The microbiome encompasses the genomes of the microorganisms that inhabit specific environments.One Health is an emerging concept,recognised as a cohesive,harmonising approach aimed at sustainably improving the well-b...The microbiome encompasses the genomes of the microorganisms that inhabit specific environments.One Health is an emerging concept,recognised as a cohesive,harmonising approach aimed at sustainably improving the well-being of humans,animals,and the environment.The microbiome plays a crucial role in the One Health domain,facilitating interactions among humans,animals,and the environment,along with co-evolution,co-development,co-metabolism,and co-regulation with their associated humans and animals.In addition,the microbiome regulates environmental health through interactions with plant microbiota,which actively participate in substance cycling(particularly the carbon and nitrogen cycles)and influence the overall energy flow in the biosphere.Moreover,antibiotic resistance genes present in microbiota can lead to widespread drug resistance in both humans and animals.This review explores the impact of the microbiome on humans,animals,and the environment,highlighting the significance of focusing on this field in One Health research.展开更多
The international journal Science in One Health (SOH), launched a year ago, is a platform to disseminate research achievements and practical lessons in the field of One Health globally and to achieve the United Nation...The international journal Science in One Health (SOH), launched a year ago, is a platform to disseminate research achievements and practical lessons in the field of One Health globally and to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by systematic thinking with multi-disciplinary approach to solve complex health problems. This paper reviews the efforts that SOH editorial board made in the first year to promote a multi-disciplinary teamwork, create a platform for exchanges of ideas, and initiate a community for One Health. SOH has received manuscripts from six continents and published 24 articles (5 in press) in the first year. SOH is devoted to providing more and more high-quality articles in One Health disciplines including One Health database, antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic diseases, food security, One Health governance and climate changes with their impacts. This editorial illustrated the power of Science in One Health.展开更多
World Population Day,observed annually on July 11,focuses global attention on the intricate connections between population trends and sustainable development.Established by the United Nations Development Programme in ...World Population Day,observed annually on July 11,focuses global attention on the intricate connections between population trends and sustainable development.Established by the United Nations Development Programme in 1989 and formally recognized by the UN General Assembly,its inaugural observance on July 11,1990,spanned over 90 countries(1–2).This observance fosters dialogue on critical population issues,ranging from reproductive health and gender equality to the environmental sustainability.展开更多
Summary The world’s population continues to grow,albeit at a slower pace.The decelerating growth is mainly attributable to fertility declines in a growing number of countries.However,there are substantial variations ...Summary The world’s population continues to grow,albeit at a slower pace.The decelerating growth is mainly attributable to fertility declines in a growing number of countries.However,there are substantial variations in the future trends of populations across regions and countries,with sub-Saharan African countries being projected to have most of the increase.展开更多
Old-age dependency ratio(OADR)is commonly used to indicate the financial burden of population aging;increases in OADR have caused widespread concerns.To better measure the financial burden,this paper proposes a depend...Old-age dependency ratio(OADR)is commonly used to indicate the financial burden of population aging;increases in OADR have caused widespread concerns.To better measure the financial burden,this paper proposes a dependency ratio of non-labor-force population to labor-force population(NLDR).This ratio includes OADR as a special case.This paper finds that,when measured by NLDR,financial burden actually declined in five of the G7 countries during the years 2000-2014.To project future trends,labor force participation rates by age f(x)can be forecasted using the coherent LeeCarter method.This paper combines the forecasted f(x)and the population projections of the United Nations,to forecast increases of NLDR for the G7 countries between 2014 and 2050.These increases are on average less than onefifth of the increases projected for OADR.Because OADR ignores the increase of labor force participation,its description of the problem of population aging for the G7 countries in the past is unrealistic and inaccurate,and forecasts of the future based on OADR are likely to be just as unrealistic.Understanding the conditions and reasons for increases in labor force participation can provide valuable insights into the issues of population aging in China,where the remarkable increase of OADR may result in real financial burdens.One condition for labor force participation to increase could be that people remain in good health,which makes continuing to work more feasible.Other reasons for labor force participation to increase are likely to be found in government policies that encourage people to continue working longer.For China,collecting reliable data on labor force participation is also crucial.Without these data,the effects of the policies that encourage people to continue working longer cannot be detected;and therefore the policies cannot be properly developed.展开更多
In this commentary,we first briefly review the significant utilities of household and living arrangement projections and the main types of methods for conduct-ing household projections.In the second and third sections...In this commentary,we first briefly review the significant utilities of household and living arrangement projections and the main types of methods for conduct-ing household projections.In the second and third sections,we summarize basic ideas,data needed,assessments and applications of ProFamy extended cohort-com-ponent methods/software for households and living arrangement projections;and we emphasize the importance to extend the ProFamy methods and software from deterministic to probabilistic households and living arrangement projections.In sec-tion 4,we demonstrate that the ProFamy approach provides an adequate and highly feasible modelling framework to extend probabilistic households and living arrange-ment projections(PHPs),in which the population size/structure projection out-comes are in consistence with those of probabilistic population projections(PPPs)released by United Nations Population Division(UNPD).In the last Section,we dis-cuss and recommend applying the user-friendly R package DemoRates of ProFamy software to estimate rural/urban(or race)-sex-age-specific standard schedules and the demographic summary measures,to conduct analyses and projections,such as single-parent households,caregivers,and care needs/costs for disabled older adults,age-friendly housing and households-based energy demands,etc.for healthy aging and sustainable development studies.Finally,we discuss the prospects of our ongo-ing international collaborative research project to substantially extend ProFamy cohort-component method from deterministic into probabilistic households and living arrangement projection(PHPs).As compared with ProFamy deterministic pro-jection method,the PHPs produces a lot of additional outcomes of probabilistically projected households and living arrangements in 2021-2100 with uncertainty inter-vals that are crucial for healthy aging and sustainable development studies.展开更多
