From 2000 to 2019,11,895 new names or new additions to the Chinese vascular flora were proposed by 4226 individuals(4086 articles and 140 books),as documented in the Chinese Plant Names Index(CPNI).During those 20 yea...From 2000 to 2019,11,895 new names or new additions to the Chinese vascular flora were proposed by 4226 individuals(4086 articles and 140 books),as documented in the Chinese Plant Names Index(CPNI).During those 20 years,4407 new taxa of vascular plants were described from China,including 7 new families,132 new genera,3543 new species,68 new subspecies,497 new varieties and 160 new forms.Additionally,3562 new combinations and names at new rank and 306 new replacement names were also proposed.Among these various new names were 150 invalid names and 108 illegitimate names,including some that have not been resolved.Six hundred and forty three vascular plants were reported as new to China,while 2349 names were reduced to synonyms of 1406 taxa.The data show that the Chinese flora increased in size at the rate of about 200 taxa annually during those years.Despite the increased attention given to biodiversity in recent years,the evidence indicates that a large number of species in China have yet to be discovered.Further basic investigation of the Chinese flora is needed.Additionally,in the past two decades only 8.5%of the newly published species have been based on molecular evidence,but in the past five years such data have increased significantly,reaching about 20%.Molecular data will undoubtedly become increasingly significant in the discovery of new species in the coming years.Yunnan,Guangxi,Sichuan,Xizang and Taiwan were important sources of new discoveries,with more than 3300 new taxa and records from these five provinces.By area,Taiwan and Hainan,two islands in southern China,have the highest density of newly discovered species.Regional plant surveys are still needed,especially in areas in the southwest and on the southern islands.展开更多
Saussurea is one of the largest and most rapidly evolving genera within the Asteraceae,comprising approximately 520 species from the Northern Hemisphere.A comprehensive infrageneric classification,supported by robust ...Saussurea is one of the largest and most rapidly evolving genera within the Asteraceae,comprising approximately 520 species from the Northern Hemisphere.A comprehensive infrageneric classification,supported by robust phylogenetic trees and corroborated by morphological and other data,has not yet been published.For the first time,we recovered a well-resolved nuclear phylogeny of Saussurea consisting of four main clades,which was also supported by morphological data.Our analyses show that ancient hybridization is the most likely source of deep cytoplasmic-nuclear conflict in Saussurea,and a phylogeny based on nuclear data is more suitable than one based on chloroplast data for exploring the infrageneric classification of Saussurea.Based on the nuclear phylogeny obtained and morphological characters,we proposed a revised infrageneric taxonomy of Saussurea,which includes four subgenera and 13 sections.Specifically,1)S.sect.Cincta,S.sect.Gymnocline,S.sect.Lagurostemon,and S.sect.Strictae were moved from S.subg.Saussurea to S.subg.Amphilaena,2)S.sect.Pseudoeriocoryne was moved from S.subg.Eriocoryne to S.subg.Amphilaena,and 3)S.sect.Laguranthera was moved from S.subg.Saussurea to S.subg.Theodorea.展开更多
Begonia, one of the most diverse plant taxa and the fifth or sixth largest angiosperm genus, consists of over1800 accepted species. The number of species recognized within this genus has greatly increased over the pas...Begonia, one of the most diverse plant taxa and the fifth or sixth largest angiosperm genus, consists of over1800 accepted species. The number of species recognized within this genus has greatly increased over the past 20 years, rising from 80 to 200 species in China alone. Based on recent field surveys, the number of begonia species in China is predicted to be between 250 and 300. Given the large number of begonia species that still remain to be described, further taxonomical work is urgently required. This is especially true for Chinese Begonia, in which there is a huge diversity of habitat, habit, plant size, leaf type, flower and fruit morphology, and most species are narrowly distributed in isolated habitats that are subject to negative disturbances from climate change, as well as agricultural and industrial activities. Although the conservation status for the majority of species has been evaluated using the standards of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the results don't represent the truth in many species, and also about11.5% of which are data-absent. In addition, illegal collection and over-harvesting of wild begonias for ornamental or medicinal use has increased due to the rapid development of internet commerce. Far more