The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolate...The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.展开更多
Information about disease management in winter wheat （Triticum aestiva） in eight European countries was collated and analysed by scientists and extension workers within the European Network for the Durable Exploitat...Information about disease management in winter wheat （Triticum aestiva） in eight European countries was collated and analysed by scientists and extension workers within the European Network for the Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies （ENDURE）. This included information about specific disease thresholds, decision support systems, host varieties, disease prevalence and pathogen virulence. Major differences in disease prevalence and economic importance were observed. Septoria tritici blotch （Mycosphaerella graminicola） was recognized as the most yield reducing disease in countries with intensive wheat production, but also rust diseases （Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia triticina）, powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis） and Fusarium head blight （Fusarium spp.） were seen as serious disease problems. Examples of current integrated pest management （IPM） strategies in different countries have been reported. Disease management and fungicide use patterns showed major differences, with an average input equivalent to 2.3 full dose rates （TFI） in the UK and a TFI of 0.6 in Denmark. These differences are most likely due to a combination of different cropping systems, climatic differences, disease prevalence, and socio-economic factors. The web based information platform www.eurowheat.org was used for dissemination of information and results including information on control thresholds, cultural practices which can influence disease attack, fungicide efficacy, fungicide resistance, and pathogen virulence, which are all elements supporting 1PM for disease control in wheat. The platform is open to all users. The target groups of EuroWheat information are researchers, advisors, breeders, and similar partners dealing with disease management in wheat.展开更多
The quantitative expression and the regulation of chitinase-encoding genes ech30, ech42 and nag1 in Trichoderma atroviride P1 under varying growth conditions were investigated using real-time RT-PCR, principle compone...The quantitative expression and the regulation of chitinase-encoding genes ech30, ech42 and nag1 in Trichoderma atroviride P1 under varying growth conditions were investigated using real-time RT-PCR, principle component and multivariate analyses. Twelve media combinations including 0.1% and 3% glucose as carbon source and no (0 mmol/L), low (10 mmol/L) and high (100 mmol/L) ammonium acetate as nitrogen source combined with or without colloidal chitin at 3 time intervals and 2 replications were applied to current study. The real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of ech30, ech42 and nag1 was regulated by the interaction of nitrogen, glucose and chitin under different growth conditions. The highest and earliest expressions of ech30 were induced by glucose and nitrogen starvation i.e. 0.1% glucose and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate in the growth media. This was also the case for ech42 and nag1 but at a relatively low level. In contrast, high (3%) glucose and high (100 mmol/L) ammonium acetate concentrations repressed the expression of all the genes studied. These results were confirmed by principle component and multivariate analyses. The effect of chitin on ech30, ech42 and nag1 expression varied depending on the concentrations of glucose and ammonium acetate.展开更多
Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) is an entomopathogenic fungus used as an ecofriendly insecticide to infect arthropods. B. bassiana also possesses endophytic activity to contribute to plant growth. Thi...Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) is an entomopathogenic fungus used as an ecofriendly insecticide to infect arthropods. B. bassiana also possesses endophytic activity to contribute to plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the potential insecticidal and endophytic activity of native B. bassiana isolates. The nymphal and adult stages of the apple tree aphid (Aphis pomi) and whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) were used as targets in bioinsecticidal experiments, and vegetables (beans, tomatoes and cucumbers) were used as targets in biostimulant experiments. The endophytic activity of the B. bassiana strains was assessed after inoculation them to the crop seeds and plants via soil drenching, foliar spraying and seed immersion. In bean plants, seed immersion was the most effective application method. Soil drenching was more effective in the cucumber and tomato plants. The results of in vitro bioassay tests against pests have revealed the LC50 and LT50 values of B. bassiana isolate Col-2. The LC50 of this isolate for A. pomi adults and nymphs was 2.5 × 106 conidia/mL−1;for T. vaporariorum, it was lower 1.8 × 106 conidia/mL−1. Such mortality occurred after 55.49 h. in A. pomi adults and nymphs (LT50), after 62.3 h. in T. vaporariorum (LT50).展开更多
Sugarcane mosaic virus(SCMV)is the main etiological agent of sugarcane mosaic disease,which affects sugarcane and other grass crops.Despite the extensive characterization of quantitative trait loci controlling resista...Sugarcane mosaic virus(SCMV)is the main etiological agent of sugarcane mosaic disease,which affects sugarcane and other grass crops.Despite the extensive characterization of quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to SCMV in maize,the genetic basis of this trait in sugarcane is largely unexplored.Here,a genome-wide association study was performed and machine learning coupled with feature selection was used for genomic prediction of resistance to SCMV in a diverse sugarcane panel.Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)explained up to 29.9%of the observed phenotypic variance and a 73-SNP set predicted resistance with high accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 scores(the harmonic mean of precision and recall).Both marker sets were validated in additional sugarcane genotypes,in which the SNPs explained up to 23.6%of the phenotypic variation and predicted resistance with a maximum accuracy of 69.1%.Synteny analyses suggested that the gene responsible for the majority of SCMV resistance in maize is absent in sugarcane,explaining why this major resistance source has not been identified in this crop.Finally,using sugarcane RNA-Seq data,markers associated with resistance to SCMV were annotated,and a gene coexpression network was constructed to identify the predicted biological processes involved in resistance.This network allowed the identification of candidate resistance genes and confirmed the involvement of stress responses,photosynthesis,and the regulation of transcription and translation in resistance to SCMV.These results provide a practical marker-assisted breeding approach for sugarcane and identify target genes for future studies of SCMV resistance.展开更多