With the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)cases soaring worldwide and limited vaccine availability for the general population in most countries,the monoclonal antibody(mAb)remains a viable therapeutic optio...With the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)cases soaring worldwide and limited vaccine availability for the general population in most countries,the monoclonal antibody(mAb)remains a viable therapeutic option to treat COVID-19 disease and its complications,especially in the elderly individuals.More than 50 monoclonal antibody-related clinical trials are being conducted in different countries around the world,with few of them nearing the completion of the third and fourth phase clinical trial.In view of recent emergency use authorization(EUA)from the FDA(Food and Drug Administration)of casirivimab and imdevimab,it is of importance thatmAbs,already used to treat diseases such as Ebola and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)infection,are discussed in scientific communities.This brief review discusses the mechanism of action and updates to clinical trials of different monoclonal antibodies used to treat COVID-19,with special attention paid to SARS-CoV-2 immune response in host cells,target viral structures,and justification of developing mAbs following the approval and administration of potential effective vaccine among vulnerable populations in different countries.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of chronic illness and associated disability, out-of-pocket payment (OOPP), and other related factors using survey data from Bangladesh. Methods...Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of chronic illness and associated disability, out-of-pocket payment (OOPP), and other related factors using survey data from Bangladesh. Methods: This study analyzed Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data that include socio-economic and demographic data, such as consumption, expenditures, and assets, along with information regarding chronic illness and disability. Multiple linear regression models were used to identify factors significantly associated with OOPP. Furthermore, a binary Logistic regression model was employed to assess the association of the explanatory variables with disability status. Results: A higher prevalence of chronic illness was found for those with chronic gastritis (18.70%), and 41.92%of the population had at least one side disability. The average OOPP healthcare expenditure for chronic illness was estimated to be US$7.59. Higher OOPP was found among the upper 2 wealth quintiles. Overall OOPP health expenditure was significantly higher among individuals with an associated disability (P<0.001). The likelihood of having an associated disability was higher among those individuals with a lower education level (OR=2.36, 95%CI:1.95-4.06), those who not earning an income (OR=2.85, 95%CI:2.53-3.21), those who did not seek care (OR=1.73, 95%CI:1.57-1.90), those who sought care from a pharmacy (OR=8.91, 95%CI:7.38-10.74), and those in the lowest wealth quintile (OR=7.21, 95%CI:6.41-8.12). Conclusions: The high OOPP illustrates the necessity of financial risk protection for the population at low socio-economic status. Therefore, we recommend that the government strengthen the healthcare system with appropriate support directed to the rural and elderly populations.展开更多
Importance:Urinary tract infection(UTI)is one of the most common infections encountered in infancy and childhood.Despite the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance in recent years,the use of antibiotics for better ...Importance:Urinary tract infection(UTI)is one of the most common infections encountered in infancy and childhood.Despite the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance in recent years,the use of antibiotics for better management of UTIs is inevitable.Objective:This study aims to explore the efficacy and adverse effects of the available antimicrobial agents that are used in pediatric UTIs in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Methods:Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles.Two reviewers independently performed screening,data extraction,and quality assessment of the available literature.Randomized controlled trials providing antimicrobial interventions in both male and female participants within the age range of 3 months to 17 years in LMICs were included.Results:Six randomized controlled trials from 13 LMICs were included in this review(four trials explored the efficacy).Due to high heterogeneity across the studies,a meta-analysis was not performed.Other than attrition and reporting bias,the risk of bias was moderate to high due to poor study designs.The differences in the efficacy and adverse events of different antimicrobials were not found to be statistically significant.Interpretation:This review indicates the necessity for additional clinical trials on children from LMICs with more significant sample numbers,adequate intervention periods,and study design.展开更多
Summary What is already known on this topic?Different socioecological factors were associated with childhood pneumonia in Bangladesh.However,previous studies did not assess spatial patterns,and socioecological factors...Summary What is already known on this topic?Different socioecological factors were associated with childhood pneumonia in Bangladesh.However,previous studies did not assess spatial patterns,and socioecological factors and spatial variation have the potential to improve the accuracy and predictive ability of existing models.What is added by this report?展开更多
文摘The microbiome encompasses the genomes of the microorganisms that inhabit specific environments.One Health is an emerging concept,recognised as a cohesive,harmonising approach aimed at sustainably improving the well-being of humans,animals,and the environment.The microbiome plays a crucial role in the One Health domain,facilitating interactions among humans,animals,and the environment,along with co-evolution,co-development,co-metabolism,and co-regulation with their associated humans and animals.In addition,the microbiome regulates environmental health through interactions with plant microbiota,which actively participate in substance cycling(particularly the carbon and nitrogen cycles)and influence the overall energy flow in the biosphere.Moreover,antibiotic resistance genes present in microbiota can lead to widespread drug resistance in both humans and animals.This review explores the impact of the microbiome on humans,animals,and the environment,highlighting the significance of focusing on this field in One Health research.
