近日,大理大学药学院段宝忠教授受邀担任植物学领域国际前沿期刊Frontiers in Plant Science客座副主编(vip Associate Editor),主要负责叶绿体基因组结构变异及相关生物信息学工具(Structural Variation of the Chloroplast Genome a...近日,大理大学药学院段宝忠教授受邀担任植物学领域国际前沿期刊Frontiers in Plant Science客座副主编(vip Associate Editor),主要负责叶绿体基因组结构变异及相关生物信息学工具(Structural Variation of the Chloroplast Genome and Related Bioinformatics Tools)栏目稿件的组稿与评审(https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/43287/structuralvariation-of-the-chloroplast-genome-and-related-bioinformatics-tools)。展开更多
Cotton is one of the most important cash crops,its growth season coincides with a high incidence of diverse groups of pests,leading to heavy use of pesticides.Recent identification of a signaling protein as a candidat...Cotton is one of the most important cash crops,its growth season coincides with a high incidence of diverse groups of pests,leading to heavy use of pesticides.Recent identification of a signaling protein as a candidate regulator of cotton extrafloral nectary provides a new insight into the formation of sophisticated defense mechanisms in plants.展开更多
Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described...Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described plant species are at risk of extinction(Bachman et al.,2024).The number of plant extinctions has increased by 60%in the last 100 years(Di Marco et al.,2017).Over the past 250 years,571 plant species have gone extinct—more than twice the combined total of extinct birds,mammals,and amphibians(217 species)(Briggs,2019).展开更多
Botrytis cinerea is a major necrotrophic pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide.Alternative strategies to control B.cinerea are urgently needed to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides,which are...Botrytis cinerea is a major necrotrophic pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide.Alternative strategies to control B.cinerea are urgently needed to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides,which are increasingly ineffective due to resistance and pose environmental risks.In this study,we identified two immunogenic epitopes derived from the B.cinerea cell death-inducing protein BcCrh1 and used them to engineer disease-resistant plants through a novel,spatially compartmentalized dual-epitope immune activation strategy.The first epitope is derived from a 35-amino acid intracellular peptide that exhibits both immunogenicity and cell death-inducing activity,which was mutated to separate these two properties.The second peptide represents an immunogenic portion of the protein that activates extracellular plant immunity.Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that these epitopes trigger complementary defense pathways,and their co-expression integrates these responses into a robust,multilayered immunity,providing significantly enhanced protection compared with individual expression.Although constitutive expression of two epitopes conferred resistance,it also led to growth penalties.In contrast,pathogen-inducible expression of two epitopes preserved normal plant development while maintaining strong resistance to both B.cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis and tomato.This inducible strategy offers a major advantage by minimizing fitness costs while maximizing protection,highlighting the potential of spatially and temporally targeted epitope-based immune activation for durable and sustainable crop protection.展开更多
New research tools for modern life sciences are emerging every few years and being implemented to reveal the underlying mechanisms of scientific questions of interest.However,statistical practice in modern life scienc...New research tools for modern life sciences are emerging every few years and being implemented to reveal the underlying mechanisms of scientific questions of interest.However,statistical practice in modern life sciences has barely moved forward and probably has regressed.In many cases,the decisions from biological experiments are predominantly made by using significant P values involving inappropriate statistical analyses and standards,and positive,favored results are preferentially reported (Fanelli,2012;Head et al.,2015;Demidenko,2016;Yong, 2017).展开更多
Heat stress causes overgrowth,leaf dryness and fruit malformation,which negatively impacts cucumber quality and yield.Yet,in spite of the devastating consequences of this abiotic stress,few genes for heat tolerance in...Heat stress causes overgrowth,leaf dryness and fruit malformation,which negatively impacts cucumber quality and yield.Yet,in spite of the devastating consequences of this abiotic stress,few genes for heat tolerance in cucumber have been identified.Here,the heat injury indices of 88 cucumber accessions representing diverse ecotypes were collected in two open-field environments,with naturally occurring high temperatures over two years.Seventeen of the 88 accessions were identified as highly heat-tolerant.Using a genome-wide association study,five loci(gHII3.1,gHII3.2,gHII3.3,gHII4.1 and gHII6.1)on three chromosomes associated with heat tolerance were detected.Pairwise linkage disequilibrium correlation,sequence polymorphisms,and qRT-PCR analyses at these loci,identified five candidate genes predicted to be casual for heat stress response in cucumber.CsaV3_3G04883,CsaV3_4G029050 and CsaV3_6G005370 each had nonsynonymous SNPs,and were significantly up-regulated by heat stress in the heat-tolerant genotypes.CsaV3_3G031890 was also induced by heat stress,but in the heatsensitive genotypes,and sequence polymorphism was only found in the promoter region.Identifying these candidate genes lays a foundation for understanding cucumber thermotolerance mechanisms.Our study is one of the few to examine heat stress in adult cucumber plants and it therefore fills a critical gap in knowledge.It is also an important first-step towards accelerating the breeding of robust heat-tolerant varieties.展开更多
Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmen...Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmental gradients.Particularly,the relative importance(RIV)of different plant life forms in a community and how they vary with environmental variables are still unclear.To fill these gaps,we determined plant diversity of ephemeral plants,annual herbs,perennial herbs,and woody plants from 187 sites across drylands in China.The SR patterns of herbaceous plants,especially perennial herbs,and their RIV in plant communities increased with increasing precipitation and soil nutrient content;however,the RIV of annual herbs was not altered along these gradients.The SR and RIV of ephemeral plants were affected mainly by precipitation seasonality.The SR of woody plants had a unimodal relationship with air temperature and exhibited the highest RIV and SR percentage in plant communities under the harshest environments.An obvious shift emerged in plant community composition,SR and their critical impact factors at 238.5 mm of mean annual precipitation(MAP).In mesic regions(>238.5 mm),herbs were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively slow decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by MAP and soil nutrients.In arid regions(<238.5 mm),woody plants were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively fast decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by climate variables,especially precipitation.Our findings highlight the importance of comparative life form studies in community structure and biodiversity,as their responses to gradients differed substantially on a large scale.展开更多
Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in pl...Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.展开更多
Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactio...Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactions is arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis,which is formed by 80%-90%of terrestrial plants in association with AM fungi.In AM symbiosis,plants acquire mineral nutrients from the fungi in exchange for fatty acids and sugars that are produced during photosynthesis(Jiang et al.,2017).展开更多
Salinity is a major issue threatening global food security.Among the different strategies,nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential for improving crop production under abiotic stresses such as salinity.In this rev...Salinity is a major issue threatening global food security.Among the different strategies,nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential for improving crop production under abiotic stresses such as salinity.In this review,we discuss the environmental challenges associated with the different methods of nanomaterial application,including seed nanopriming,as well as foliar and soil/root application.Based on previous research,nanopriming uses less nanomaterials and has minimal concerns regarding environmental safety and the food chain.We discuss in detail the preventive measures for the safe and sustainable use of nanomaterials in agriculture based on the application methods.Furthermore,we summarize the role of antioxidant enzyme-triggering nanomaterials and direct reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging nanomaterials(nanozymes)in plant salt tolerance.Nanomaterials can improve sodium(Na^(+))and potassium(K^(+))homeostasis through various anatomical,physiological,and molecular mechanisms while improving plant salt tolerance.The role of nanomaterials in modulating plant photosynthesis and hormonal balance has been largely overlooked.We also identify research gaps and provide guidelines for future research work.This review provides guidelines for helping researchers to understand the proper design of nanoparticles(NPs)and different plant-related factors while using NPs for plant stress tolerance.These considerations will help to improve the efficient delivery of NPs into plants.Furthermore,after gaining sufficient scientific knowledge and better understanding,NPs can be integral to sustainable agriculture,while saving costs and reducing biosafety concerns and environmental pollution.展开更多
Climate warming causes mountainous species to shift their distributions towards higher elevations.How elevation influences growth-climate relationship in mountain regions has been intensively investigated.However,how ...Climate warming causes mountainous species to shift their distributions towards higher elevations.How elevation influences growth-climate relationship in mountain regions has been intensively investigated.However,how microtopography shapes tree growth and its drought resistance along the elevation gradient remains poorly understood.We used a network of Larix principis-rupprechtii tree-ring data comprising 1,918 trees from different age classes and mountain slopes,along an elevation gradient ranging from 970 to 1,869 m,to investigate how slope gradients mediate the growth and drought resilience of larch trees along an elevation gradient in North China.Growing season drought and temperature were the major limiting climatic factors for larch trees across the study region.Larch trees younger than 40 years exhibited a stronger positive correlation between basal area increment(BAI)and elevation on steep slopes(10°-35°)than on flat(0°-5°)or gentle(5°-10°)slopes.At low-elevation steep slopes,the growth of larch trees younger than 40 years showed a stronger correlation with the Palmer drought severity index(PDSI).Both resistance and resilience were found to increase along the elevation gradient on steep slopes for young larch trees but not for old larch trees.No significant differences were observed in the drought recovery ability of larch trees across all age groups at increasing elevation.Our results highlight that drought events may particularly affect the growth of young larch trees on low-elevation steep slopes,with potential repercussions on mortality rates.展开更多
Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins,which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress respon...Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins,which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress responses.However,a comprehensive review focused on the spatiotemporal monitoring of plant proteins using these biosensors is still lacking.This review highlights key advancements in the field,evaluates the strengths and limitations of current biosensors,and discusses their applications for tracking plant protein dynamics.We aim to provide a thorough understanding of genetically encoded biosensors for plant proteins,promote the development of these technologies,and foster deeper insights into molecular mechanisms in plant cells.Future research should prioritize overcoming challenges such as interference from plant autofluorescence and enhancing the sensitivity of biosensors,particularly in complex cellular compartments like chloroplasts and cell walls,to further improve spatial and temporal resolution.展开更多