often than predicted, these species should be categorized as rare and endangered and require immediate protection. Ex situ conservation of Chinese begonias started in 1995 and over 60% of the total species have been so far introduced into cultivation by several major botanical gardens in China. However, only few research institutions, limited funds and human resources have been involved in Begonia conservation;moreover, no project has conducted reintroduction. Therefore, more conservation-based work remains to be done. Improved conservation of Chinese begonias in the future depends on further field survey, an improved understanding of population diversity, and integrative approaches, including in situ and ex situ conservation, seed banking, and plant reintroduction. Species-targeted conservation zones should be established for endangered species excluded from the existing nature reserves. Additionally, laws pertaining to plant protection should be extended to prevent the illegal collection and transaction of wild plants, particularly for those species with unique habitats and small populations.展开更多
Pomegranate(Punica granatum L.)trees are woody perennials that bear colorful and nutritious fruits rich in phenolic metabolites,e.g.,hydrolyzable tannins(HTs)and flavonoids.We here report genome editing and gene disco...Pomegranate(Punica granatum L.)trees are woody perennials that bear colorful and nutritious fruits rich in phenolic metabolites,e.g.,hydrolyzable tannins(HTs)and flavonoids.We here report genome editing and gene discovery in pomegranate hairy roots using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)(CRISPR/Cas9),coupled with transcriptome and biochemical analyses.Single guide RNAs(sgRNAs)were designed to target two UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases(UGTs),PgUGT84A23 and PgUGT84A24,which possess overlapping activities inβ-glucogallin(a galloylglucose ester;biosynthetic precursor of HTs)biosynthesis.A unique accumulation of gallic acid 3-O-and 4-O-glucosides(galloylglucose ethers)was observed in the PgUGT84A23 and PgUGT84A24 dual CRISPR/Cas9-edited lines(i.e.,ugt84a23 ugt84a24)but not the control(empty vector)or PgUGT84A23/PgUGT84A24 single edited lines(ugt84a23 or ugt84a24).Transcriptome and real-time qPCR analyses identified 11 UGTs with increased expression in the ugt84a23 ugt84a24 hairy roots compared to the controls.Of the 11 candidate UGTs,only PgUGT72BD1 used gallic acid as substrate and produced a regiospecific product gallic acid 4-O-glucoside.This work demonstrates that the CRISPR/Cas9 method can facilitate functional genomics studies in pomegranate and shows promise for capitalizing on the metabolic potential of pomegranate for germplasm improvement.展开更多
Soil respiration （SR） is the second-largest flux in ecosystem carbon cycling. Due to the large spatio-temporal variability of environmental factors, SR varied among different vegetation types, thereby impeding accur...Soil respiration （SR） is the second-largest flux in ecosystem carbon cycling. Due to the large spatio-temporal variability of environmental factors, SR varied among different vegetation types, thereby impeding accurate estimation of CO2 emissions via SR. However, studies on spatio-temporal variation of SR are still scarce for semi-arid regions of North China. In this study, we conducted 12-month SR measurements in six land-use types, including two secondary forests （Populus tomentosa （PT） and Robinia pseudoacacia （RP））, three artificial plantations （Armeniaca sibirica （AS）, Punica granatum （PG） and Ziziphusjujuba （Z J）） and one natural grassland （GR）, to quantify spatio-temporal variation of SR and distinguish its controlling factors. Results indicated that SR exhibited distinct sea- sonal patterns for the six sites. Soil respiration peaked in August 2012 and bottomed in April 2013. The temporal coefficient of variation （CI0 of SR for the six sites ranged from 76.98% to 94.08%, while the spatial CV of SR ranged from 20.28% to 72.97% across the 12-month measurement. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the major controlling factors of temporal variation of SR in the six sites, while spatial variation in SR was mainly caused by the differences in soil total nitrogen （STN）, soil organic carbon （SOC）, net photosynthesis rate, and fine root biomass. Our results show that the annual average SR and Q10 （temperature sensitivity of soil respira- tion） values tended to decrease from secondary forests and grassland to plantations, indicating that the conversion of natural ecosystems to man-made ecosystems may reduce CO2 emissions and SR temperature sensitivity. Due to the high spatio-temporal variation of SR in our study area, care should be taken when converting secondary forests and grassland to plantations from the point view of accurately quantifying C02 emissions via SR at regional scales.展开更多
Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have ...Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.展开更多
A conspicuous nectary disk is common but has a distinguishing morphology in the cosmopolitan genus Euonymus. Our study focuses on the morphology of floral nectaries in 21 representatives of Euonymus and Glyptopetalum....A conspicuous nectary disk is common but has a distinguishing morphology in the cosmopolitan genus Euonymus. Our study focuses on the morphology of floral nectaries in 21 representatives of Euonymus and Glyptopetalum. Two main types of nectaries were documented: a mix of inter-and extrastaminal nectaries existed between the corolla and the stigma, while the intrastaminal nectaries were distributed between the stigma and the stamen bases. The main route of nectar release in Euonymus is via modified stomata, and different nectarostomata locations were observed: in depressions, slightly raised above the epidermal surface or at the same level as the epidermis. Floral nectaries in E. sect. Echinococcus species developed into the protrusions on the fruit surface at the later stage. The development of nectaries not only explained the mystery of the origin of the echinate fruit surface, but also showed that differences in fruit surface might be inappropriate for use in infrageneric classification. These discoveries inform morphological observations of floral nectaries in Euonymus.展开更多
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,a member of the Lamiaceae family,is a widely utilized medicinal plant.The flavones extracted from S.baicalensis contribute to numerous health benefits,including anti-inflammatory,antivir...Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,a member of the Lamiaceae family,is a widely utilized medicinal plant.The flavones extracted from S.baicalensis contribute to numerous health benefits,including anti-inflammatory,antiviral,and anti-tumor activities.However,the incomplete genome assembly hinders biological studies on S.baicalensis.This study presents the first telomere-to-telomere(T2T)gap-free genome assembly of S.baicalensis through the integration of Pacbio HiFi,Nanopore ultra-long and Hi-C technologies.A total of 384.59 Mb of genome size with a contig N50 of 42.44 Mb was obtained,and all sequences were anchored into nine pseudochromosomes without any gap or mismatch.In addition,we analysed the major cyanidin-and delphinidin-based anthocyanins involved in the determination of blue-purple flower using a widely-targeted metabolome approach.Based on the genome-wide identification of Cytochrome P450(CYP450)gene family,three genes(SbFBH1,2,and 5)encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylases(F3′Hs)and one gene(SbFBH7)encoding flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H)were found to hydroxylate the B-ring of flavonoids.Our studies enrich the genomic information available for the Lamiaceae family and provide a toolkit for discovering CYP450 genes involved in the flavonoid decoration.展开更多
Background: Light is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and survival of plants in forest communities. The competition for light resources and divergent responses to light may affect plant species c...Background: Light is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and survival of plants in forest communities. The competition for light resources and divergent responses to light may affect plant species coexistence in natural forests through niche partitioning and environmental filtering, respectively.Methods: In the present study, sequences of light-response-related functional genes were extracted from transcriptomic data of 99 tree species in a subtropical forest and average and nearest taxon phylogenetic diversity of adult(A_Apd’, A_NTpd’) and seedling neighbors(S_Apd’, S_NTpd’) around each focal seedling were calculated to evaluate effects of differentiation in light-response-related genes on community assembly processes.Results: The results showed that seedling survival was related to S_NTpd’, S_Apd’and A_Apd’of two chlorophyll ab-binding proteins involved in the assembly of photosystem Ⅱ and two genes responsive to light intensity,indicating seedlings surrounded by neighbors with distinct light responses tended to have high survival rates.Conclusions: Our results indicated that niche partitioning due to competition for light resources between plants may act as the key mechanism in determining seedling dynamics in subtropical forests.展开更多
Two dimeric abietane diterpenoids,salviwardins A and B(1 and 2),and a seco-abietane diterpenoid salviwardin C(3),along with five known analogues(4–8),were isolated from the roots of Salvia wardii.The structures of t...Two dimeric abietane diterpenoids,salviwardins A and B(1 and 2),and a seco-abietane diterpenoid salviwardin C(3),along with five known analogues(4–8),were isolated from the roots of Salvia wardii.The structures of these isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods.The inhibitory activities of these isolates against five human cancer cell lines in vitro were also tested.展开更多