文摘The international journal Science in One Health (SOH), launched a year ago, is a platform to disseminate research achievements and practical lessons in the field of One Health globally and to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by systematic thinking with multi-disciplinary approach to solve complex health problems. This paper reviews the efforts that SOH editorial board made in the first year to promote a multi-disciplinary teamwork, create a platform for exchanges of ideas, and initiate a community for One Health. SOH has received manuscripts from six continents and published 24 articles (5 in press) in the first year. SOH is devoted to providing more and more high-quality articles in One Health disciplines including One Health database, antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic diseases, food security, One Health governance and climate changes with their impacts. This editorial illustrated the power of Science in One Health.
文摘World Population Day,observed annually on July 11,focuses global attention on the intricate connections between population trends and sustainable development.Established by the United Nations Development Programme in 1989 and formally recognized by the UN General Assembly,its inaugural observance on July 11,1990,spanned over 90 countries(1–2).This observance fosters dialogue on critical population issues,ranging from reproductive health and gender equality to the environmental sustainability.
文摘Summary The world’s population continues to grow,albeit at a slower pace.The decelerating growth is mainly attributable to fertility declines in a growing number of countries.However,there are substantial variations in the future trends of populations across regions and countries,with sub-Saharan African countries being projected to have most of the increase.
文摘Old-age dependency ratio(OADR)is commonly used to indicate the financial burden of population aging;increases in OADR have caused widespread concerns.To better measure the financial burden,this paper proposes a dependency ratio of non-labor-force population to labor-force population(NLDR).This ratio includes OADR as a special case.This paper finds that,when measured by NLDR,financial burden actually declined in five of the G7 countries during the years 2000-2014.To project future trends,labor force participation rates by age f(x)can be forecasted using the coherent LeeCarter method.This paper combines the forecasted f(x)and the population projections of the United Nations,to forecast increases of NLDR for the G7 countries between 2014 and 2050.These increases are on average less than onefifth of the increases projected for OADR.Because OADR ignores the increase of labor force participation,its description of the problem of population aging for the G7 countries in the past is unrealistic and inaccurate,and forecasts of the future based on OADR are likely to be just as unrealistic.Understanding the conditions and reasons for increases in labor force participation can provide valuable insights into the issues of population aging in China,where the remarkable increase of OADR may result in real financial burdens.One condition for labor force participation to increase could be that people remain in good health,which makes continuing to work more feasible.Other reasons for labor force participation to increase are likely to be found in government policies that encourage people to continue working longer.For China,collecting reliable data on labor force participation is also crucial.Without these data,the effects of the policies that encourage people to continue working longer cannot be detected;and therefore the policies cannot be properly developed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018RFC2000400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72061137004)+1 种基金the grant awarded by the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China under grant section 2 of the Collaborative Program between China and Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN).The work of Qiushi Feng was supported by the Academic Research Fund(ACRF-TIER 2)awarded by Ministry of Education of Singaporesupported by the U.S.National Institute of Aging/National Institute of Health(P01AG031719).