Leaf rust,caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina,is one of the most destructive diseases affecting global wheat production.Developing disease-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective and environmentally f...Leaf rust,caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina,is one of the most destructive diseases affecting global wheat production.Developing disease-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to managing this disease.We phenotyped a collection of 559 wheat accessions from five continents for resistance to leaf rust in field trials at three locations in China(Zhoukou,Henan;Wuhan,Hubei;and Xinxiang,Henan)during the 2020–2021,2021–2022,and 2022–2023 cropping seasons,followed by best-linear-unbiased-estimation analysis across environments.These accessions were genotyped using the MGISEQ-2000 re-sequencing platform,and a genome-wide association analysis was subsequently performed.Twenty-four stable leaf rust resistance loci across 15 chromosomes were identified.Among these,11 loci may represent new sources of resistance.Notably,Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL were consistently detected across all three environments and BLUE.Lr.hzau-2BS.1 has the highest frequency in European wheat accessions,whereas Lr.hzau-7AL is most prevalent in South American accessions.Gene-expression analysis identified 101 candidate genes associated with these loci.Closely linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers,2B-209172 and 7A-348992,were developed for Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL,respectively.Chinese wheat varieties Mianmai 45 and Liaomai 16,which carry resistance alleles at both loci and exhibit<5%leaf rust severity,represent valuable sources of leaf rust resistance for wheat breeding programs.These newly identified resistance loci and their KASP markers provide valuable resource for their exploitation in wheat breeding.展开更多
Heavy metal(HM)accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions.Cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),and nickel(Ni)are examples of HMs that...Heavy metal(HM)accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions.Cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),and nickel(Ni)are examples of HMs that negatively impact the growth and development of plants,resulting in lower agricultural output and food safety concerns.Biochar(BC),a substance rich in carbon that is formed by pyrolyzing natural biomass,has demonstrated remarkable promise in reducing HM stress in polluted soils.Research has shown that BC effectively lowers plant uptake of metals,and enhances soil qualities,and encourages microbial activity.Besides,BC improves the fertility of soil,retention of water,and nutrient absorption,while it interacts with soil microbes to help mitigate the negative effects.However,a number of variables affect how effective BC is as a soil supplement,including the kind of BC used,the soil’s characteristics,and the metal’s qualities.This review delves into the mechanisms of BC’s interactions with HMs,its potential to mitigate stress caused by different metals,and the factors that influence its efficiency.Furthermore,it draws attention to the drawbacks and difficulties associated with using BC in heavy-metal-contaminated soils,offering suggestions for future studies focused on maximizing its utilization for long-term soil rehabilitation and sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Mountains serve as exceptional natural laboratories for studying biodiversity due to their heterogeneous landforms and climatic zones.The Himalaya,a global biodiversity hotspot,hosts rich endemic flora,supports vital ...Mountains serve as exceptional natural laboratories for studying biodiversity due to their heterogeneous landforms and climatic zones.The Himalaya,a global biodiversity hotspot,hosts rich endemic flora,supports vital ecosystem functions,and offers a unique window into multifaceted plant diversity patterns.This review synthesizes research on Himalayan plant diversity,including species,phylogenetic,functional,and genetic dimensions,highlighting knowledge gaps and solutions.Research on Himalayan plant diversity has developed significantly.However,gaps remain,especially in studies on phylogenetic and functional diversity.The region's vegetation ranges from tropical rainforests to alpine ecosystems,with species richness typically following a hump-shaped distribution along elevation gradients.The eastern Himalaya exhibits higher plant diversity than the central and western regions.Low-elevation communities were found to be more functionally diverse,whereas high-elevation communities displayed greater ecological specialization.Communities at mid-elevations tend to show greater phylogenetic diversity than those at higher and lower elevations.The eastern and western flanks of the Himalaya retain high levels of genetic diversity and serve as glacial refugia,whereas the central region acts as a hybrid zone for closely related species.Himalayan plant diversity is shaped by historical,climatic,ecological and anthropogenic factors across space and time.However,this rich biodiversity is increasingly threatened by environmental change and growing anthropogenic pressures.Unfortunately,research efforts are constrained by spatial biases and the lack of transnational initiatives and collaborative studies,which could significantly benefit from interdisciplinary approaches,and other coordinated actions.These efforts are vital to safeguarding the Himalayan natural heritage.展开更多
A comparative study was carried out on the EM_cytochemical localization of calcium and Ca 2+ _ATPase activity in the suspension_cultured cells between the chilling_sensitive maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Black Mexica...A comparative study was carried out on the EM_cytochemical localization of calcium and Ca 2+ _ATPase activity in the suspension_cultured cells between the chilling_sensitive maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Black Mexican Sweet) and chilling_insensitive Trititrigia ( Triticum sect. Trititrigia mackey) at 4 ℃ chilling. When maize and Tyititrigia cells were cultured at 26 ℃, electron microscopic observations revealed that the electron_dense calcium antimonate deposits, an indication of the calcium localization, were localized mainly in the vacuoles, and few was found in the cytosol and nuclei. The electron_dense cerium phosphate deposits, an indication of Ca 2+ _ATPase activity, were abundantly distributed on the plasma membrane (PM). When the cells from both species were cultured at 4 ℃ for 1 and 3 h, an elevation of Ca 2+ level in the cytosol and nuclei was observed, whereas the cerium phosphate deposits on the PM showed no quantitative difference from those of the 26 ℃_cultured cells, indicating that the enzymatic activities were not altered during these chilling periods. However, there was a distinct difference in the dynamics of the Ca 2+ distribution and the PM Ca 2+ _ATPase activity between maize and Trititrigia when chilled at 4 ℃ for 12, 24 and 72 h. In maize cells, a large number of Ca 2+ deposits still existed in the cytosol and nuclei, and the PM Ca 2+ _ATPase became less and less active, and even inactive at all. In Trititrigia cells, the increased cytosolic and nuclear Ca 2+ ions decreased after 12 h chilling. By chilling up to 24 and 72 h, the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration had been restored to a similar low level as those of the warm temperature_cultured cells, while the activity of the PM Ca 2+ _ATPase maintained high. The transient cytosolic and nuclear Ca 2+ increase and the activities of PM Ca 2+ _ATPase during chilling are discussed in relation to plant cold hardiness.展开更多
Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories,which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world.Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale,standardized production due to th...Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories,which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world.Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale,standardized production due to the growth of the market.It has a unique flavor and is rich in nutrients,and its abundance of free amino acids,vitamins and phenolics has many positive effects on the human body.This review gives the types and history of suancai,as well as its impact on the world’s pickled culture.The changes in nutritional composition and flavor of suancai during fermentation are summarized.It presented the production technology and influencing factors of the northeast suancai,examined the quality and safety issues in suancai,and put forth some ideas and opinions on the standardization development of the suancai industry.It also summarized the geographic distribution and flora diversity of pickles around the world.In order to provide some knowledge and guidance for the promotion of modern industrial production in the suancai industry.展开更多
Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural...Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural management and achieve crop yield potential.Compared with traditional parameters,canopy occupation volume(COV)offers an integrative parameter on canopy architecture related to canopy photosynthetic rates.In this study,we developed a high-throughput method to derive COV for different rice varieties.We first used multi-perspective two-dimensional imaging to reconstruct three-dimensional point clouds of rice plants and developed a suite of pipelines to calculate plant height,leaf number,tiller number,and biomass,with R^(2) values of 91.8%,95.9%,82.3%,and 94.3%,respectively.We further employed point cloud data to reconstruct the surfaces of rice plants and construct a virtual canopy model of the rice population.Light distribution was simulated using a ray-tracing algorithm and canopy photosynthetic rates were simulated via photosynthetic rate-incident light intensity curve fitting.Furthermore,we systematically explored the relationships between canopy phenotypes and photosynthetic rates,and found that COV was the most effective predictor of canopy photosynthesis,achieving an R^(2) value of 92.1%.Adjustment in atmospheric transmittance showed that COV strongly correlated with canopy photosynthesis under different light conditions,with higher accuracy observed under diffuse light.Variations in planting density confirmed that this correlation remained strong at the community level.In summary,this study demonstrates that COV is closely linked to simulated canopy photosynthesis and the developed pipeline can support future agronomic and breeding research.展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum)faces significant threats from diseases such as powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis)and Fusarium head blight(FHB;caused by Fusarium graminearum),which cause severe yield losses.Moreover,the antago...Wheat(Triticum aestivum)faces significant threats from diseases such as powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis)and Fusarium head blight(FHB;caused by Fusarium graminearum),which cause severe yield losses.Moreover,the antagonism between yield-related traits and disease resistance makes yield resistance coordination a major challenge in wheat breeding.The lack of genetic resources combining both disease resistance and high yield constrains the elucidation of underlying resistance-yield trade-off mechanisms,thereby hindering the development of high-yield and disease-resistant wheat cultivars.Remarkably,Yangmai 33(YM33),a notable wheat cultivar with resistance to both powdery mildew and FHB as well as high-yield performance,was recently developed.It offers a unique opportunity to dissect the genomic architecture underlying the coordination between disease resistance and yield.展开更多
Hybrid-sterility-mediated reproductive isolation is pivotal for speciation,yet the underlying molecular mechanisms and environmental responses remain unclear.Here,we report a temperature-sensitive pollen killer-protec...Hybrid-sterility-mediated reproductive isolation is pivotal for speciation,yet the underlying molecular mechanisms and environmental responses remain unclear.Here,we report a temperature-sensitive pollen killer-protector system at a three-gene Sa locus for indica-japonica rice hybrid sterility.Genetic analyses identified SaFL^(+),a strong pollen protector from Sa-i(indica allele),and SaFL^(-),a weak japonica allele from Sa-j,which is exclusively functional under high temperatures.Protein interaction,ubiquitination,and degradation assays showed that SaF^(+)and SaM^(+)from Sa-i form a pollen-killer complex to bind and ubiquitinate the reactive oxygen species scavenger COX11 for degradation in mitochondria,causing male sterility of the Sa-j pollen.Protein affinity and competitive binding assays indicated that in the Sa-i pollen,SaFL^(+)binds SaM^(+)to disrupt the killer complex and restore fertility.However,the weak protector SaFL^(-)can bind SaM^(+)under high temperatures,sparing the Sa-j pollen from sterility.Synteny comparisons and haplotype analyses showed that the Sa locus originated in ancient wild rice and underwent divergence within the Oryza genus during expansion from tropical to temperate environments,which might have driven latitudinal adaptation and reproductive isolation in rice populations.Thus,Sa represents a temperature-sensitive reproductive-isolation system associated with domestication and environmental adaptation in rice.展开更多
文摘近日,大理大学药学院段宝忠教授受邀担任植物学领域国际前沿期刊Frontiers in Plant Science客座副主编(vip Associate Editor),主要负责叶绿体基因组结构变异及相关生物信息学工具(Structural Variation of the Chloroplast Genome and Related Bioinformatics Tools)栏目稿件的组稿与评审(https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/43287/structuralvariation-of-the-chloroplast-genome-and-related-bioinformatics-tools)。
文摘Cotton is one of the most important cash crops,its growth season coincides with a high incidence of diverse groups of pests,leading to heavy use of pesticides.Recent identification of a signaling protein as a candidate regulator of cotton extrafloral nectary provides a new insight into the formation of sophisticated defense mechanisms in plants.
