As we all are aware of the deleterious and ill effects of various chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers,the agricultural community has to move towards an alternative having a sustainable and eco-friendly appro...As we all are aware of the deleterious and ill effects of various chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers,the agricultural community has to move towards an alternative having a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.Thus in this study,we analyzed the efficiency of growth promoting microorganism products(GPMPs)using Tricuran-P(Trichoderma harzianum T-22);Nitroxin(Azospirilium and Azotobacter rhizobacteria in combination);Effective Micro-Organisms(EM)(photosynthetic bacteria,lactobacillus,Streptomyces,Actinomycetes,yeast,etc.);Phytohumic;Formycine Gold PX 20%;and Fenamiphos(Nemacur)on the tomato growth and physico-chemical properties of the plant and the soil at a greenhouse condition in interaction with root-knot nematodes(RKNs),Meloidogyne javanica pathosystem along with irrigation water at the interval of every three weeks for three times.The results showed that the lowest second-stage juveniles(J2)reproduction factor rate in the soil was related to Nemacur 18%and Tricuran-P 19%,followed by Formycine with 30%reduction in comparison to inoculated controls,respectively.Increasing the concentration of Formycine led to a significant decrease in the reproduction factor rate of J2 in the soil and the roots.Furthermore,in the biomass traits,the treatments showed a significant effect on the related traits,which were increased with the Formycine increase in the growth parameters of the biomass traits.The results of the effect of different treatments on physico-chemical traits of the soil indicated that the treatments had a significant difference on all the relevant traits except the concentration of phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))and potassium(K_(2)O).Whereas,the content of elements in the tomato plants showed a significant difference on all the evaluated traits.At the same time,the correlation between the attributes in the tomato plant with the soil indicated that the plant’s N had a positive and significant correlation with Organic Carbon(OC),total N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O and the soil moisture;and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC(electrical conductivity).Moreover,the content of K,Ca,and Mg of the plant had a positive and significant correlation with the soil moisture,and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC.Cumulatively,GPMPs not only are enable to shift over the soil environments in the favor of the plant growth,but also similarly modulate immunity against RKNs,by virtue of which Formycine and others can compete relatively compared to Fenamiphos(Nemacur)and other relevant GPMPs in this research.展开更多
Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in immune signaling transduction in plant resistance to pathogens.Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),severely devastates wheat production...Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in immune signaling transduction in plant resistance to pathogens.Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),severely devastates wheat production.Nonetheless,the molecular mechanism of wheat resistance to stripe rust remains limited.In this study,quantitative phosphoproteomics was employed to investigate the protein phosphorylation changes in wheat challenged by Pst.A total of 1537 and 2470 differentially accumulated phosphoproteins(DAPs)were identified from four early infection stage(6,12,18 and 24 h post-inoculation)in incompatible and compatible wheat-Pst interactions respectively.KEGG analysis revealed that Oxidative Phosphorylation,Phosphatidylinositol Signaling,and MAPK signaling processes are distinctively enriched in incompatible interaction,while Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and RNA degradation process were significantly enriched in compatible interactions.In particular,abundant changes in phosphorylation levels of chloroplast proteins were identified,suggesting the regulatory role of photosynthesis in wheat-Pst interaction,which is further emphasized by protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis.Motif-x analysis identified[xxxxSPxxxx]motif,likely phosphorylation sites for defensive response-related kinases,and a new[xxxxSSxxxx]motif significantly enriched in incompatible interaction.The results shed light on the early phosphorylation events contributing to wheat resistance against Pst.Moreover,our study demonstrated that the phosphorylation levels of Nucleoside diphosphate kinase TaNAPK1 are upregulated at 12 hpi with CYR23 and at 24 hpi with CYR31.Transient silencing of TaNAPK1 was able to attenuate wheat resistance to CYR23 and CYR31.Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying Pst-wheat interactions and may provide database to find potential targets for the development of new resistant varieties.展开更多
