chenopodium album.By leveraging its bioactive phytochemicals,high nutrient density,and adaptive growth properties,this research highlights how the Chenopodium album can be integrated into precision human diets,sustainable livestock feeding strategies,and pharmaceutical formulations to enhance health,immunity,and productivity.We propose a cutting-edge framework for its use in functional foods,livestock dietary supplementation,and drug development,setting the stage for a new era in nutrition and medicine.
文摘Fat added to poultry and swine feeds often contains abundant free fatty acids(FFA)that can impair digestible energy(DE).Placement of the fatty acid(FA)hydrocarbon chain in the helix core reformed from amylose creates a complex of both nutrients.Resulting modifications create a new structure termed the V-helix that becomes resistant toα-amylase.Granules in grain naturally contain minimal amounts of these complexes with more being generated during food manufacturing when moisture and heat release amylose in the presence of FFA.A paucity of FFA usually exists in complete feeds without sources of poorquality fat.Animal fats and by-product meals from rendering are prominent in their saturated FFA content which favorably complex within the helix.V-helix-FA complexes may arise during their concurrent encounter of FFA together with amylose during feed manufacture,particularly pelleting.FFA in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)are speculated to further form complexes when present together with amylose.Although amylose may be dissolved in the gastric and small intestinal milieu,FFA separately coalesce into hydrophobic fat droplets along with other dietary lipids.Formation of complexes is likely restricted until FFA are released into the aqueous phase during fat digestion.Althoughα-amylase may be prominent,V-helix-FA complexes being resistant to enzymic attack pass into the large intestine.Subsequent microbial catabolism of V-helices may generate volatile fatty acids that are absorbed by the mucosa;however,an inability to use FFA once released leads to their excretion and basis for decreased DE.Immature microbial populations with young animals usually lack the capacity to fully catabolize the V-helix,further extending the loss in DE.
文摘The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca.Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action,then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated.Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla.Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon.Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum.Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core.Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids(VFA)and electrolytes being absorbed.Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation.The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered.Resistant starches(RS)and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon,whereas non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid.Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon.These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface.Acetic,propionic,and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates.Fibrolytic enzymes,when supplemented to feed,may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation.Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na^(+),whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated.Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.
文摘Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract(GIT)that had resisted digestion.The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feeding which vary with age as well as diet.These digestion resistant proteins of endogenous origin continue to be unavailable in the large intestine,whereas those of dietary origin provide amino acids that largely support the existing microbial population while denying limited amounts for absorption.Other mucins pre-exist within the large intestine as two layers at the lumen surface.A loose layer harboring a diverse microbial population is superimposed on the unstirred water layer(USWL)which simultaneously acts as an obstacle to microbes at the loose layer while performing as a molecular sieve for nutrients.The USWL is formed through interplay between enterocyte and goblet cells;however,the basis for presence of the loose layer is elusive.Large intestinal fermentation predominates within the colon of swine,whereas fowl employ their ceca.Motility within the colon of swine segregates fine materials into haustrae out-pocketings that parallel their placement within the ceca of fowl.Viscous mucins from small intestinal endogenous losses may envelop microbes within the large intestinal lumen to present successive adherents on the USWL that assemble its loose layer.The loose layer continually functions as a microbial reservoir in support of lumen fermentation.Microbial catabolism of mucin within the loose layer is known to be slow,but its proximity to the enterocyte is of advantage to enterocyte absorption with by-product amino acids fostering the USWL.
文摘Phytin is the Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-K^(+)salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes.Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance.Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients,the effect varying with the nutrient concerned.On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion,phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca^(2+).Even at low gastric pH,phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior.Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation.Partially crystalized Ca^(2+)near the enzyme?s active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure.Thus,phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms;interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide?s basic amino acids;coordinating free Ca^(2+),destabilizing pepsin;binding some dietary proteins directly,further compromising gastric proteolysis.Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum,Ca^(2+)and other cations rebind with accessible anions,phytic acid being a significant contender.Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes(e.g.Ca^(2+),Zn2+)which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors(e.g.Zn2+)to increase enzyme activity.Goblet cells initially employ Ca^(2+)as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage.After mucin granule release,Ca^(2+)is progressively displaced by Na^(+)to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation.Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer(USWL).Excessive removal of Ca^(2+)from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na^(+).This partly explains increased mucin and Na^(+)losses noted with high phytate diets.This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca^(2+)and less so Zn2+is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFE0128200,2018YFD0501504)Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-42-13)+6 种基金Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team of Guangdong Province(2019KJ137)Key Project of the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City(Grant No.201904020001)Foreign Expert Project(QNL20200130001)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2019A050505007)Special Fund for Scientific Innovation Strategy-Construction of High Level Academy of Agriculture Science(R2017PY-QY008,R2016PY-JG002)Presidential Foundation of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,P.R.China(201803B,201808B,201810B)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(202106TD).