基金support of the ORG.one project of Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT),the Rufford Grants(45249-1)the Idea Wild Grants(Project ID-KJOSINDI0125-00)the Mohamed Bin Zyed Species Conservation(MBZ)(GEF Grant no-240535253)Funds in our efforts to conserve threatened trees in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot Forest regions.
文摘Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described plant species are at risk of extinction(Bachman et al.,2024).The number of plant extinctions has increased by 60%in the last 100 years(Di Marco et al.,2017).Over the past 250 years,571 plant species have gone extinct—more than twice the combined total of extinct birds,mammals,and amphibians(217 species)(Briggs,2019).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32372514)the Research and Innovation Initiatives of WHPU(grant no.2024J02)+1 种基金Y.L.(202108280009)was funded by the China Scholarship Councilsupported by BARD(grant no.5261-20C)to A.S and T.M.
文摘Botrytis cinerea is a major necrotrophic pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide.Alternative strategies to control B.cinerea are urgently needed to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides,which are increasingly ineffective due to resistance and pose environmental risks.In this study,we identified two immunogenic epitopes derived from the B.cinerea cell death-inducing protein BcCrh1 and used them to engineer disease-resistant plants through a novel,spatially compartmentalized dual-epitope immune activation strategy.The first epitope is derived from a 35-amino acid intracellular peptide that exhibits both immunogenicity and cell death-inducing activity,which was mutated to separate these two properties.The second peptide represents an immunogenic portion of the protein that activates extracellular plant immunity.Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that these epitopes trigger complementary defense pathways,and their co-expression integrates these responses into a robust,multilayered immunity,providing significantly enhanced protection compared with individual expression.Although constitutive expression of two epitopes conferred resistance,it also led to growth penalties.In contrast,pathogen-inducible expression of two epitopes preserved normal plant development while maintaining strong resistance to both B.cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis and tomato.This inducible strategy offers a major advantage by minimizing fitness costs while maximizing protection,highlighting the potential of spatially and temporally targeted epitope-based immune activation for durable and sustainable crop protection.
文摘New research tools for modern life sciences are emerging every few years and being implemented to reveal the underlying mechanisms of scientific questions of interest.However,statistical practice in modern life sciences has barely moved forward and probably has regressed.In many cases,the decisions from biological experiments are predominantly made by using significant P values involving inappropriate statistical analyses and standards,and positive,favored results are preferentially reported (Fanelli,2012;Head et al.,2015;Demidenko,2016;Yong, 2017).
基金supported by Beijing Joint Research Program for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding(Grant No.G20220628003-03)Chongqing Municipal People's Government and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences strategic cooperation project,Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B020220001)+3 种基金the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Grant No.CARS-23)Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)Central public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2017PT52)the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China。
文摘Heat stress causes overgrowth,leaf dryness and fruit malformation,which negatively impacts cucumber quality and yield.Yet,in spite of the devastating consequences of this abiotic stress,few genes for heat tolerance in cucumber have been identified.Here,the heat injury indices of 88 cucumber accessions representing diverse ecotypes were collected in two open-field environments,with naturally occurring high temperatures over two years.Seventeen of the 88 accessions were identified as highly heat-tolerant.Using a genome-wide association study,five loci(gHII3.1,gHII3.2,gHII3.3,gHII4.1 and gHII6.1)on three chromosomes associated with heat tolerance were detected.Pairwise linkage disequilibrium correlation,sequence polymorphisms,and qRT-PCR analyses at these loci,identified five candidate genes predicted to be casual for heat stress response in cucumber.CsaV3_3G04883,CsaV3_4G029050 and CsaV3_6G005370 each had nonsynonymous SNPs,and were significantly up-regulated by heat stress in the heat-tolerant genotypes.CsaV3_3G031890 was also induced by heat stress,but in the heatsensitive genotypes,and sequence polymorphism was only found in the promoter region.Identifying these candidate genes lays a foundation for understanding cucumber thermotolerance mechanisms.Our study is one of the few to examine heat stress in adult cucumber plants and it therefore fills a critical gap in knowledge.It is also an important first-step towards accelerating the breeding of robust heat-tolerant varieties.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805602)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32225032,32001192,32271597)+1 种基金the Innovation Base Project of Gansu Province(2021YFF0703904)the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(24JRRA515,22JR5RA525,23JRRA1157).
文摘Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmental gradients.Particularly,the relative importance(RIV)of different plant life forms in a community and how they vary with environmental variables are still unclear.To fill these gaps,we determined plant diversity of ephemeral plants,annual herbs,perennial herbs,and woody plants from 187 sites across drylands in China.The SR patterns of herbaceous plants,especially perennial herbs,and their RIV in plant communities increased with increasing precipitation and soil nutrient content;however,the RIV of annual herbs was not altered along these gradients.The SR and RIV of ephemeral plants were affected mainly by precipitation seasonality.The SR of woody plants had a unimodal relationship with air temperature and exhibited the highest RIV and SR percentage in plant communities under the harshest environments.An obvious shift emerged in plant community composition,SR and their critical impact factors at 238.5 mm of mean annual precipitation(MAP).In mesic regions(>238.5 mm),herbs were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively slow decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by MAP and soil nutrients.In arid regions(<238.5 mm),woody plants were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively fast decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by climate variables,especially precipitation.Our findings highlight the importance of comparative life form studies in community structure and biodiversity,as their responses to gradients differed substantially on a large scale.
