Alfalfa protein breakdown was to soluble NPN of oligopeptide-N, AA-N, amide-N, amine-N and NH3-N. Acidity (pH) and moisture (Aw) are critical in determining extent of fermentation and changes in composition. Further c...Alfalfa protein breakdown was to soluble NPN of oligopeptide-N, AA-N, amide-N, amine-N and NH3-N. Acidity (pH) and moisture (Aw) are critical in determining extent of fermentation and changes in composition. Further changes in digestive flows and post-prandial plasma AA are indicators of protein status. Dual-purpose cropping and tree plant cropping was with ensiling management of the undergrowth. On-farm field-drying and probiotic additives are promising. It is suggested acidity with propionic acid and microbial inoculants together with field-drying and chop length are required to optimize profile qualities in silage. It is proposed use of denaturing with acid and dust cropping with a hypothetical PNA-Auxin repressor to plant protease. Further study with field-drying to follow is needed. Feeding HIS, ARG and LEU AA supplement to change GRH and GH profiles could be used to promote LBM in production. Dual-purpose cropping can expand subsistence to mixed farming with expanded livestock products and services and resources. PNA-Auxin and PNA-ARF penetrates the plant shoot tips to deliver a TF mRNA to boost proteins in residual cell tissues. Ensiled % AA-N delivery per os to per duodenum was higher;yet total AA-N flow was higher in the control. It is suggested that “bulk” flow was less but with a “tighter” conversion on TAA. FAA was 145% higher in the ensiled versus the fresh control indicating the ENU with less PFAA supplied. FAA on the ensiled diet is high inferred to be more soluble and escape lower from the rumen. WSC are less supplied in fermented forage with VFA being lower and presenting the question whether WSC should be supplied for energy and also with EFE through breaking down of polymers of lignocellulose. It was surmised, although not known, that higher dilution rate (% hr<sup>-1</sup>) was true on the fresh diet compared to the ensiled although end-products may initially detract with feed but that further digestion in the fresh feed may be higher with intake. Plasma AA before and after absorption or feeding are indicators of synthesis and breakdown. No data was available on N status;protein nutrition on neat silage was probably due to net efflux of AA with mobilization before influx with feeding and subsequent insulin action for uptake. Estuarine aquatic plant spp., water hyacinth used in the Philippines and duckweed studies in Australia, and post-harvest treatment with chemical additives and anti-microbial agents to help control potential transfer of diseases. “Greens” as supplements has yet to be established for anti-microbial properties for animal health and welfare. In conclusion, alfalfa silage fed at standard 0.6 cm particle size and wilted led to dramatic changes with AA breakdown, dramatic changes in duodenal AA flows from escape and recapture into microbial cells. Also N status of animals was compromised by lack of adequate “stores”, mobilized, resulting in a net decrease in total plasma AA with insulin-dependent uptake to tissue.展开更多
Water hyacinth has ecological significance in addition to its agricultural and energy uses. Lower quality silage is defined in this paper as requiring nitrogen supplementation and treatment to improve nutritive value ...Water hyacinth has ecological significance in addition to its agricultural and energy uses. Lower quality silage is defined in this paper as requiring nitrogen supplementation and treatment to improve nutritive value (NV). Ensilage of water hyacinth as a test case centers largely around the process to optimize protein nitrogen retention in silage-based regimens. A previous hypothesis proposed earlier by the author of that of functional amino acid ratios [tyrosine (TYR): large neutral amino acids (LNAA), tyrosine (TYR): phenylalanine (PHE)] were subsequently found to be counter to what the given schemata predicts. And subsequently with another study there was no corroborative evidence for it to support the espoused hypothesis using the same schemata. The role of N status is still the most viable option among factors from studies continuing how amino acids like histidine (HIS) and arginine (ARG) and their growth-related endocrine functions play a role. There are other schemas illustrating non-homeostatic type regulation with protein intake. To focus on molecular-level mechanisms to ruminal protein digestion it is becoming clear what factors in feed and microbial cell fermentation contribute to optimizing microbial cell protein (MCP) synthesis from ATP with organic matter (OM) digestibility and preformed amino acids (PFAA) from peptides and free amino acids in addition to non-protein nitrogen (NPN), the former more efficiently assimilated in MCP than NPN in the rumen. Accordingly, it has been recommended that soluble proteins fed to dairy cows not exceed microbial requirements along with high dietary escape protein fed with a sufficient amino acid profile to meet dairy production.展开更多
