Ammonium toxicity in plants remains poorly understood despite extensive research.While nitrate is known to benefit plant growth,the synergistic effects of nitrate in mitigating ammonium toxicity,even at low concentrat...Ammonium toxicity in plants remains poorly understood despite extensive research.While nitrate is known to benefit plant growth,the synergistic effects of nitrate in mitigating ammonium toxicity,even at low concentrations,are not fully elucidated.This review delves into the physiological and molecular nature of this phenomenon.To date,nitrate-dependent alleviation of ammonium toxicity is the result of cumulative consequences of the role of nitrate as a nutrient and signal in plant performance.The ability to counteract the ammonium-induced acidification through nitrate uptake and metabolism,the enhancement of potassium uptake as an essential nitrate counterion,and the nitratedependent signaling of key factors involved in ammonium assimilation,ROS scavenging,and growth hormone biosynthesis,are the most relevant hallmarks.In addition,evidence suggests that the availability of nitrate and ammonium has driven ecological selection in plants,determining current N preferences,and may have led to the selection of nitrate-dependent and ammonium-sensitive domesticated crops and the inefficient use of N fertilizers in agriculture.As ammonium toxicity limits N fertilization options and reduces agricultural yields,when it could be a more sustainable and cheaper alternative to nitrate,this review provides a better understanding of how plants use nitrate to counteract the problematic aspects of ammonium nutrition.展开更多
A pan-genome can be defined as the non-redundant collection of genomic diversity within a single species. Although the single reference genomes have achieved extremely high continuity and completeness owing to the rec...A pan-genome can be defined as the non-redundant collection of genomic diversity within a single species. Although the single reference genomes have achieved extremely high continuity and completeness owing to the recent advances in single-molecule sequencing and physical mapping technologies, it is hard for a linear reference genome to capture all the diversity within a species.展开更多
Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in pl...Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.展开更多
The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） is involved in plant cell development. In plant, class III peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes encoded by a large multi-gene family participated in the release o...The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） is involved in plant cell development. In plant, class III peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes encoded by a large multi-gene family participated in the release or consumption of ROS. The specific function of each member of the family is still elusive. Here, we showed that ROS was significantly generated during cotton fiber initiation and elongation, whereas, application of NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium （DPI） and peroxidase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid （SHAM） to the wild-type cotton ovule culture significantly suppressed fiber growth, respectively. Their inhibitory effects were caused by the reduction of superoxide radical （O2^-）. Ten GhPOX genes （cDNAs） encoding cotton class III peroxidases were isolated, among them eight GhPOX genes were reported for the first time. Microarray analyses indicated that GhPOX1 was the mostly predominantly expressed in fast-elongating cotton fiber cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed the transcript level of GhPOX1 was over 400-fold higher in growing fiber cells than in ovules, flowers, roots, stems and leaves. To reveal the role of GhPOX1 in plant development, its Arabidopsis orthologue atpox13 mutant was demonstrated to be defective in branch root development. Taken together, the data suggest that GhPOX1 plays an important role during fiber cell elongation possibly by mediating production of reactive oxygen species.展开更多
Pollen germination on the surface of compatible stigmatic tissues is an essential step for plant fertilization. Here we report that the Arabidopsis mutant bcll is male sterile as a result of the failure ofpollen germi...Pollen germination on the surface of compatible stigmatic tissues is an essential step for plant fertilization. Here we report that the Arabidopsis mutant bcll is male sterile as a result of the failure ofpollen germination. We show that the bcll mutant allele cannot be transmitted by male gametophytes and no homozygous bcll mutants were obtained. Analysis of pollen developmental stages indicates that the bcll mutation affects pollen germination but not pollen maturation. Molecular analysis demonstrates that the failure of pollen germination was caused by the disruption of AtBECLIN 1. AtBECLIN 1 is expressed predominantly in mature pollen and encodes a protein with significant homology to Beclin1/Atg6/Vps30 required for the processes of autophagy and vacuolar protein sorting （VPS） in yeast. We also show that AtBECLIN 1 is required for normal plant development, and that genes related to autophagy, VPS and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor system, were affected by the deficiency of AtBECLIN 1.展开更多