Storage roots of sweet potato are important sink organs for photoassimilates and energy,and carbohydrate metabolism in storage roots affects yield and starch production.Our previous study showed that sweet potato H+-p...Storage roots of sweet potato are important sink organs for photoassimilates and energy,and carbohydrate metabolism in storage roots affects yield and starch production.Our previous study showed that sweet potato H+-pyrophosphatase(IbVP1)plays a vital role in mitigating iron deficiency and positively controls fibrous root growth.However,its roles in regulating starch production in storage roots have not been investigated.In this study,we found that IbVP1 overexpression in sweet potato improved the photosynthesis ability of and sucrose content in source leaves and increased both the starch content in and total yield of sink tissues.Using 13C-labeled sucrose feeding,we determined that IbVP1 overexpression promotes phloem loading and sucrose long-distance transport and enhances Pi-use efficiency.In sweet potato plants overexpressing IbVP1,the expression levels of starch biosynthesis pathway genes,especially AGPase and GBSSI,were upregulated,leading to changes in the structure,composition,and physicochemical properties of stored starch.Our study shows that the IbVP1 gene plays an important role in regulating starch metabolism in sweet potato.Application of the VP1 gene in genetic engineering of sweet potato cultivars may allow the improvement of starch production and yield under stress or nutrient-limited conditions.展开更多
Lycophytes are an ancient clade of the non-flowering vascular plants with chromosome numbers that vary from tens to hundreds.They are an excellent study system for examining whole-genome duplications(WGDs),or polyploi...Lycophytes are an ancient clade of the non-flowering vascular plants with chromosome numbers that vary from tens to hundreds.They are an excellent study system for examining whole-genome duplications(WGDs),or polyploidization,in spore-dispersed vascular plants.However,a lack of genome sequence data limits the reliable detection of very ancient WGDs,small-scale duplications(SSDs),and recent WGDs.Here,we integrated phylogenomic analysis and the distribution of synonymous substitutions per synonymous sites(Ks)of the transcriptomes of 13 species of lycophytes to identify,locate,and date multiple WGDs in the lycophyte family Lycopodiaceae.Additionally,we examined the genus Phlegmariurus for signs of genetic discordance,which can provide valuable insight into the underlying causes of such conflict(e.g.,hybridization,incomplete lineage sorting,or horizontal gene transfer).We found strong evidence that two WGD events occurred along the phylogenetic backbone of Lycopodiaceae,with one occurring in the common ancestor of extant Phlegmariurus(Lycopodiaceae)approximately 22-23 million years ago(Mya)and the other occurring in the common ancestor of Lycopodiaceae around 206-214 Mya.Interestingly,we found significant genetic discordance in the genus Phlegmariurus,indicating that the genus has a complex evolutionary history.This study provides molecular evidence for multiple WGDs in Lycopodiaceae and offers phylogenetic clues to the evolutionary history of Lycopodiaceae.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of Begonia wallichiana.[Methods]With sterilized tube seedling leaves as the recipient material and GFP as the re...[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of Begonia wallichiana.[Methods]With sterilized tube seedling leaves as the recipient material and GFP as the reporter gene,optimization experiments were carried out in terms of infection time and method,co-cultivation time and method,and PCR detection technology.[Results]The transformation effect was better under the conditions of shaking Agrobacterium liquid,infection time of 1-2 h,and co-cultivation on sterilized filter paper for 2 d.After co-cultivation,the recipient material was first subjected to recovery culture,and then used for Hyg gradient screening,which was conducive to obtaining resistant transformants.The designed specific PCR detection technology could quickly identify false positives in resistant regenerated plants,and the proportion of transgenic plants was 16.7%.[Conclusions]The research results provide a new technical reference for the genetic transformation of ornamental plants.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the Special Fund for Scientific Research of Shanghai Landscaping&City Appearance Administrative Bureau,China(G182415)the National Specimen Information Infrastructure(2018 Special Funds),China and Shanghai Sailing Program,China(14YF1413800).