In the last two decades,fire blight has progressively spread eastward from Europe and the Mediterranean area to several pome-fruit producing regions of Asia.Its causative agent,the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora...In the last two decades,fire blight has progressively spread eastward from Europe and the Mediterranean area to several pome-fruit producing regions of Asia.Its causative agent,the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora,was detected in several new countries,including Georgia,Kyrgyzstan,and Kazakhstan.In the latter two states,the disease creates a threat not only to the commercial apple and pear production,but also to the wild Malus and Pyrus species that constitute the basis of the local forest ecosystems.In this study,we investigated the genetic diversity of the pathogen in Central Asia and the Caucasus region utilizing CRISPR Repeat Regions(CRRs)genotyping and genome sequencing,with the aim to understand its dissemination patterns across the continent.Genome sequence analysis revealed that all strains from these two regions exclusively derived from the archetypal CRR1 genotype A.Our analysis revealed three main E.amylovora clades in Central Asia,with distinct yet partial overlapping geographical distributions.Genomic relationships among isolates indicate that Central Asian strains are genetically closest to those from the Persian region and the Middle East,while the Georgian population is genetically more distant and can align with strains from the Volga District in southern Russia and the Eastern Mediterranean area.Notably,this study also includes strains from the first confirmed occurrences of fire blight in Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,and China.Our findings highlight the importance of phylogenetic analysis and genome sequencing in understanding the phytopathogen epidemics and protecting key agricultural species and the genetic resources of their wild counterparts in the forest.展开更多
文摘The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.
基金ENDURE,European Network for the Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies,which was organized as"network of excellence(NoE)"financed by the EU’s 6th Framework Programme
文摘Information about disease management in winter wheat （Triticum aestiva） in eight European countries was collated and analysed by scientists and extension workers within the European Network for the Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies （ENDURE）. This included information about specific disease thresholds, decision support systems, host varieties, disease prevalence and pathogen virulence. Major differences in disease prevalence and economic importance were observed. Septoria tritici blotch （Mycosphaerella graminicola） was recognized as the most yield reducing disease in countries with intensive wheat production, but also rust diseases （Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia triticina）, powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis） and Fusarium head blight （Fusarium spp.） were seen as serious disease problems. Examples of current integrated pest management （IPM） strategies in different countries have been reported. Disease management and fungicide use patterns showed major differences, with an average input equivalent to 2.3 full dose rates （TFI） in the UK and a TFI of 0.6 in Denmark. These differences are most likely due to a combination of different cropping systems, climatic differences, disease prevalence, and socio-economic factors. The web based information platform www.eurowheat.org was used for dissemination of information and results including information on control thresholds, cultural practices which can influence disease attack, fungicide efficacy, fungicide resistance, and pathogen virulence, which are all elements supporting 1PM for disease control in wheat. The platform is open to all users. The target groups of EuroWheat information are researchers, advisors, breeders, and similar partners dealing with disease management in wheat.
文摘The quantitative expression and the regulation of chitinase-encoding genes ech30, ech42 and nag1 in Trichoderma atroviride P1 under varying growth conditions were investigated using real-time RT-PCR, principle component and multivariate analyses. Twelve media combinations including 0.1% and 3% glucose as carbon source and no (0 mmol/L), low (10 mmol/L) and high (100 mmol/L) ammonium acetate as nitrogen source combined with or without colloidal chitin at 3 time intervals and 2 replications were applied to current study. The real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of ech30, ech42 and nag1 was regulated by the interaction of nitrogen, glucose and chitin under different growth conditions. The highest and earliest expressions of ech30 were induced by glucose and nitrogen starvation i.e. 0.1% glucose and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate in the growth media. This was also the case for ech42 and nag1 but at a relatively low level. In contrast, high (3%) glucose and high (100 mmol/L) ammonium acetate concentrations repressed the expression of all the genes studied. These results were confirmed by principle component and multivariate analyses. The effect of chitin on ech30, ech42 and nag1 expression varied depending on the concentrations of glucose and ammonium acetate.