LHCII is a crucial light-harvesting pigment/protein complex in photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex. It also participates in the light energy redistribution between photosystems and in the photoprotection via its revers...LHCII is a crucial light-harvesting pigment/protein complex in photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex. It also participates in the light energy redistribution between photosystems and in the photoprotection via its reversible dissociation with PSII and PSI (photosystem I). This reversible detachment of LHCII is regulated by phosphorylation of its own and PSII core protein. Under low light conditions, LHCII is phosphorylated and dissociated with PSII core protein complex and combined with PSI, which balances the excitation energy between PSII and PSI;Under high light environment, the phosphorylation of PSII core proteins makes LHCII detach from PSII. The dissociated LHCII presents in a free state, which involves in the thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy. During photodamage, dual phosphorylations of both PSII core proteins and LHCII complexes occur. The phosphorylation of D1 is conductive to the disintegration of photodamaged PSII and the cycle of repair. In this circumstance, the phosphorylation of LHCII is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and then the phosphorylated LHCII migrates to PSI, into the repair cycle of damaged PSII. The ferredoxin (Fdr) and thioredoxin (Tdr) system may play a possible central role in the phosphorylation regulation on LHCII dissociation.展开更多
We have recently reported the construction of an nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）-based metabonomics study platform, Automics. To examine the application of Automics in transgenic plants, we performed metabolic fing...We have recently reported the construction of an nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）-based metabonomics study platform, Automics. To examine the application of Automics in transgenic plants, we performed metabolic fingerprinting analysis, i.e., 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, on wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis. We found that it was possible to distinguish wild-type from four transgenic plants by PLS-DA following application of orthogonal signal correction （OSC）. Scores plot following OSC clearly demonstrates significant variation between the transgenic and non-transgenic groups, suggesting that the metabolic changes among wild-type and transgenic lines are possibly associated with transgenic event, We also found that the major contributing metabolites were some specific amino acids （i.e., threonine and alanine）, which could correspond to the insertion of the selective marker BAR gene in the transgenic plants. Our data suggests that NMR-based metabonomics is an efficient method to distinguish fingerprinting difference between wild-type and transgenic plants, and can potentially be applied in the bio-safety assessment of transgenic plants.展开更多
The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard,...The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.展开更多
The rice Eui （ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE） gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that deactivates bioactive gibberellins （GAs）. In this study, we investigated controlled expression of the Eui gene and its...The rice Eui （ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE） gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that deactivates bioactive gibberellins （GAs）. In this study, we investigated controlled expression of the Eui gene and its role in plant development. We found that Eui was differentially induced by exogenous GAs and that the Eui promoter had the highest activity in the vascular bundles. The eui mutant was defective in starch granule development in root caps and Eui overexpression enhanced starch granule generation and gravity responses, revealing a role for GA in root starch granule development and gravity responses. Experiments using embryoless half-seeds revealed that RAmylA and GAmyb were highly upregulated in eui aleurone ceils in the absence of exogenous GA. In addition, the GA biosynthesis genes GA3oxl and GA20ox2 were downregulated and GA2oxl was upregulated in eui seedlings. These results indicate that EUI is involved in GA homeostasis, not only in the internodes at the heading stage, but also in the seedling stage, roots and seeds. Disturbing GA homeostasis affected the expression of the GA signaling genes GID1 （GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1）, GID2 and SLR1. Transgenic RNA interference of the Eui gene effectively increased plant height and improved heading performance. By contrast, the ectopic expression of Eui under the promoters of the rice GA biosynthesis genes GA3ox2 and GA2Oox2 significantly reduced plant height. These results demonstrate that a slight increase in Eui expression could dramatically change rice morphology, indicating the practical application of the Eui gene in rice molecular breeding for a high yield potential.展开更多
Here we report the adaptation and optimization of an effi cient, accurate and inexpensive assay that employs custom-designed silicon-based optical thin-fi lm biosensor chips to detect unique transgenes in genetically ...Here we report the adaptation and optimization of an effi cient, accurate and inexpensive assay that employs custom-designed silicon-based optical thin-fi lm biosensor chips to detect unique transgenes in genetically modi-展开更多