文摘From 2000 to 2019,11,895 new names or new additions to the Chinese vascular flora were proposed by 4226 individuals(4086 articles and 140 books),as documented in the Chinese Plant Names Index(CPNI).During those 20 years,4407 new taxa of vascular plants were described from China,including 7 new families,132 new genera,3543 new species,68 new subspecies,497 new varieties and 160 new forms.Additionally,3562 new combinations and names at new rank and 306 new replacement names were also proposed.Among these various new names were 150 invalid names and 108 illegitimate names,including some that have not been resolved.Six hundred and forty three vascular plants were reported as new to China,while 2349 names were reduced to synonyms of 1406 taxa.The data show that the Chinese flora increased in size at the rate of about 200 taxa annually during those years.Despite the increased attention given to biodiversity in recent years,the evidence indicates that a large number of species in China have yet to be discovered.Further basic investigation of the Chinese flora is needed.Additionally,in the past two decades only 8.5%of the newly published species have been based on molecular evidence,but in the past five years such data have increased significantly,reaching about 20%.Molecular data will undoubtedly become increasingly significant in the discovery of new species in the coming years.Yunnan,Guangxi,Sichuan,Xizang and Taiwan were important sources of new discoveries,with more than 3300 new taxa and records from these five provinces.By area,Taiwan and Hainan,two islands in southern China,have the highest density of newly discovered species.Regional plant surveys are still needed,especially in areas in the southwest and on the southern islands.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32200172)Guangzhou Science and technology project(grant no.2023A04J0715).
文摘Saussurea is one of the largest and most rapidly evolving genera within the Asteraceae,comprising approximately 520 species from the Northern Hemisphere.A comprehensive infrageneric classification,supported by robust phylogenetic trees and corroborated by morphological and other data,has not yet been published.For the first time,we recovered a well-resolved nuclear phylogeny of Saussurea consisting of four main clades,which was also supported by morphological data.Our analyses show that ancient hybridization is the most likely source of deep cytoplasmic-nuclear conflict in Saussurea,and a phylogeny based on nuclear data is more suitable than one based on chloroplast data for exploring the infrageneric classification of Saussurea.Based on the nuclear phylogeny obtained and morphological characters,we proposed a revised infrageneric taxonomy of Saussurea,which includes four subgenera and 13 sections.Specifically,1)S.sect.Cincta,S.sect.Gymnocline,S.sect.Lagurostemon,and S.sect.Strictae were moved from S.subg.Saussurea to S.subg.Amphilaena,2)S.sect.Pseudoeriocoryne was moved from S.subg.Eriocoryne to S.subg.Amphilaena,and 3)S.sect.Laguranthera was moved from S.subg.Saussurea to S.subg.Theodorea.