Trichogramma brassicae(Bezdenko)is an important biological control agent that has been used widely against many lepidopteran pests.Commonly,colonies of Trichogramma are mass reared on factitious hosts such as Sitotrog...Trichogramma brassicae(Bezdenko)is an important biological control agent that has been used widely against many lepidopteran pests.Commonly,colonies of Trichogramma are mass reared on factitious hosts such as Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier)over many generations.In this study,we evaluated the quality and performance of a colony of T.brassicae that had been reared for over 45 generations(G)using two-sex life table parameters and parasitism capacity.We found that female adult longevity was significantly different among sequential generations,ranging from 5.58±2.5 d(at G5)to 3.75±1.42 d(at G45).However,no significant difference was found in male adult longevity among different generations.Although female wasps survived longer until the 15th gener・ation,they allocated more days for egg laying at G5 and GIO.The highest values of gross reproductive rate(GRR),net reproductive rate(7.),intrinsic rate of increase(r),finite rate of increase(λ)and mean generation time(T)were found in G5 and GIO,which also showed significantly higher cq.No significant difference in the finite parasitism rate(co)was found among generations up to G15.These results suggest that T.brassicae wasps held under continuous laboratory rearing can be used successfully in biological control programs until the 15th generation without any loss of quality or performance.However,laboratory mass rearing colonies declined in quality after 15 generations and we suggest that they should be rejuvenated regularly by adding field-collected parasitoids periodically.展开更多
The majority o f adult parasitoid wasps are unable to synthesize lipids and therefore face a trade-off between the investment of lipids in eggs or in the maintenance of soma.It has been shown that resource allocation ...The majority o f adult parasitoid wasps are unable to synthesize lipids and therefore face a trade-off between the investment of lipids in eggs or in the maintenance of soma.It has been shown that resource allocation should depend on body size in parasitoids.Given that smaller females have shorter expected life times,they should concentrate their reproductive effort into early life.To test this prediction,we investigated the relationship between body size and the timing of egg production in parasitoids.We measured body size,lipid reserves,and reproductive investment(number of eggs,ovigeny index equivalent[OIE]and egg size)at eclosion in five species of Asobara(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)originating from different geographic and climatic environments.Our results show significant interspecific variation in all these traits.A diagnostic test for phylogenetic independence revealed that closely related species did not resemble each other more closely than expected by chance for all traits measured.Lipid reserves scaled positively with body size both between and within species.In agreement with theory,01 correlated negatively with body size both between and within species.Total egg area at eclosion correlated negatively with lipid reserves both between and within species.This indicates the existence of a trade-off between allocation of lipids to current reproduction and survival/future reproduction.With the exception of the most extreme pro-ovigenic species,A.pers im ilis,we found that proovigeny was compensated for by small egg size.Our results indicate the role of habitats in shaping interspecific variation in resource allocation strategies.展开更多
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwi...This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.展开更多
文摘As we all are aware of the deleterious and ill effects of various chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers,the agricultural community has to move towards an alternative having a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.Thus in this study,we analyzed the efficiency of growth promoting microorganism products(GPMPs)using Tricuran-P(Trichoderma harzianum T-22);Nitroxin(Azospirilium and Azotobacter rhizobacteria in combination);Effective Micro-Organisms(EM)(photosynthetic bacteria,lactobacillus,Streptomyces,Actinomycetes,yeast,etc.);Phytohumic;Formycine Gold PX 20%;and Fenamiphos(Nemacur)on the tomato growth and physico-chemical properties of the plant and the soil at a greenhouse condition in interaction with root-knot nematodes(RKNs),Meloidogyne javanica pathosystem along with irrigation water at the interval of every three weeks for three times.The results showed that the lowest second-stage juveniles(J2)reproduction factor rate in the soil was related to Nemacur 18%and Tricuran-P 19%,followed by Formycine with 30%reduction in comparison to inoculated controls,respectively.Increasing the concentration of Formycine led to a significant decrease in the reproduction factor rate of J2 in the soil and the roots.Furthermore,in the biomass traits,the treatments showed a significant effect on the related traits,which were increased with the Formycine increase in the growth parameters of the biomass traits.The results of the effect of different treatments on physico-chemical traits of the soil indicated that the treatments had a significant difference on all the relevant traits except the concentration of phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))and potassium(K_(2)O).Whereas,the content of elements in the tomato plants showed a significant difference on all the evaluated traits.At the same time,the correlation between the attributes in the tomato plant with the soil indicated that the plant’s N had a positive and significant correlation with Organic Carbon(OC),total N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O and the soil moisture;and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC(electrical conductivity).Moreover,the content of K,Ca,and Mg of the plant had a positive and significant correlation with the soil moisture,and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC.Cumulatively,GPMPs not only are enable to shift over the soil environments in the favor of the plant growth,but also similarly modulate immunity against RKNs,by virtue of which Formycine and others can compete relatively compared to Fenamiphos(Nemacur)and other relevant GPMPs in this research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32161143023,32225041)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-03)Science and Technology Assistance Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022E02070),and Tang Scholar.