基金supported by the Faculty Startup Fund from Jining Medical University,the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.ZR2023QC309)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32102236)。
文摘Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32088102)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0630103).
文摘Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactions is arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis,which is formed by 80%-90%of terrestrial plants in association with AM fungi.In AM symbiosis,plants acquire mineral nutrients from the fungi in exchange for fatty acids and sugars that are produced during photosynthesis(Jiang et al.,2017).
基金supported by the Hainan Major Science and Technology Projects,China(ZDKJ202001)the Hainan Provincial Postdoctoral Research Projects awarded to Mohammad Nauman Khan,China(RZ2300005783)+1 种基金the Sao Paulo Research Foundation,Brazil(FAPESP,#2022/03219–2)the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,Brazil(CNPQ,#310846/2022–6)。
文摘Salinity is a major issue threatening global food security.Among the different strategies,nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential for improving crop production under abiotic stresses such as salinity.In this review,we discuss the environmental challenges associated with the different methods of nanomaterial application,including seed nanopriming,as well as foliar and soil/root application.Based on previous research,nanopriming uses less nanomaterials and has minimal concerns regarding environmental safety and the food chain.We discuss in detail the preventive measures for the safe and sustainable use of nanomaterials in agriculture based on the application methods.Furthermore,we summarize the role of antioxidant enzyme-triggering nanomaterials and direct reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging nanomaterials(nanozymes)in plant salt tolerance.Nanomaterials can improve sodium(Na^(+))and potassium(K^(+))homeostasis through various anatomical,physiological,and molecular mechanisms while improving plant salt tolerance.The role of nanomaterials in modulating plant photosynthesis and hormonal balance has been largely overlooked.We also identify research gaps and provide guidelines for future research work.This review provides guidelines for helping researchers to understand the proper design of nanoparticles(NPs)and different plant-related factors while using NPs for plant stress tolerance.These considerations will help to improve the efficient delivery of NPs into plants.Furthermore,after gaining sufficient scientific knowledge and better understanding,NPs can be integral to sustainable agriculture,while saving costs and reducing biosafety concerns and environmental pollution.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U24A20353)the S&T Program of Hebei(Nos.226Z6801G,C2021204002,and 20210365)+1 种基金the Talent Introduction Program in Hebei Agricultural University(No.YJ201918)supported by the SERI-funded ERC Starting Grant,project MB23.00011.
文摘Climate warming causes mountainous species to shift their distributions towards higher elevations.How elevation influences growth-climate relationship in mountain regions has been intensively investigated.However,how microtopography shapes tree growth and its drought resistance along the elevation gradient remains poorly understood.We used a network of Larix principis-rupprechtii tree-ring data comprising 1,918 trees from different age classes and mountain slopes,along an elevation gradient ranging from 970 to 1,869 m,to investigate how slope gradients mediate the growth and drought resilience of larch trees along an elevation gradient in North China.Growing season drought and temperature were the major limiting climatic factors for larch trees across the study region.Larch trees younger than 40 years exhibited a stronger positive correlation between basal area increment(BAI)and elevation on steep slopes(10°-35°)than on flat(0°-5°)or gentle(5°-10°)slopes.At low-elevation steep slopes,the growth of larch trees younger than 40 years showed a stronger correlation with the Palmer drought severity index(PDSI).Both resistance and resilience were found to increase along the elevation gradient on steep slopes for young larch trees but not for old larch trees.No significant differences were observed in the drought recovery ability of larch trees across all age groups at increasing elevation.Our results highlight that drought events may particularly affect the growth of young larch trees on low-elevation steep slopes,with potential repercussions on mortality rates.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700102)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(22422702)+1 种基金Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research(No.2022013301015174)Prof.Alexander Jones at Cambridge University for his guidance and contribution.
文摘Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins,which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress responses.However,a comprehensive review focused on the spatiotemporal monitoring of plant proteins using these biosensors is still lacking.This review highlights key advancements in the field,evaluates the strengths and limitations of current biosensors,and discusses their applications for tracking plant protein dynamics.We aim to provide a thorough understanding of genetically encoded biosensors for plant proteins,promote the development of these technologies,and foster deeper insights into molecular mechanisms in plant cells.Future research should prioritize overcoming challenges such as interference from plant autofluorescence and enhancing the sensitivity of biosensors,particularly in complex cellular compartments like chloroplasts and cell walls,to further improve spatial and temporal resolution.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201300,2022YFD1201500)Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04025)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412009,32372173,32101779,32260485)the Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2022hspy001,2021hskf008,and 2022hspy010).
文摘Leaf rust,caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina,is one of the most destructive diseases affecting global wheat production.Developing disease-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to managing this disease.We phenotyped a collection of 559 wheat accessions from five continents for resistance to leaf rust in field trials at three locations in China(Zhoukou,Henan;Wuhan,Hubei;and Xinxiang,Henan)during the 2020–2021,2021–2022,and 2022–2023 cropping seasons,followed by best-linear-unbiased-estimation analysis across environments.These accessions were genotyped using the MGISEQ-2000 re-sequencing platform,and a genome-wide association analysis was subsequently performed.Twenty-four stable leaf rust resistance loci across 15 chromosomes were identified.Among these,11 loci may represent new sources of resistance.Notably,Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL were consistently detected across all three environments and BLUE.Lr.hzau-2BS.1 has the highest frequency in European wheat accessions,whereas Lr.hzau-7AL is most prevalent in South American accessions.Gene-expression analysis identified 101 candidate genes associated with these loci.Closely linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers,2B-209172 and 7A-348992,were developed for Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL,respectively.Chinese wheat varieties Mianmai 45 and Liaomai 16,which carry resistance alleles at both loci and exhibit<5%leaf rust severity,represent valuable sources of leaf rust resistance for wheat breeding programs.These newly identified resistance loci and their KASP markers provide valuable resource for their exploitation in wheat breeding.