Genetic control of the timing of flowering in woody plants is complex and has yet to be adequately investigated due to their long life-cycle and difficulties in genetic modification.Studies in Populus,one of the best ...Genetic control of the timing of flowering in woody plants is complex and has yet to be adequately investigated due to their long life-cycle and difficulties in genetic modification.Studies in Populus,one of the best woody plant models,have revealed a highly conserved genetic network for flowering timing in annuals.However,traits like continuous flowering cannot be addressed with Populus.Roses and strawberries have relatively small,diploid genomes and feature enormous natural variation.With the development of new genetic populations and genomic tools,roses and strawberries have become good models for studying the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of flowering in woody plants.Here,we review findings on the molecular and genetic factors controlling continuous flowering in roses and woodland strawberries.Natural variation at TFL1 orthologous genes in both roses and strawberries seems be the key plausible factor that regulates continuous flowering.However,recent efforts suggest that a two-recessive-loci model may explain the controlling of continuous flowering in roses.We propose that epigenetic factors,including non-coding RNAs or chromatin-related factors,might also play a role.Insights into the genetic control of flowering time variation in roses should benefit the development of new germplasm for woody crops and shed light on the molecular genetic bases for the production and maintenance of plant biodiversity.展开更多
The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in regulating plant growth and development. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin response pathways, primarily by the characterization of auxin resp...The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in regulating plant growth and development. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin response pathways, primarily by the characterization of auxin response mutants in Arabidopsis. In addition, microRNAs （miRNAs） have been shown to be critical regulators of genes important for normal plant development and physiology. However, little is known about possible interactions between miRNAs and hormonal signaling during normal development. Here we show that an Arabidopsis microRNA, miR167, which has a complementary sequence to a portion of the A UXINRESPONSE FACTOR6 （ARF6） and ARF8 mRNAs, can cause transcript degradation for ARF8, but not for ARF6. We report phenotypic characterizations of 35S：：MIR167b transgenic lines, and show that severe 35S：：MIR167b transgenic lines had phenotypes similar to those of an arf6 arf8 double mutant. The transgenic phenotypes suggest that miR167 may repress ARF6 at the level of translation. We demonstrate that the transgenic plants are defective in all four whods of floral organs. In the transgenic flowers, filaments were abnormally short, anthers could not properly release pollen, and pollen grains did not germinate. Our results provide an important link between the miRNA-mediated regulatory pathway of gene expression and the auxin signaling network promoting plant reproductive development.展开更多
The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life,including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens.A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis,signal tran...The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life,including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens.A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis,signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades.In addition,there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways,such as salicylic acid(SA)and gibberellin(GA),in co-regulation of plant immune status,fine-tuning the balance of plant growth and defense,and so on,which were mostly learned from studies in the dicotyledonous model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato but much less in monocot.Interestingly,existing evidence suggests both conservation and functional divergence in terms of core components of jasmonate pathway,its biological functions and signal integration with other phytohormones,between monocot and dicot.In this review,we summarize the current understanding on JA signal initiation,perception and regulation,and highlight the distinctive characteristics in different lineages of plants.展开更多
Heterosis,one of the most important biological phenomena, refers to the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its genetically diverse parents with respect to many traits such as biomass,growth rate and yield.Despite...Heterosis,one of the most important biological phenomena, refers to the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its genetically diverse parents with respect to many traits such as biomass,growth rate and yield.Despite its successful application in breeding and agronomic production of many crop and animal varieties,the molecular basis of heterosis remains elusive.The classic genetic explanations for heterosis centered on three hypotheses：dominance（Davenport,1908;Bruce,展开更多
Complex I （the NADH：ubiquinone oxidoreductase） of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a complicated, multi-subunit, membrane- bound assembly and contains more than 40 different proteins in higher plants. In this...Complex I （the NADH：ubiquinone oxidoreductase） of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a complicated, multi-subunit, membrane- bound assembly and contains more than 40 different proteins in higher plants. In this paper, we characterize the Arabidopsis homologue （designated as AtCIB22） of the B22 subunit of eukaryotic mitochondriai Complex I. AtCIB22 is a single-copy gene and is highly con- served throughout eukaryotes. AtCIB22 protein is located in mitochondria and the AtC1B22 gene is widely expressed in different tissues. Mutant Arabidopsis plants with a disrupted AtC1B22 gene display pleiotropic phenotypes including shorter roots, smaller plants and de- layed flowering. Stress analysis indicates that the AtC1B22 mutants＇ seed germination and early seedling growth are severely inhibited by sucrose deprivation stress but more tolerant to ethanol stress. Molecular analysis reveals that in moderate knockdown AtCIB22 mutants, genes including cell redox proteins and stress related proteins are significantly up-regulated, and that in severe knockdown AtCIB22 mu- tants, the alternative respiratory pathways including NDA1, NDB2, AOXla and AtPUMP1 are remarkably elevated. These data demon- strate that AtCIB22 is essential for plant development and mitochondrial electron transport chains in Arabidopsis. Our findings also en- hance our understanding about the physiological role of Complex I in plants.展开更多