基金supported by the funds from National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570199)the project of Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau (F122416)
文摘Begonia, one of the most diverse plant taxa and the fifth or sixth largest angiosperm genus, consists of over1800 accepted species. The number of species recognized within this genus has greatly increased over the past 20 years, rising from 80 to 200 species in China alone. Based on recent field surveys, the number of begonia species in China is predicted to be between 250 and 300. Given the large number of begonia species that still remain to be described, further taxonomical work is urgently required. This is especially true for Chinese Begonia, in which there is a huge diversity of habitat, habit, plant size, leaf type, flower and fruit morphology, and most species are narrowly distributed in isolated habitats that are subject to negative disturbances from climate change, as well as agricultural and industrial activities. Although the conservation status for the majority of species has been evaluated using the standards of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the results don't represent the truth in many species, and also about11.5% of which are data-absent. In addition, illegal collection and over-harvesting of wild begonias for ornamental or medicinal use has increased due to the rapid development of internet commerce. Far more often than predicted, these species should be categorized as rare and endangered and require immediate protection. Ex situ conservation of Chinese begonias started in 1995 and over 60% of the total species have been so far introduced into cultivation by several major botanical gardens in China. However, only few research institutions, limited funds and human resources have been involved in Begonia conservation;moreover, no project has conducted reintroduction. Therefore, more conservation-based work remains to be done. Improved conservation of Chinese begonias in the future depends on further field survey, an improved understanding of population diversity, and integrative approaches, including in situ and ex situ conservation, seed banking, and plant reintroduction. Species-targeted conservation zones should be established for endangered species excluded from the existing nature reserves. Additionally, laws pertaining to plant protection should be extended to prevent the illegal collection and transaction of wild plants, particularly for those species with unique habitats and small populations.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality under grant 14DZ2260400 and the Special Fund for Scientific Research of Shanghai Landscaping and City Appearance Administrative Bureau under grants G172403 and G182403。
文摘Pomegranate(Punica granatum L.)trees are woody perennials that bear colorful and nutritious fruits rich in phenolic metabolites,e.g.,hydrolyzable tannins(HTs)and flavonoids.We here report genome editing and gene discovery in pomegranate hairy roots using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)(CRISPR/Cas9),coupled with transcriptome and biochemical analyses.Single guide RNAs(sgRNAs)were designed to target two UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases(UGTs),PgUGT84A23 and PgUGT84A24,which possess overlapping activities inβ-glucogallin(a galloylglucose ester;biosynthetic precursor of HTs)biosynthesis.A unique accumulation of gallic acid 3-O-and 4-O-glucosides(galloylglucose ethers)was observed in the PgUGT84A23 and PgUGT84A24 dual CRISPR/Cas9-edited lines(i.e.,ugt84a23 ugt84a24)but not the control(empty vector)or PgUGT84A23/PgUGT84A24 single edited lines(ugt84a23 or ugt84a24).Transcriptome and real-time qPCR analyses identified 11 UGTs with increased expression in the ugt84a23 ugt84a24 hairy roots compared to the controls.Of the 11 candidate UGTs,only PgUGT72BD1 used gallic acid as substrate and produced a regiospecific product gallic acid 4-O-glucoside.This work demonstrates that the CRISPR/Cas9 method can facilitate functional genomics studies in pomegranate and shows promise for capitalizing on the metabolic potential of pomegranate for germplasm improvement.
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA05060600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51378306)
文摘Soil respiration （SR） is the second-largest flux in ecosystem carbon cycling. Due to the large spatio-temporal variability of environmental factors, SR varied among different vegetation types, thereby impeding accurate estimation of CO2 emissions via SR. However, studies on spatio-temporal variation of SR are still scarce for semi-arid regions of North China. In this study, we conducted 12-month SR measurements in six land-use types, including two secondary forests （Populus tomentosa （PT） and Robinia pseudoacacia （RP））, three artificial plantations （Armeniaca sibirica （AS）, Punica granatum （PG） and Ziziphusjujuba （Z J）） and one natural grassland （GR）, to quantify spatio-temporal variation of SR and distinguish its controlling factors. Results indicated that SR exhibited distinct sea- sonal patterns for the six sites. Soil respiration peaked in August 2012 and bottomed in April 2013. The temporal coefficient of variation （CI0 of SR for the six sites ranged from 76.98% to 94.08%, while the spatial CV of SR ranged from 20.28% to 72.97% across the 12-month measurement. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the major controlling factors of temporal variation of SR in the six sites, while spatial variation in SR was mainly caused by the differences in soil total nitrogen （STN）, soil organic carbon （SOC）, net photosynthesis rate, and fine root biomass. Our results show that the annual average SR and Q10 （temperature sensitivity of soil respira- tion） values tended to decrease from secondary forests and grassland to plantations, indicating that the conversion of natural ecosystems to man-made ecosystems may reduce CO2 emissions and SR temperature sensitivity. Due to the high spatio-temporal variation of SR in our study area, care should be taken when converting secondary forests and grassland to plantations from the point view of accurately quantifying C02 emissions via SR at regional scales.