文摘Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in immune signaling transduction in plant resistance to pathogens.Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),severely devastates wheat production.Nonetheless,the molecular mechanism of wheat resistance to stripe rust remains limited.In this study,quantitative phosphoproteomics was employed to investigate the protein phosphorylation changes in wheat challenged by Pst.A total of 1537 and 2470 differentially accumulated phosphoproteins(DAPs)were identified from four early infection stage(6,12,18 and 24 h post-inoculation)in incompatible and compatible wheat-Pst interactions respectively.KEGG analysis revealed that Oxidative Phosphorylation,Phosphatidylinositol Signaling,and MAPK signaling processes are distinctively enriched in incompatible interaction,while Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and RNA degradation process were significantly enriched in compatible interactions.In particular,abundant changes in phosphorylation levels of chloroplast proteins were identified,suggesting the regulatory role of photosynthesis in wheat-Pst interaction,which is further emphasized by protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis.Motif-x analysis identified[xxxxSPxxxx]motif,likely phosphorylation sites for defensive response-related kinases,and a new[xxxxSSxxxx]motif significantly enriched in incompatible interaction.The results shed light on the early phosphorylation events contributing to wheat resistance against Pst.Moreover,our study demonstrated that the phosphorylation levels of Nucleoside diphosphate kinase TaNAPK1 are upregulated at 12 hpi with CYR23 and at 24 hpi with CYR31.Transient silencing of TaNAPK1 was able to attenuate wheat resistance to CYR23 and CYR31.Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying Pst-wheat interactions and may provide database to find potential targets for the development of new resistant varieties.
文摘Trichogramma brassicae(Bezdenko)is an important biological control agent that has been used widely against many lepidopteran pests.Commonly,colonies of Trichogramma are mass reared on factitious hosts such as Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier)over many generations.In this study,we evaluated the quality and performance of a colony of T.brassicae that had been reared for over 45 generations(G)using two-sex life table parameters and parasitism capacity.We found that female adult longevity was significantly different among sequential generations,ranging from 5.58±2.5 d(at G5)to 3.75±1.42 d(at G45).However,no significant difference was found in male adult longevity among different generations.Although female wasps survived longer until the 15th gener・ation,they allocated more days for egg laying at G5 and GIO.The highest values of gross reproductive rate(GRR),net reproductive rate(7.),intrinsic rate of increase(r),finite rate of increase(λ)and mean generation time(T)were found in G5 and GIO,which also showed significantly higher cq.No significant difference in the finite parasitism rate(co)was found among generations up to G15.These results suggest that T.brassicae wasps held under continuous laboratory rearing can be used successfully in biological control programs until the 15th generation without any loss of quality or performance.However,laboratory mass rearing colonies declined in quality after 15 generations and we suggest that they should be rejuvenated regularly by adding field-collected parasitoids periodically.