De novo root regeneration(DNRR) has wide applications in agriculture such as those related to cutting technology. Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants can regenerate adventitious roots without added hormones. T...De novo root regeneration(DNRR) has wide applications in agriculture such as those related to cutting technology. Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants can regenerate adventitious roots without added hormones. The regenerative ability is highly dependent on the developmental status of the leaf. An immature leaf has a higher regenerative ability, while a mature leaf is difficult to regenerate. Using RNASeq analysis, we showed that the expression levels of many genes, including those in the auxin network,changed during leaf maturation. Particularly, the expression levels of many YUCCA(YUC) genes in the auxin biosynthesis pathway are responsive to leaf maturation. Overexpression of YUC1 in the yuc-1 D dominant mutant rescued the rooting defects caused by leaf maturation. In addition, YUC4 expression levels were also affected by circadian rhythms. The regenerative ability was reduced in both immature and mature mutant leaf explants from the new wuschel-related homeobox 11-3(wox11-3) and wox12-3 mutant alleles created by the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Overall, the transcriptome and genetic data, together with the auxin concentration analysis, indicate that the ability to upregulate auxin levels upon detachment may be reduced during leaf maturation. Thus, multiple developmental and environmental signals may converge to control auxin accumulation, which affects the efficiency of the WOX11/12-mediated DNRR from leaf explants.展开更多
Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is one of the most important staple crops worldwide.The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.However,only a few auxin-related genes...Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is one of the most important staple crops worldwide.The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.However,only a few auxin-related genes have been genetically demonstrated to be involved in the control of plant architecture in wheat thus far.In this study,we characterized an auxinrelated gene in wheat,TaIAA15,and found that its ectopic expression in rice decreased the plant height and increased the leaf angle.Correlation analysis indicated that TaIAA15-3B was associated with plant height(Ph),spike length(SL)and 1000-grain weight(TGW)in wheat,and Hap-II of TaIAA15-3B was the most favored allele and selected by modern breeding in China.This study sheds light on the role of auxin signaling on wheat plant architecture as well as yield related traits.展开更多
Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses are economically important plant pathogens that cause severe problems in many crop plants,such as tomato,papaya,cotton,and tobacco.Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)is a typical mo...Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses are economically important plant pathogens that cause severe problems in many crop plants,such as tomato,papaya,cotton,and tobacco.Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)is a typical monopartite begomovirus that has been extensively studied,but methods that can efficiently control begomoviruses are still scarce.In this study,we combined artificial microRNA(amiRNA)-mediated silencing technology and clay nanosheetmediated delivery by spraying and developed a method for efficiently preventing TYLCV infection in tomato plants.We designed three amiRNAs that target different regions of TYLCV to silence virus-produced transcripts.Three plant expression vectors expressing pre-amiRNAs were constructed,and recombinant plasmid DNAs(pDNAs)were loaded onto nontoxic and degradable layered double hydroxide(LDH)clay nanosheets.LDH nanosheets containing multiple pDNAs were sprayed onto plant leaves.We found that the designed amiRNAs were significantly accumulated in leaves 7 days after spraying,while the pDNAs were sustainably detected for 35 days after the spray,suggesting that the LDH nanosheets released pDNAs in a sustained manner,protected pDNAs from degradation and efficiently delivered pDNAs into plant cells.Importantly,when the LDH nanosheets coated with pDNAs were sprayed onto plants infected by TYLCV,both the disease severity and TYLCV viral concentration in sprayed plants were significantly decreased during the 35 days,while the levels of H_(2)O_(2) were significantly increased in those plants.Taken together,these results indicate that LDH nanosheets loaded with pDNAs expressing amiRNAs can be a sustainable and promising tool for begomovirus control.展开更多