基金funded by Shanghai Administration Bureau of Landscape and City Appearance(Grant No.G182412).
文摘Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31170179)a grant from the Shanghai Municipal Administration of Landscaping and City Appearance(Grant No.F132428)
文摘A conspicuous nectary disk is common but has a distinguishing morphology in the cosmopolitan genus Euonymus. Our study focuses on the morphology of floral nectaries in 21 representatives of Euonymus and Glyptopetalum. Two main types of nectaries were documented: a mix of inter-and extrastaminal nectaries existed between the corolla and the stigma, while the intrastaminal nectaries were distributed between the stigma and the stamen bases. The main route of nectar release in Euonymus is via modified stomata, and different nectarostomata locations were observed: in depressions, slightly raised above the epidermal surface or at the same level as the epidermis. Floral nectaries in E. sect. Echinococcus species developed into the protrusions on the fruit surface at the later stage. The development of nectaries not only explained the mystery of the origin of the echinate fruit surface, but also showed that differences in fruit surface might be inappropriate for use in infrageneric classification. These discoveries inform morphological observations of floral nectaries in Euonymus.
基金This work is sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(22ZR1479500)Special Fund for Scientific Research of Shanghai Landscaping&City Appearance Administrative Bureau(G212401)+2 种基金Ministry of Science and Technology of China(YDZX20223100001003)Funding for Shanghai science and technology promoting agriculture from Shanghai Agriculture and Rural Affairs Commission(Hu Nong Ke Chan Zi(2023)No.8)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Q.Z.is also supported by the Shanghai Youth Talent Support Program and SANOFI-SIBS scholarship.We greatly appreciate the experimental facilities and services provided by the office of Chenshan Plant Science Research Center.We also thank Yanbo Huang from Shanghai National Forest Germplasm Resource Center of Lamiaceae Plant for the photograph of S.baicalensis in Fig.1.
文摘Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,a member of the Lamiaceae family,is a widely utilized medicinal plant.The flavones extracted from S.baicalensis contribute to numerous health benefits,including anti-inflammatory,antiviral,and anti-tumor activities.However,the incomplete genome assembly hinders biological studies on S.baicalensis.This study presents the first telomere-to-telomere(T2T)gap-free genome assembly of S.baicalensis through the integration of Pacbio HiFi,Nanopore ultra-long and Hi-C technologies.A total of 384.59 Mb of genome size with a contig N50 of 42.44 Mb was obtained,and all sequences were anchored into nine pseudochromosomes without any gap or mismatch.In addition,we analysed the major cyanidin-and delphinidin-based anthocyanins involved in the determination of blue-purple flower using a widely-targeted metabolome approach.Based on the genome-wide identification of Cytochrome P450(CYP450)gene family,three genes(SbFBH1,2,and 5)encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylases(F3′Hs)and one gene(SbFBH7)encoding flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H)were found to hydroxylate the B-ring of flavonoids.Our studies enrich the genomic information available for the Lamiaceae family and provide a toolkit for discovering CYP450 genes involved in the flavonoid decoration.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB31000000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32161123003)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.5202018)National Key Research Development Program of China(No.2022YFF0802300)。
文摘Background: Light is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and survival of plants in forest communities. The competition for light resources and divergent responses to light may affect plant species coexistence in natural forests through niche partitioning and environmental filtering, respectively.Methods: In the present study, sequences of light-response-related functional genes were extracted from transcriptomic data of 99 tree species in a subtropical forest and average and nearest taxon phylogenetic diversity of adult(A_Apd’, A_NTpd’) and seedling neighbors(S_Apd’, S_NTpd’) around each focal seedling were calculated to evaluate effects of differentiation in light-response-related genes on community assembly processes.Results: The results showed that seedling survival was related to S_NTpd’, S_Apd’and A_Apd’of two chlorophyll ab-binding proteins involved in the assembly of photosystem Ⅱ and two genes responsive to light intensity,indicating seedlings surrounded by neighbors with distinct light responses tended to have high survival rates.Conclusions: Our results indicated that niche partitioning due to competition for light resources between plants may act as the key mechanism in determining seedling dynamics in subtropical forests.