文摘In this commentary,we first briefly review the significant utilities of household and living arrangement projections and the main types of methods for conduct-ing household projections.In the second and third sections,we summarize basic ideas,data needed,assessments and applications of ProFamy extended cohort-com-ponent methods/software for households and living arrangement projections;and we emphasize the importance to extend the ProFamy methods and software from deterministic to probabilistic households and living arrangement projections.In sec-tion 4,we demonstrate that the ProFamy approach provides an adequate and highly feasible modelling framework to extend probabilistic households and living arrange-ment projections(PHPs),in which the population size/structure projection out-comes are in consistence with those of probabilistic population projections(PPPs)released by United Nations Population Division(UNPD).In the last Section,we dis-cuss and recommend applying the user-friendly R package DemoRates of ProFamy software to estimate rural/urban(or race)-sex-age-specific standard schedules and the demographic summary measures,to conduct analyses and projections,such as single-parent households,caregivers,and care needs/costs for disabled older adults,age-friendly housing and households-based energy demands,etc.for healthy aging and sustainable development studies.Finally,we discuss the prospects of our ongo-ing international collaborative research project to substantially extend ProFamy cohort-component method from deterministic into probabilistic households and living arrangement projection(PHPs).As compared with ProFamy deterministic pro-jection method,the PHPs produces a lot of additional outcomes of probabilistically projected households and living arrangements in 2021-2100 with uncertainty inter-vals that are crucial for healthy aging and sustainable development studies.
文摘With the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)cases soaring worldwide and limited vaccine availability for the general population in most countries,the monoclonal antibody(mAb)remains a viable therapeutic option to treat COVID-19 disease and its complications,especially in the elderly individuals.More than 50 monoclonal antibody-related clinical trials are being conducted in different countries around the world,with few of them nearing the completion of the third and fourth phase clinical trial.In view of recent emergency use authorization(EUA)from the FDA(Food and Drug Administration)of casirivimab and imdevimab,it is of importance thatmAbs,already used to treat diseases such as Ebola and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)infection,are discussed in scientific communities.This brief review discusses the mechanism of action and updates to clinical trials of different monoclonal antibodies used to treat COVID-19,with special attention paid to SARS-CoV-2 immune response in host cells,target viral structures,and justification of developing mAbs following the approval and administration of potential effective vaccine among vulnerable populations in different countries.
文摘Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of chronic illness and associated disability, out-of-pocket payment (OOPP), and other related factors using survey data from Bangladesh. Methods: This study analyzed Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data that include socio-economic and demographic data, such as consumption, expenditures, and assets, along with information regarding chronic illness and disability. Multiple linear regression models were used to identify factors significantly associated with OOPP. Furthermore, a binary Logistic regression model was employed to assess the association of the explanatory variables with disability status. Results: A higher prevalence of chronic illness was found for those with chronic gastritis (18.70%), and 41.92%of the population had at least one side disability. The average OOPP healthcare expenditure for chronic illness was estimated to be US$7.59. Higher OOPP was found among the upper 2 wealth quintiles. Overall OOPP health expenditure was significantly higher among individuals with an associated disability (P<0.001). The likelihood of having an associated disability was higher among those individuals with a lower education level (OR=2.36, 95%CI:1.95-4.06), those who not earning an income (OR=2.85, 95%CI:2.53-3.21), those who did not seek care (OR=1.73, 95%CI:1.57-1.90), those who sought care from a pharmacy (OR=8.91, 95%CI:7.38-10.74), and those in the lowest wealth quintile (OR=7.21, 95%CI:6.41-8.12). Conclusions: The high OOPP illustrates the necessity of financial risk protection for the population at low socio-economic status. Therefore, we recommend that the government strengthen the healthcare system with appropriate support directed to the rural and elderly populations.
文摘Importance:Urinary tract infection(UTI)is one of the most common infections encountered in infancy and childhood.Despite the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance in recent years,the use of antibiotics for better management of UTIs is inevitable.Objective:This study aims to explore the efficacy and adverse effects of the available antimicrobial agents that are used in pediatric UTIs in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Methods:Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles.Two reviewers independently performed screening,data extraction,and quality assessment of the available literature.Randomized controlled trials providing antimicrobial interventions in both male and female participants within the age range of 3 months to 17 years in LMICs were included.Results:Six randomized controlled trials from 13 LMICs were included in this review(four trials explored the efficacy).Due to high heterogeneity across the studies,a meta-analysis was not performed.Other than attrition and reporting bias,the risk of bias was moderate to high due to poor study designs.The differences in the efficacy and adverse events of different antimicrobials were not found to be statistically significant.Interpretation:This review indicates the necessity for additional clinical trials on children from LMICs with more significant sample numbers,adequate intervention periods,and study design.
基金The Queensland University of Technology Postgraduate Research Award and Queensland University of Technology Higher Degree Research International Tuition Fee Sponsorship.
文摘Summary What is already known on this topic?Different socioecological factors were associated with childhood pneumonia in Bangladesh.However,previous studies did not assess spatial patterns,and socioecological factors and spatial variation have the potential to improve the accuracy and predictive ability of existing models.What is added by this report?
