Objective:To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension.Methods:Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension ...Objective:To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension.Methods:Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer.The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size,polydispersity index,zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study.Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose(50 mg/kg.b.wt)of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension.The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition.Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains(Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98).Results:The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and-15.7 m V,respectively.Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33-fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension.The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract.展开更多
The Swiss stone Pine(Pinus cembra L.) is an alpine species, fairly commonly occurring in the Alps and the Carpathians, close to the timberline. Natural sites of the Swiss stone pine in Poland are found exclusively in ...The Swiss stone Pine(Pinus cembra L.) is an alpine species, fairly commonly occurring in the Alps and the Carpathians, close to the timberline. Natural sites of the Swiss stone pine in Poland are found exclusively in the Tatra Mountains, within the area of the Tatra National Park(TNP). In 2017, the health status of the needles of P. cembra was determined and their mycological analysis was carried out. As a result, 11 species of fungi were isolated from the needles showing disease symptoms, manifested by various shades of discoloration. The most frequently observed species was Fusarium oxysporum. It probably does not bring on disease symptoms, but may affect the development of other frequently isolated species(such as Sydowia polyspora, Lophodermium sp. and Lophodermium conigenum) that are pathogenic to Pinus spp.展开更多
Interspecific competition is an important factor in the population dynamics and geographical distribution of insect populations.Fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda,an invasive species,and the Asian corn borer(ACB...Interspecific competition is an important factor in the population dynamics and geographical distribution of insect populations.Fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda,an invasive species,and the Asian corn borer(ACB),Ostrinia furnacalis,a native pest species are major pests on maize in China,posing a threat to maize yield and grain quality.A series of laboratory,greenhouse,and field experiments were conducted to elucidate the competitive interactions between FAW and ACB.In the laboratory experiments,FAW exhibited aggressive behaviors more frequently when compared with ACB,while the latter species exhibited defense behaviors more frequently.Higher intraspecific competition was recorded in the FAW conspecific rather than in ACB,particularly in the 6th larval stage.FAW had a higher interspecific competitive advantage through intraguild predation over ACB,resulting in partial or complete displacement ACB when initially the ratio of the 2 species was 1:1.The interspecific competition also had significantly influenced on the population parameters,defensive enzymes,and nutrient of these 2 species.Competitive interaction proved that the response of superoxide,catalase,and soluble protein in FAW were significantly increased,whereas the total sugar content in both species was substantially decreased.Survival rate,and the plant damage that co-infested by both species varied significantly among the sequential combinations under greenhouse and field conditions.FAW consistently exhibited stronger intraspecific aggression than ACB under laboratory and field conditions when co-existing on the same feeding guild.These findings contribute to efforts toward the improvement of integrated pest management programs for FAW,in decision making for invasive and native pests’management strategies to reduce the high risks of FAW and ACB outbreaks.展开更多
The turnip fly, Delia floralis Fall6n （Diptera： Anthomyiidae） is an important insect pest of brassica vegetable crops in the holarctic region. Different populations have strongly varying temperature requirements fo...The turnip fly, Delia floralis Fall6n （Diptera： Anthomyiidae） is an important insect pest of brassica vegetable crops in the holarctic region. Different populations have strongly varying temperature requirements for fly emergence, a challenge for accurate prediction of activity. This study focused on diapause development in one early and one late emerging phenotype. The physiological state after various treatments was deduced from emergence data. Our results showed a slow diapause progression at chilling conditions for both populations and diapause ended about 7 months after pupae were formed for the early population. For the late population held at 4℃ diapause did not end, no matter how long the duration of chilling. These pupae required a period with elevated temperatures above 6~C to continue development. At constant non-chilling conditions （18℃） from the time pupae were formed both populations completed diapause most rapidly. These results indicate that chilling delayed, rather than accelerated development and was not a prerequisite for diapause development. For post-diapause, results indicated a linear relationship between rate of development and temperature within the range of 6-18℃and a theoretical base temperature for development of about 2℃ for both populations. In conclusion, D. floralis pupae are in diapause throughout a long winter period, and delayed emergence of the late population appears to be caused by prolonged diapause regulated by a developmental temperature threshold. The study has added information on the biology of turnip fly populations, a prerequisite for improved pest control.展开更多
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and organisms.This paper focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:Alternaria,Capnodium,Chaetothyrina,Cyto...This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and organisms.This paper focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:Alternaria,Capnodium,Chaetothyrina,Cytospora,Cyphellophora,Cyttaria,Dactylonectria,Diplodia,Dothiorella,Entoleuca,Eutiarosporella,Fusarium,Ilyonectria,Lasiodiplodia,Macrophomina,Medeolaria,Neonectria,Neopestalotiopsis,Pestalotiopsis,Plasmopara,Pseudopestalotiopsis,Rosellinia,Sphaeropsis,Stagonosporopsis and Verticillium.Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background,distribution,hosts,disease symptoms,and updated backbone trees.A new database(Onestopshopfungi)is established to enhance the current understanding of plant pathogenic genera among plant pathologists.展开更多
Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia.The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented.In temperate cereal systems,seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source f...Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia.The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented.In temperate cereal systems,seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents.In 2012 and 2013,a replicated study(n=4)in Bago,Myanmar compared 4 treatments(rodents and weeds;no rodents and weeds;rodents and no weeds;no rodents and no weeds)each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice.Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season,and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season.Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents.We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species,rodent damage,rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds.The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis.In the dry season,Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus-galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage.In the wet season E.crus-galli was a dominant weed throughout the season.Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season.There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season(258 US$/ha)than in the wet season(30 US$/ha).Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.展开更多
Infectious agents,both standard and emerging or engineered,might initiate outbreaks with global impact and/or existential-level threat potential.Such agents might infect human,livestock,exploitable plant cultures or t...Infectious agents,both standard and emerging or engineered,might initiate outbreaks with global impact and/or existential-level threat potential.Such agents might infect human,livestock,exploitable plant cultures or the environment at large.Instead of responding by sampling teams which may also carry out prolonged surveillance,a more effective concept is to pre-process the samples,possibly to nucleic acid extract so as to transport them without biological risks by standard channels,or to process them up to a point and return the results,leaving the samples which only need specialized tests and dedicated equipment.In this context a portable device,allowing multiple routine and crisis-management applications due to its inherent flexibility,is scrutinized against alternatives and possible needs so as to develop a novel standard of surveillance and intervention,meant to facilitate containment by providing faster much more reliable laboratory results at a fraction of older generation mobile nucleic acids analyzers.Additional steps,such as agarose in pills and buffers pre-packaged in expendable syringes with pistons locked by improvised safety features may improve the Complexity Level of the whole system so as to make it appealing to intervention/crisis management personnel,while the instrument proper may double as backup for respective benchtop devices.展开更多
文摘Objective:To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension.Methods:Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer.The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size,polydispersity index,zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study.Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose(50 mg/kg.b.wt)of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension.The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition.Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains(Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98).Results:The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and-15.7 m V,respectively.Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33-fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension.The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract.
基金financed from the forest fund under the agreement concluded between the State Forests National Forest Holding and the Tatry National Park in 2017
文摘The Swiss stone Pine(Pinus cembra L.) is an alpine species, fairly commonly occurring in the Alps and the Carpathians, close to the timberline. Natural sites of the Swiss stone pine in Poland are found exclusively in the Tatra Mountains, within the area of the Tatra National Park(TNP). In 2017, the health status of the needles of P. cembra was determined and their mycological analysis was carried out. As a result, 11 species of fungi were isolated from the needles showing disease symptoms, manifested by various shades of discoloration. The most frequently observed species was Fusarium oxysporum. It probably does not bring on disease symptoms, but may affect the development of other frequently isolated species(such as Sydowia polyspora, Lophodermium sp. and Lophodermium conigenum) that are pathogenic to Pinus spp.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1400701)Science and Technology Innovation Project,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS ZDR202108).
文摘Interspecific competition is an important factor in the population dynamics and geographical distribution of insect populations.Fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda,an invasive species,and the Asian corn borer(ACB),Ostrinia furnacalis,a native pest species are major pests on maize in China,posing a threat to maize yield and grain quality.A series of laboratory,greenhouse,and field experiments were conducted to elucidate the competitive interactions between FAW and ACB.In the laboratory experiments,FAW exhibited aggressive behaviors more frequently when compared with ACB,while the latter species exhibited defense behaviors more frequently.Higher intraspecific competition was recorded in the FAW conspecific rather than in ACB,particularly in the 6th larval stage.FAW had a higher interspecific competitive advantage through intraguild predation over ACB,resulting in partial or complete displacement ACB when initially the ratio of the 2 species was 1:1.The interspecific competition also had significantly influenced on the population parameters,defensive enzymes,and nutrient of these 2 species.Competitive interaction proved that the response of superoxide,catalase,and soluble protein in FAW were significantly increased,whereas the total sugar content in both species was substantially decreased.Survival rate,and the plant damage that co-infested by both species varied significantly among the sequential combinations under greenhouse and field conditions.FAW consistently exhibited stronger intraspecific aggression than ACB under laboratory and field conditions when co-existing on the same feeding guild.These findings contribute to efforts toward the improvement of integrated pest management programs for FAW,in decision making for invasive and native pests’management strategies to reduce the high risks of FAW and ACB outbreaks.