文摘Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) is an entomopathogenic fungus used as an ecofriendly insecticide to infect arthropods. B. bassiana also possesses endophytic activity to contribute to plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the potential insecticidal and endophytic activity of native B. bassiana isolates. The nymphal and adult stages of the apple tree aphid (Aphis pomi) and whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) were used as targets in bioinsecticidal experiments, and vegetables (beans, tomatoes and cucumbers) were used as targets in biostimulant experiments. The endophytic activity of the B. bassiana strains was assessed after inoculation them to the crop seeds and plants via soil drenching, foliar spraying and seed immersion. In bean plants, seed immersion was the most effective application method. Soil drenching was more effective in the cucumber and tomato plants. The results of in vitro bioassay tests against pests have revealed the LC50 and LT50 values of B. bassiana isolate Col-2. The LC50 of this isolate for A. pomi adults and nymphs was 2.5 × 106 conidia/mL−1;for T. vaporariorum, it was lower 1.8 × 106 conidia/mL−1. Such mortality occurred after 55.49 h. in A. pomi adults and nymphs (LT50), after 62.3 h. in T. vaporariorum (LT50).
基金the São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP),the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES,Computational Biology Program),the Littoral Polytechnic Superior School(ESPOL)and the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(SENESYT).Ricardo JoséGonzaga Pimenta received an MSc fellowship from CAPES(grant 88887.177386/2018-00)and MSc and Ph.D.fellowships from FAPESP(grants 2018/18588-8 and 2019/21682-9)+1 种基金Alexandre Hild Aono received a Ph.D.fellowship from FAPESP(grant 2019/03232-6)Roberto Carlos Burbano Villavicencio received a Ph.D.fellowship from PAEDEx-AUIP.Anete Pereira de Souza received a research fellowship from CNPq(grant 312777/2018-3).
文摘Sugarcane mosaic virus(SCMV)is the main etiological agent of sugarcane mosaic disease,which affects sugarcane and other grass crops.Despite the extensive characterization of quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to SCMV in maize,the genetic basis of this trait in sugarcane is largely unexplored.Here,a genome-wide association study was performed and machine learning coupled with feature selection was used for genomic prediction of resistance to SCMV in a diverse sugarcane panel.Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)explained up to 29.9%of the observed phenotypic variance and a 73-SNP set predicted resistance with high accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 scores(the harmonic mean of precision and recall).Both marker sets were validated in additional sugarcane genotypes,in which the SNPs explained up to 23.6%of the phenotypic variation and predicted resistance with a maximum accuracy of 69.1%.Synteny analyses suggested that the gene responsible for the majority of SCMV resistance in maize is absent in sugarcane,explaining why this major resistance source has not been identified in this crop.Finally,using sugarcane RNA-Seq data,markers associated with resistance to SCMV were annotated,and a gene coexpression network was constructed to identify the predicted biological processes involved in resistance.This network allowed the identification of candidate resistance genes and confirmed the involvement of stress responses,photosynthesis,and the regulation of transcription and translation in resistance to SCMV.These results provide a practical marker-assisted breeding approach for sugarcane and identify target genes for future studies of SCMV resistance.
基金Financial support was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNSF)for the r4d research project“Preservation of Central Asian fruit tree forest ecosystems,pome fruit varieties and germplasm from the recent epidemics caused by the invasive bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora(fire blight)”(SNSF Project No.IZ08Z0_177515)the r4d-TAG research project“Development of a fire blight app for use in Central Asia”(SNSF Project nr.400740_201259)+1 种基金THMS and FR further acknowledge the support of the Department of Life Sciences and Facility Management of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences(ZHAW)in Wadenswil(Switzerland)Dr.Dali Gaganidze and Dr.Tinatin Sadunishvili are funded by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia(SRNSFG),grant number FR-19-22524.
文摘In the last two decades,fire blight has progressively spread eastward from Europe and the Mediterranean area to several pome-fruit producing regions of Asia.Its causative agent,the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora,was detected in several new countries,including Georgia,Kyrgyzstan,and Kazakhstan.In the latter two states,the disease creates a threat not only to the commercial apple and pear production,but also to the wild Malus and Pyrus species that constitute the basis of the local forest ecosystems.In this study,we investigated the genetic diversity of the pathogen in Central Asia and the Caucasus region utilizing CRISPR Repeat Regions(CRRs)genotyping and genome sequencing,with the aim to understand its dissemination patterns across the continent.Genome sequence analysis revealed that all strains from these two regions exclusively derived from the archetypal CRR1 genotype A.Our analysis revealed three main E.amylovora clades in Central Asia,with distinct yet partial overlapping geographical distributions.Genomic relationships among isolates indicate that Central Asian strains are genetically closest to those from the Persian region and the Middle East,while the Georgian population is genetically more distant and can align with strains from the Volga District in southern Russia and the Eastern Mediterranean area.Notably,this study also includes strains from the first confirmed occurrences of fire blight in Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,and China.Our findings highlight the importance of phylogenetic analysis and genome sequencing in understanding the phytopathogen epidemics and protecting key agricultural species and the genetic resources of their wild counterparts in the forest.