Multiple repeats of membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN) motifs were detected in plant phosphatidylinositl monophosphate kinase (PIPK), a key enzyme in PI-signaling pathway. Structural analysis indicates t...Multiple repeats of membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN) motifs were detected in plant phosphatidylinositl monophosphate kinase (PIPK), a key enzyme in PI-signaling pathway. Structural analysis indicates that all the MORN motifs (with varied numbers at ranges of 7-9), which shared high homologies to those of animal ones, were located at N-terminus and sequentially arranged, except those of OsPIPK1 and AtPIPK7, in which the last MORN motif was separated others by an -100 amino-acid "island" region, revealing the presence of two kinds of MORN arrangements in plant PIPKs. Through employing a yeast-based SMET (sequence of membrane-targeting) system, the MORN motifs were shown being able to target the fusion proteins to cell plasma membrane, which were further confirmed by expression of fused MORN-GFP proteins. Further detailed analysis via deletion studies indicated the MORN motifs in OsPIPK 1, together with the 104 amino-acid "island" region are involved in the regulation of differential subcellular localization, i.e. plasma membrane or nucleus, of the fused proteins. Fat Western blot analysis of the recombinant MORN polypeptide, expressed in Escherichia coli, showed that MORN motifs could strongly bind to PA and relatively slightly to PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. These results provide informative hints on mechanisms of subcellular localization, as well as regulation of substrate binding, of plant PIPKs.展开更多
Soil salinity affects the expression of serine/arginine-rich(SR) genes and isoforms by alternative splicing, which in turn regulates the adaptation of plants to stress.We previously identified the cassava spliceosomal...Soil salinity affects the expression of serine/arginine-rich(SR) genes and isoforms by alternative splicing, which in turn regulates the adaptation of plants to stress.We previously identified the cassava spliceosomal component 35 like(SCL) and SR subfamilies, belonging to the SR protein family, which are extensively involved in responses to abiotic stresses.However, the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of cassava arginine/serine-rich(RS) subfamily in response to salt stress remains to be explored.In the current study, we identified 37 genes of the RS subfamily from 11 plant species and systematically investigated the transcript levels of the RS40 and RS31 genes under diverse abiotic stress conditions.Subsequently, an analysis of the conserved protein domains revealed that plant RS subfamily genes were likely to preserve their conserved molecular functions and played critical functional roles in responses to abiotic stresses.Importantly, we found that overexpression of MeRS40 in Arabidopsis enhanced salt tolerance by maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis and up-regulating the salt-responsive genes.However,overexpression of MeRS40 gene in cassava reduced salt tolerance due to the depression of its endogenous gene expression by negative autoregulation of its own pre-mRNA.Moreover, the MeRS40 protein interacted with MeU1-70Ks(MeU1-70Ka and MeU1-70Kb) in vivo and in vitro, respectively.Therefore, our findings highlight the critical role of cassava SR proteins in responses to salt stress in plants.展开更多
基金supported by an MCIN RyC Programme MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033the‘European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR’under grant no.RYC2021-032345-I+1 种基金supported by the AEI(grant no.PID2019-107463RJ-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)the Regional Research and Development Programme of the Government of Navarre(call 2019,project NitroHealthy,PC068).
文摘Ammonium toxicity in plants remains poorly understood despite extensive research.While nitrate is known to benefit plant growth,the synergistic effects of nitrate in mitigating ammonium toxicity,even at low concentrations,are not fully elucidated.This review delves into the physiological and molecular nature of this phenomenon.To date,nitrate-dependent alleviation of ammonium toxicity is the result of cumulative consequences of the role of nitrate as a nutrient and signal in plant performance.The ability to counteract the ammonium-induced acidification through nitrate uptake and metabolism,the enhancement of potassium uptake as an essential nitrate counterion,and the nitratedependent signaling of key factors involved in ammonium assimilation,ROS scavenging,and growth hormone biosynthesis,are the most relevant hallmarks.In addition,evidence suggests that the availability of nitrate and ammonium has driven ecological selection in plants,determining current N preferences,and may have led to the selection of nitrate-dependent and ammonium-sensitive domesticated crops and the inefficient use of N fertilizers in agriculture.As ammonium toxicity limits N fertilization options and reduces agricultural yields,when it could be a more sustainable and cheaper alternative to nitrate,this review provides a better understanding of how plants use nitrate to counteract the problematic aspects of ammonium nutrition.
文摘A pan-genome can be defined as the non-redundant collection of genomic diversity within a single species. Although the single reference genomes have achieved extremely high continuity and completeness owing to the recent advances in single-molecule sequencing and physical mapping technologies, it is hard for a linear reference genome to capture all the diversity within a species.
基金supported by the Faculty Startup Fund from Jining Medical University,the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.ZR2023QC309)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32102236)。
文摘Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2004CB117302)the National High-tech Research Program of China (No. 2006AA10A109-1 and 2007AA10Z136).