文摘Heavy metal(HM)accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions.Cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),and nickel(Ni)are examples of HMs that negatively impact the growth and development of plants,resulting in lower agricultural output and food safety concerns.Biochar(BC),a substance rich in carbon that is formed by pyrolyzing natural biomass,has demonstrated remarkable promise in reducing HM stress in polluted soils.Research has shown that BC effectively lowers plant uptake of metals,and enhances soil qualities,and encourages microbial activity.Besides,BC improves the fertility of soil,retention of water,and nutrient absorption,while it interacts with soil microbes to help mitigate the negative effects.However,a number of variables affect how effective BC is as a soil supplement,including the kind of BC used,the soil’s characteristics,and the metal’s qualities.This review delves into the mechanisms of BC’s interactions with HMs,its potential to mitigate stress caused by different metals,and the factors that influence its efficiency.Furthermore,it draws attention to the drawbacks and difficulties associated with using BC in heavy-metal-contaminated soils,offering suggestions for future studies focused on maximizing its utilization for long-term soil rehabilitation and sustainable agriculture.
基金funded by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(ZDBS-LY-7001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170398,42211540718,W2433074,32071541)+6 种基金the CAS“Light of West China”Programthe Xingdian Talent Support Program of Yunnan Province(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0026)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan(202201AT070222)the Fund of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics(CWR-2024-04)funding from the China Scholarship Council(202304910135,202304910138)for their oneyear study at the University of Toronto,Canadathe Pakistan Science Foundation&NSFC for the joint venture under the project(PSF-NSFC/JSEP/BIO/COAU(04))surpported by the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2023ZKZD36).
文摘Mountains serve as exceptional natural laboratories for studying biodiversity due to their heterogeneous landforms and climatic zones.The Himalaya,a global biodiversity hotspot,hosts rich endemic flora,supports vital ecosystem functions,and offers a unique window into multifaceted plant diversity patterns.This review synthesizes research on Himalayan plant diversity,including species,phylogenetic,functional,and genetic dimensions,highlighting knowledge gaps and solutions.Research on Himalayan plant diversity has developed significantly.However,gaps remain,especially in studies on phylogenetic and functional diversity.The region's vegetation ranges from tropical rainforests to alpine ecosystems,with species richness typically following a hump-shaped distribution along elevation gradients.The eastern Himalaya exhibits higher plant diversity than the central and western regions.Low-elevation communities were found to be more functionally diverse,whereas high-elevation communities displayed greater ecological specialization.Communities at mid-elevations tend to show greater phylogenetic diversity than those at higher and lower elevations.The eastern and western flanks of the Himalaya retain high levels of genetic diversity and serve as glacial refugia,whereas the central region acts as a hybrid zone for closely related species.Himalayan plant diversity is shaped by historical,climatic,ecological and anthropogenic factors across space and time.However,this rich biodiversity is increasingly threatened by environmental change and growing anthropogenic pressures.Unfortunately,research efforts are constrained by spatial biases and the lack of transnational initiatives and collaborative studies,which could significantly benefit from interdisciplinary approaches,and other coordinated actions.These efforts are vital to safeguarding the Himalayan natural heritage.
文摘A comparative study was carried out on the EM_cytochemical localization of calcium and Ca 2+ _ATPase activity in the suspension_cultured cells between the chilling_sensitive maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Black Mexican Sweet) and chilling_insensitive Trititrigia ( Triticum sect. Trititrigia mackey) at 4 ℃ chilling. When maize and Tyititrigia cells were cultured at 26 ℃, electron microscopic observations revealed that the electron_dense calcium antimonate deposits, an indication of the calcium localization, were localized mainly in the vacuoles, and few was found in the cytosol and nuclei. The electron_dense cerium phosphate deposits, an indication of Ca 2+ _ATPase activity, were abundantly distributed on the plasma membrane (PM). When the cells from both species were cultured at 4 ℃ for 1 and 3 h, an elevation of Ca 2+ level in the cytosol and nuclei was observed, whereas the cerium phosphate deposits on the PM showed no quantitative difference from those of the 26 ℃_cultured cells, indicating that the enzymatic activities were not altered during these chilling periods. However, there was a distinct difference in the dynamics of the Ca 2+ distribution and the PM Ca 2+ _ATPase activity between maize and Trititrigia when chilled at 4 ℃ for 12, 24 and 72 h. In maize cells, a large number of Ca 2+ deposits still existed in the cytosol and nuclei, and the PM Ca 2+ _ATPase became less and less active, and even inactive at all. In Trititrigia cells, the increased cytosolic and nuclear Ca 2+ ions decreased after 12 h chilling. By chilling up to 24 and 72 h, the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration had been restored to a similar low level as those of the warm temperature_cultured cells, while the activity of the PM Ca 2+ _ATPase maintained high. The transient cytosolic and nuclear Ca 2+ increase and the activities of PM Ca 2+ _ATPase during chilling are discussed in relation to plant cold hardiness.