文摘The turnip fly, Delia floralis Fall6n （Diptera： Anthomyiidae） is an important insect pest of brassica vegetable crops in the holarctic region. Different populations have strongly varying temperature requirements for fly emergence, a challenge for accurate prediction of activity. This study focused on diapause development in one early and one late emerging phenotype. The physiological state after various treatments was deduced from emergence data. Our results showed a slow diapause progression at chilling conditions for both populations and diapause ended about 7 months after pupae were formed for the early population. For the late population held at 4℃ diapause did not end, no matter how long the duration of chilling. These pupae required a period with elevated temperatures above 6~C to continue development. At constant non-chilling conditions （18℃） from the time pupae were formed both populations completed diapause most rapidly. These results indicate that chilling delayed, rather than accelerated development and was not a prerequisite for diapause development. For post-diapause, results indicated a linear relationship between rate of development and temperature within the range of 6-18℃and a theoretical base temperature for development of about 2℃ for both populations. In conclusion, D. floralis pupae are in diapause throughout a long winter period, and delayed emergence of the late population appears to be caused by prolonged diapause regulated by a developmental temperature threshold. The study has added information on the biology of turnip fly populations, a prerequisite for improved pest control.
基金funded by the grants of the project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31560489)Talent project of Guizhou science and technology cooperation platform([2017]5788-5)+3 种基金Guizhou science,technology department international cooperation base project([2018]5806)Kevin D.Hyde would like to thank"the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species"(Grant No.DBG6080013)Thailand Research Fund(TRF)grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruti-cans and"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and bio-geography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"(RDG6130001)Rajesh Jeewon would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University and the University of Mauritius for research support.Alan J.L.Phillips acknowledges the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI,FCT/UID/Multi/04046/2013)。
文摘This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and organisms.This paper focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:Alternaria,Capnodium,Chaetothyrina,Cytospora,Cyphellophora,Cyttaria,Dactylonectria,Diplodia,Dothiorella,Entoleuca,Eutiarosporella,Fusarium,Ilyonectria,Lasiodiplodia,Macrophomina,Medeolaria,Neonectria,Neopestalotiopsis,Pestalotiopsis,Plasmopara,Pseudopestalotiopsis,Rosellinia,Sphaeropsis,Stagonosporopsis and Verticillium.Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background,distribution,hosts,disease symptoms,and updated backbone trees.A new database(Onestopshopfungi)is established to enhance the current understanding of plant pathogenic genera among plant pathologists.
基金the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation through the CORIGAP project(Grant no.81016734).
文摘Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia.The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented.In temperate cereal systems,seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents.In 2012 and 2013,a replicated study(n=4)in Bago,Myanmar compared 4 treatments(rodents and weeds;no rodents and weeds;rodents and no weeds;no rodents and no weeds)each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice.Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season,and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season.Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents.We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species,rodent damage,rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds.The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis.In the dry season,Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus-galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage.In the wet season E.crus-galli was a dominant weed throughout the season.Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season.There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season(258 US$/ha)than in the wet season(30 US$/ha).Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.
基金supported by the project“Synthetic Biology:From omics technologies to genomic engineering(OMIC-ENGINE)”(MIS:5002636)which is implemented under the Action“Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”funded by the Operational Program"Competitiveness,Entrepreneurship and Innovation"(NSRF 2014-2020)co-financed by Greece and the European Union(European Regional Development Fund).
文摘Infectious agents,both standard and emerging or engineered,might initiate outbreaks with global impact and/or existential-level threat potential.Such agents might infect human,livestock,exploitable plant cultures or the environment at large.Instead of responding by sampling teams which may also carry out prolonged surveillance,a more effective concept is to pre-process the samples,possibly to nucleic acid extract so as to transport them without biological risks by standard channels,or to process them up to a point and return the results,leaving the samples which only need specialized tests and dedicated equipment.In this context a portable device,allowing multiple routine and crisis-management applications due to its inherent flexibility,is scrutinized against alternatives and possible needs so as to develop a novel standard of surveillance and intervention,meant to facilitate containment by providing faster much more reliable laboratory results at a fraction of older generation mobile nucleic acids analyzers.Additional steps,such as agarose in pills and buffers pre-packaged in expendable syringes with pistons locked by improvised safety features may improve the Complexity Level of the whole system so as to make it appealing to intervention/crisis management personnel,while the instrument proper may double as backup for respective benchtop devices.