文摘This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks.The experiment used a randomized design with a 5×2 factorial arrangement of 5 graded levels of barley(0%,15%,30%,45%and 60%)with or without 1.5 g/kgβ-1,3-1,4-glucanase(15,000 U/kg).During the experimental period of 120 d,the weight and total number of eggs within each pen were recorded daily,and egg quality was determined every 4 wk.At the end of the experiment,3 randomly selected ducks within each replicate were sacrificed,then duodenal digesta and jejunal mucosa was collected.Dietary inclusion of barley had no effects on egg production,daily egg mass or FCR,but supplementation with glucanase improved egg production and FCR(P<0.01).Barley did not affect feed intake of laying ducks,but glucanase tended to increase feed intake(P=0.09).Neither barley norβ-glucanase had effects on the egg quality variables,except for yolk color score,which was decreased with increasing barley supplementation.Glucanase,but not barley,increased the activity of chymotrypsin and amylase in duodenal digesta.Barley inclusion affected the activity of alkaline phosphatase and maltase in jejunal mucosa(P<0.05),butβ-glucanase had no effects on the activity of these brush border enzymes.Barley inclusion increased the glucan content in duodenal digesta,but supplementation of glucanase to barley-based diet reduced digesta glucan content and reduced total volatile fatty acids and increased the proportion of acetic acid in cecal contents.The results indicate that,without glucanase,the optimal dietary barley level in the diets of laying ducks is about 13%for maximal production performance;glucanase supplementation of the barley diets improved production perfor-mance,probably through enhancing digestive function.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture(NIFA),Project OKLUGOETSCH2019(Accession Number 1018979)the USDA NIFA Evans-Allen Project OKLUSAHLU2017(Accession Number 1012650)
文摘Understanding how different livestock species and breeds respond to consumption of brackish water could improve usage of this resource.Therefore,Angora,Boer,and Spanish goat doelings and Dorper,Katahdin,and St.Croix ewe lambs(6 animals per animal type[AT];initial age=296±2.1 days)consuming water with varying concentrations of minerals of a natural brackish water source(BR)and sodium chloride(NaCl;SL)were used to determine effects on water and feed intake,nutrient digestion,heat energy,methane emission,ruminal fluid conditions,and blood constituent concentrations.There were 6 simultaneous 6(water treatments[WT])×6(AT)Latin squares with 3-wk periods.The WT were fresh(FR),BR alone(100-BR),a similar total dissolved solids(TDS)concentration as 100-BR via NaCl addition to FR(100-SL),BR with concentrations of all minerals increased by approximately 50%(150-BR),a similar TDS level as 150-BR by NaCl addition to FR(150-SL),and a similar 150 TDS level achieved by addition of a 1:1 mixture of BR minerals and NaCl to 100-BR(150-BR/SL).Concentrations(mg/kg)in BR were 4928 TDS,85.9 bicarbonate,224.9 calcium,1175 chloride,60.5 magnesium,4.59 potassium,1387sodium,1962 sulfate,and 8.3 boron,and TDS in other WT were 209,5684,7508,8309,and 7319 mg/kg for FR,100-SL,150-BR,150-SL,and 150-BR/SL,respectively.There were very few significant effects of WT or AT×WT interactions,although AT had numerous effects.Water intake was affected by AT(P=0.02)and WT(P=0.04),with greater water intake for 150-SL than for FR,100-BR,100-SL,and 150-BR.Dry matter intake among AT was lowest(P<0.05)for Angora.Digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber and heat energy differed among AT(P<0.05),but nitrogen digestion and ruminal methane emission were similar among AT.Blood aldosterone concentration was higher(P<0.05)for FR than for other WT.In conclusion,all AT seemed resilient to these WT regardless of mineral source and concentrations,with TDS less than 8300 mg/kg,which did not influence nutrient utilization,ruminal fermentation,energy balance,or blood constituent levels.
文摘For fish farming,water is the limiting factor for good productivity.Limnological characteristics determine the health and the productivity of the fish and can indicate possible problems arising in the ecosystem.The present study aimed to verify the nictemeral and vertical dynamics of limnological characteristics in a tilapia farming tank coated with geomembrane and with low water renewal.Collections were carried out in a 24 hour on period of 18 days with an interval of three hours between the water collections.In order to determine the vertical dynamics,water samples were taken at three depths(5,35,and 70 cm)in the central region of the tank.It was found that the parameters analyzed showed changes in the period.Dissolved oxygen and pH changed sharply in the 24-hour period(p$<0.05$),with values of 3.86 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 AM and 18.39 mg L$^{-1}$at 3:00 PM;and 8.0 at 06:00 AM and 9.65 mg L$^{-1}$at 6:00 PM,respectively.With respect to the three layers of the tank,the difference between the values of dissolved oxygen in the epilimnion and the metalimnion(above 14 mg L$^{-1}$)is clear,while in the hypolimnion the concentration of this oxygen was 7.57 mg L$^{-1}$(p$<0.05$).Nitrite and phosphorus had similar behavior,with more pronounced values in hypolimnion.There is a strong correlation between temperature and depth of the tank($r=-0.85,~p=5.86\times 10^{-9}$),depth and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.77,p=9.97\times 10^{-6}$),temperature and ammonia($r=-0.82,~p=6.33\times 10^{-8}$),depth and ammonia($r=0.79,~p=4.79\times 10^{-7}$),and nitrite and dissolved oxygen($r=-0.72,~p=2.15\times 10^{-4}$).The principal component analysis showed that there was a separation between the strata epilimnion,metalimnion,and hypolimnion.The response surface analysis showed the interaction between depth,temperature and the variables dissolved oxygen,ammonia,and phosphorus.The result of this study helps to illustrate the dynamics of a tilapia tank covered with geomembrane and low water renewal over a period of 24 hours at different layers of the water body.