基金supported by the Foundation of National Dairy Technology Innovation Center(2022-Open Funding Project-12)Foundation of National Dairy Technology Innovation Center(2022-Scientific Research-9)+2 种基金Key Project of National Dairy Innovation Research Center of Inner Mongolia(2021-National Dairy Innovation Research Center-8)Key Projects of Research Operating Expenses of Provincial Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province(CZKYF2021-2-B017)Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(ZD2022C007).
文摘Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories,which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world.Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale,standardized production due to the growth of the market.It has a unique flavor and is rich in nutrients,and its abundance of free amino acids,vitamins and phenolics has many positive effects on the human body.This review gives the types and history of suancai,as well as its impact on the world’s pickled culture.The changes in nutritional composition and flavor of suancai during fermentation are summarized.It presented the production technology and influencing factors of the northeast suancai,examined the quality and safety issues in suancai,and put forth some ideas and opinions on the standardization development of the suancai industry.It also summarized the geographic distribution and flora diversity of pickles around the world.In order to provide some knowledge and guidance for the promotion of modern industrial production in the suancai industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201654 and U22A20464)National Key Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2020YFA0907600)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Canopy photosynthesis,rather than leaf photosynthesis,is highly related to plant biomass and yield formation.Studying canopy photosynthesis and identifying the parameters that control it can help optimize agricultural management and achieve crop yield potential.Compared with traditional parameters,canopy occupation volume(COV)offers an integrative parameter on canopy architecture related to canopy photosynthetic rates.In this study,we developed a high-throughput method to derive COV for different rice varieties.We first used multi-perspective two-dimensional imaging to reconstruct three-dimensional point clouds of rice plants and developed a suite of pipelines to calculate plant height,leaf number,tiller number,and biomass,with R^(2) values of 91.8%,95.9%,82.3%,and 94.3%,respectively.We further employed point cloud data to reconstruct the surfaces of rice plants and construct a virtual canopy model of the rice population.Light distribution was simulated using a ray-tracing algorithm and canopy photosynthetic rates were simulated via photosynthetic rate-incident light intensity curve fitting.Furthermore,we systematically explored the relationships between canopy phenotypes and photosynthetic rates,and found that COV was the most effective predictor of canopy photosynthesis,achieving an R^(2) value of 92.1%.Adjustment in atmospheric transmittance showed that COV strongly correlated with canopy photosynthesis under different light conditions,with higher accuracy observed under diffuse light.Variations in planting density confirmed that this correlation remained strong at the community level.In summary,this study demonstrates that COV is closely linked to simulated canopy photosynthesis and the developed pipeline can support future agronomic and breeding research.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1201100)the research program from the Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory(ZSBBL-KY2023-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32341037).
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum)faces significant threats from diseases such as powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis)and Fusarium head blight(FHB;caused by Fusarium graminearum),which cause severe yield losses.Moreover,the antagonism between yield-related traits and disease resistance makes yield resistance coordination a major challenge in wheat breeding.The lack of genetic resources combining both disease resistance and high yield constrains the elucidation of underlying resistance-yield trade-off mechanisms,thereby hindering the development of high-yield and disease-resistant wheat cultivars.Remarkably,Yangmai 33(YM33),a notable wheat cultivar with resistance to both powdery mildew and FHB as well as high-yield performance,was recently developed.It offers a unique opportunity to dissect the genomic architecture underlying the coordination between disease resistance and yield.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030080 to L.C.and 31991222 to Y.-G.L.)the Open Competition Program of the Top Ten Critical Priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province(2022SDZG05 to L.C.)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515110431 to G.L.and 2019B030302006 to Y.-G.L.)the Invigorate the Seed Industry of Guangdong Province(2024-NPY-00-044 to L.C.).
文摘Hybrid-sterility-mediated reproductive isolation is pivotal for speciation,yet the underlying molecular mechanisms and environmental responses remain unclear.Here,we report a temperature-sensitive pollen killer-protector system at a three-gene Sa locus for indica-japonica rice hybrid sterility.Genetic analyses identified SaFL^(+),a strong pollen protector from Sa-i(indica allele),and SaFL^(-),a weak japonica allele from Sa-j,which is exclusively functional under high temperatures.Protein interaction,ubiquitination,and degradation assays showed that SaF^(+)and SaM^(+)from Sa-i form a pollen-killer complex to bind and ubiquitinate the reactive oxygen species scavenger COX11 for degradation in mitochondria,causing male sterility of the Sa-j pollen.Protein affinity and competitive binding assays indicated that in the Sa-i pollen,SaFL^(+)binds SaM^(+)to disrupt the killer complex and restore fertility.However,the weak protector SaFL^(-)can bind SaM^(+)under high temperatures,sparing the Sa-j pollen from sterility.Synteny comparisons and haplotype analyses showed that the Sa locus originated in ancient wild rice and underwent divergence within the Oryza genus during expansion from tropical to temperate environments,which might have driven latitudinal adaptation and reproductive isolation in rice populations.Thus,Sa represents a temperature-sensitive reproductive-isolation system associated with domestication and environmental adaptation in rice.