文摘Alfalfa protein breakdown was to soluble NPN of oligopeptide-N, AA-N, amide-N, amine-N and NH3-N. Acidity (pH) and moisture (Aw) are critical in determining extent of fermentation and changes in composition. Further changes in digestive flows and post-prandial plasma AA are indicators of protein status. Dual-purpose cropping and tree plant cropping was with ensiling management of the undergrowth. On-farm field-drying and probiotic additives are promising. It is suggested acidity with propionic acid and microbial inoculants together with field-drying and chop length are required to optimize profile qualities in silage. It is proposed use of denaturing with acid and dust cropping with a hypothetical PNA-Auxin repressor to plant protease. Further study with field-drying to follow is needed. Feeding HIS, ARG and LEU AA supplement to change GRH and GH profiles could be used to promote LBM in production. Dual-purpose cropping can expand subsistence to mixed farming with expanded livestock products and services and resources. PNA-Auxin and PNA-ARF penetrates the plant shoot tips to deliver a TF mRNA to boost proteins in residual cell tissues. Ensiled % AA-N delivery per os to per duodenum was higher;yet total AA-N flow was higher in the control. It is suggested that “bulk” flow was less but with a “tighter” conversion on TAA. FAA was 145% higher in the ensiled versus the fresh control indicating the ENU with less PFAA supplied. FAA on the ensiled diet is high inferred to be more soluble and escape lower from the rumen. WSC are less supplied in fermented forage with VFA being lower and presenting the question whether WSC should be supplied for energy and also with EFE through breaking down of polymers of lignocellulose. It was surmised, although not known, that higher dilution rate (% hr<sup>-1</sup>) was true on the fresh diet compared to the ensiled although end-products may initially detract with feed but that further digestion in the fresh feed may be higher with intake. Plasma AA before and after absorption or feeding are indicators of synthesis and breakdown. No data was available on N status;protein nutrition on neat silage was probably due to net efflux of AA with mobilization before influx with feeding and subsequent insulin action for uptake. Estuarine aquatic plant spp., water hyacinth used in the Philippines and duckweed studies in Australia, and post-harvest treatment with chemical additives and anti-microbial agents to help control potential transfer of diseases. “Greens” as supplements has yet to be established for anti-microbial properties for animal health and welfare. In conclusion, alfalfa silage fed at standard 0.6 cm particle size and wilted led to dramatic changes with AA breakdown, dramatic changes in duodenal AA flows from escape and recapture into microbial cells. Also N status of animals was compromised by lack of adequate “stores”, mobilized, resulting in a net decrease in total plasma AA with insulin-dependent uptake to tissue.
文摘Water hyacinth has ecological significance in addition to its agricultural and energy uses. Lower quality silage is defined in this paper as requiring nitrogen supplementation and treatment to improve nutritive value (NV). Ensilage of water hyacinth as a test case centers largely around the process to optimize protein nitrogen retention in silage-based regimens. A previous hypothesis proposed earlier by the author of that of functional amino acid ratios [tyrosine (TYR): large neutral amino acids (LNAA), tyrosine (TYR): phenylalanine (PHE)] were subsequently found to be counter to what the given schemata predicts. And subsequently with another study there was no corroborative evidence for it to support the espoused hypothesis using the same schemata. The role of N status is still the most viable option among factors from studies continuing how amino acids like histidine (HIS) and arginine (ARG) and their growth-related endocrine functions play a role. There are other schemas illustrating non-homeostatic type regulation with protein intake. To focus on molecular-level mechanisms to ruminal protein digestion it is becoming clear what factors in feed and microbial cell fermentation contribute to optimizing microbial cell protein (MCP) synthesis from ATP with organic matter (OM) digestibility and preformed amino acids (PFAA) from peptides and free amino acids in addition to non-protein nitrogen (NPN), the former more efficiently assimilated in MCP than NPN in the rumen. Accordingly, it has been recommended that soluble proteins fed to dairy cows not exceed microbial requirements along with high dietary escape protein fed with a sufficient amino acid profile to meet dairy production.