基金the foundations from NSFC(81373291)the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2013BAI11B02)the Young Academic Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2009CI073)。
文摘Two dimeric abietane diterpenoids,salviwardins A and B(1 and 2),and a seco-abietane diterpenoid salviwardin C(3),along with five known analogues(4–8),were isolated from the roots of Salvia wardii.The structures of these isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods.The inhibitory activities of these isolates against five human cancer cell lines in vitro were also tested.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000700,2018YFD1000705,2019YFD1000701-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501356)+3 种基金the Special Funds for the Local Science and Technology Development of the Central Government(2020ZY0006)the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China(No.NYBSL201801)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(2015BAD15B01)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(18ZR1413300).
文摘Storage roots of sweet potato are important sink organs for photoassimilates and energy,and carbohydrate metabolism in storage roots affects yield and starch production.Our previous study showed that sweet potato H+-pyrophosphatase(IbVP1)plays a vital role in mitigating iron deficiency and positively controls fibrous root growth.However,its roles in regulating starch production in storage roots have not been investigated.In this study,we found that IbVP1 overexpression in sweet potato improved the photosynthesis ability of and sucrose content in source leaves and increased both the starch content in and total yield of sink tissues.Using 13C-labeled sucrose feeding,we determined that IbVP1 overexpression promotes phloem loading and sucrose long-distance transport and enhances Pi-use efficiency.In sweet potato plants overexpressing IbVP1,the expression levels of starch biosynthesis pathway genes,especially AGPase and GBSSI,were upregulated,leading to changes in the structure,composition,and physicochemical properties of stored starch.Our study shows that the IbVP1 gene plays an important role in regulating starch metabolism in sweet potato.Application of the VP1 gene in genetic engineering of sweet potato cultivars may allow the improvement of starch production and yield under stress or nutrient-limited conditions.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA19050404)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800174).
文摘Lycophytes are an ancient clade of the non-flowering vascular plants with chromosome numbers that vary from tens to hundreds.They are an excellent study system for examining whole-genome duplications(WGDs),or polyploidization,in spore-dispersed vascular plants.However,a lack of genome sequence data limits the reliable detection of very ancient WGDs,small-scale duplications(SSDs),and recent WGDs.Here,we integrated phylogenomic analysis and the distribution of synonymous substitutions per synonymous sites(Ks)of the transcriptomes of 13 species of lycophytes to identify,locate,and date multiple WGDs in the lycophyte family Lycopodiaceae.Additionally,we examined the genus Phlegmariurus for signs of genetic discordance,which can provide valuable insight into the underlying causes of such conflict(e.g.,hybridization,incomplete lineage sorting,or horizontal gene transfer).We found strong evidence that two WGD events occurred along the phylogenetic backbone of Lycopodiaceae,with one occurring in the common ancestor of extant Phlegmariurus(Lycopodiaceae)approximately 22-23 million years ago(Mya)and the other occurring in the common ancestor of Lycopodiaceae around 206-214 Mya.Interestingly,we found significant genetic discordance in the genus Phlegmariurus,indicating that the genus has a complex evolutionary history.This study provides molecular evidence for multiple WGDs in Lycopodiaceae and offers phylogenetic clues to the evolutionary history of Lycopodiaceae.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of Begonia wallichiana.[Methods]With sterilized tube seedling leaves as the recipient material and GFP as the reporter gene,optimization experiments were carried out in terms of infection time and method,co-cultivation time and method,and PCR detection technology.[Results]The transformation effect was better under the conditions of shaking Agrobacterium liquid,infection time of 1-2 h,and co-cultivation on sterilized filter paper for 2 d.After co-cultivation,the recipient material was first subjected to recovery culture,and then used for Hyg gradient screening,which was conducive to obtaining resistant transformants.The designed specific PCR detection technology could quickly identify false positives in resistant regenerated plants,and the proportion of transgenic plants was 16.7%.[Conclusions]The research results provide a new technical reference for the genetic transformation of ornamental plants.