文摘The majority o f adult parasitoid wasps are unable to synthesize lipids and therefore face a trade-off between the investment of lipids in eggs or in the maintenance of soma.It has been shown that resource allocation should depend on body size in parasitoids.Given that smaller females have shorter expected life times,they should concentrate their reproductive effort into early life.To test this prediction,we investigated the relationship between body size and the timing of egg production in parasitoids.We measured body size,lipid reserves,and reproductive investment(number of eggs,ovigeny index equivalent[OIE]and egg size)at eclosion in five species of Asobara(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)originating from different geographic and climatic environments.Our results show significant interspecific variation in all these traits.A diagnostic test for phylogenetic independence revealed that closely related species did not resemble each other more closely than expected by chance for all traits measured.Lipid reserves scaled positively with body size both between and within species.In agreement with theory,01 correlated negatively with body size both between and within species.Total egg area at eclosion correlated negatively with lipid reserves both between and within species.This indicates the existence of a trade-off between allocation of lipids to current reproduction and survival/future reproduction.With the exception of the most extreme pro-ovigenic species,A.pers im ilis,we found that proovigeny was compensated for by small egg size.Our results indicate the role of habitats in shaping interspecific variation in resource allocation strategies.
基金the Thailand Research Fund(Grant No.TRG6180001)the Mae Fah Luang University Fund(Grant No.631C15001)+42 种基金Plant Genetic Conserva-tion Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang Universitythe Mushroom Research Foundation.Kevin D.Hyde thanks the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(Granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant No.G20190139006)the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dra-caena species(Grant No.DBG6080013)Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(Grant No.RDG6130001)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Grant No.2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31870011,31750001,31770028 and 31970017).CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.Y9215811Q1)Provincial Science and Tech-nology Department(grant no.202003AD150004)Yunnan Provincial Key Programs of Yunnan Eco-friendly Food International Cooperation Research Center(Grant No.2019ZG00908)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences“Response of Asian mountain ecosystems to global change”,CAS,Grant No.QYZDY-SSWSMC014”the Agreement ENDESA and San Ignacio de Huinay Foundations and Consejo Superior de Investiga-ciones Científicas,CSIC(Projects No.2011HUIN10,2013CL0012)and DGICYT projects CGL2005-01192/BOS,CGL2009-07231,CGL2015-67459-P,CSIC project PIE202030E059the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education(grant No.N N305299640)the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT,Portugal(to BioISI).the University of Southern Queensland and the Grains Research and Development Corporation projects DAQ00186 and DAQ00194the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)for the award of post-doctoral fellowship and the research grants(No.185701000001 and No.18-06620)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31500013,30770013)Talent Introduction Scientific Research Special Project of Hebei Agricultural University(YJ201849)the Ear-marked Fund for Hebei Edible Fungi Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Project ID:HBCT2018050205).SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015)the Department of Biotechnology,Pondicherry Univer-sity for facilitiesSERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for providing financial support under the project YSS/2015/001590the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program[Grant No.2019QZKK0503]the open research project of“Cross Cooperative Team”of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant No.292019312511043]Science and Technology Ser-vice Network Initiative,Chinese Academy of Sciences[KFJ-STS-QYZD-171]S.N.Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Mae Fah Luang University,National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)pro-ject code 31851110759National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972222,31560489)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China(111 Program,D20023)Talent Project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform([2017]5788-5,[2019]5641 and[2020]5001)Guizhou Science,Tech-nology Department International Cooperation Basic project([2018]5806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31970021 and 32060005)Fungal Diversity Conservation and Utilization Innovation Team of Dali University(ZKLX2019213)for financial support.the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(NSFC 32060013)Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project from Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(QJHKYZ[2021]263)Dan-Feng Bao would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31660008 and 31860006)Fungal diversity conservation and uti-lization innovation team(ZKLX2019213)the Thailand Research Fund grant“impact of climate change on fungal diversity and bioge-ography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region(RDG6130001)”for finan-cial and laboratory support.Higher Educa-tion Commission,Pakistan for financial support through NRPU research project no.20-3383/NRPU/R&D/HEC/14/184.the Széchenyi 2020 Programme(Grant No.GINOP 2.2.1-15-2017-00042)the FWF and the Land Tirol for funding the MICINSNOW project(P31038)the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(Project No.2019HJ2096001006)the Science and Technology Support Project of Guizhou Province(Project No.20192451-2)for research support.Yusufjon Gafforov acknowledges Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan(Project no.P3-2014-0830174425 and PЗ-20170921183)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for a Visiting Scientist grant(no.:2018VBB0021).
文摘This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