文摘The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） is involved in plant cell development. In plant, class III peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes encoded by a large multi-gene family participated in the release or consumption of ROS. The specific function of each member of the family is still elusive. Here, we showed that ROS was significantly generated during cotton fiber initiation and elongation, whereas, application of NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium （DPI） and peroxidase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid （SHAM） to the wild-type cotton ovule culture significantly suppressed fiber growth, respectively. Their inhibitory effects were caused by the reduction of superoxide radical （O2^-）. Ten GhPOX genes （cDNAs） encoding cotton class III peroxidases were isolated, among them eight GhPOX genes were reported for the first time. Microarray analyses indicated that GhPOX1 was the mostly predominantly expressed in fast-elongating cotton fiber cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed the transcript level of GhPOX1 was over 400-fold higher in growing fiber cells than in ovules, flowers, roots, stems and leaves. To reveal the role of GhPOX1 in plant development, its Arabidopsis orthologue atpox13 mutant was demonstrated to be defective in branch root development. Taken together, the data suggest that GhPOX1 plays an important role during fiber cell elongation possibly by mediating production of reactive oxygen species.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30470172 and 30221120261)the National Special Projects for R&D of Transgenic Plants(J99-A-001).
文摘Pollen germination on the surface of compatible stigmatic tissues is an essential step for plant fertilization. Here we report that the Arabidopsis mutant bcll is male sterile as a result of the failure ofpollen germination. We show that the bcll mutant allele cannot be transmitted by male gametophytes and no homozygous bcll mutants were obtained. Analysis of pollen developmental stages indicates that the bcll mutation affects pollen germination but not pollen maturation. Molecular analysis demonstrates that the failure of pollen germination was caused by the disruption of AtBECLIN 1. AtBECLIN 1 is expressed predominantly in mature pollen and encodes a protein with significant homology to Beclin1/Atg6/Vps30 required for the processes of autophagy and vacuolar protein sorting （VPS） in yeast. We also show that AtBECLIN 1 is required for normal plant development, and that genes related to autophagy, VPS and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor system, were affected by the deficiency of AtBECLIN 1.
文摘LHCII is a crucial light-harvesting pigment/protein complex in photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex. It also participates in the light energy redistribution between photosystems and in the photoprotection via its reversible dissociation with PSII and PSI (photosystem I). This reversible detachment of LHCII is regulated by phosphorylation of its own and PSII core protein. Under low light conditions, LHCII is phosphorylated and dissociated with PSII core protein complex and combined with PSI, which balances the excitation energy between PSII and PSI;Under high light environment, the phosphorylation of PSII core proteins makes LHCII detach from PSII. The dissociated LHCII presents in a free state, which involves in the thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy. During photodamage, dual phosphorylations of both PSII core proteins and LHCII complexes occur. The phosphorylation of D1 is conductive to the disintegration of photodamaged PSII and the cycle of repair. In this circumstance, the phosphorylation of LHCII is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and then the phosphorylated LHCII migrates to PSI, into the repair cycle of damaged PSII. The ferredoxin (Fdr) and thioredoxin (Tdr) system may play a possible central role in the phosphorylation regulation on LHCII dissociation.
基金supported by the National Priority Basic Research Programs of People’s Republic of China: Bio-safety Study on GMOs of Agricultural Importance (GN2001CB109002)
文摘We have recently reported the construction of an nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）-based metabonomics study platform, Automics. To examine the application of Automics in transgenic plants, we performed metabolic fingerprinting analysis, i.e., 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, on wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis. We found that it was possible to distinguish wild-type from four transgenic plants by PLS-DA following application of orthogonal signal correction （OSC）. Scores plot following OSC clearly demonstrates significant variation between the transgenic and non-transgenic groups, suggesting that the metabolic changes among wild-type and transgenic lines are possibly associated with transgenic event, We also found that the major contributing metabolites were some specific amino acids （i.e., threonine and alanine）, which could correspond to the insertion of the selective marker BAR gene in the transgenic plants. Our data suggests that NMR-based metabonomics is an efficient method to distinguish fingerprinting difference between wild-type and transgenic plants, and can potentially be applied in the bio-safety assessment of transgenic plants.
文摘The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.
基金Abbreviations： double-stranded RNA （dsRNA） ELONGATED UPPER- MOST INTERNODE （Eui）+5 种基金 gibberellin （GA） GIBBERELLIN INSENSI- TIVE DWARF （GID） overexpression （OX） RNA interference （RNAi） slender rice （SLR） wild type （WT） We are grateful to Dr Shinjiro Yamaguchi （RIKEN, Ja- pan） for critical reading of the manuscript, and to Professor Yinong Yang （Penn. State University, USA） for the rice RNAi vector. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30670186 and 30421001）, and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （2006AA10A102） to ZH.
文摘The rice Eui （ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE） gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that deactivates bioactive gibberellins （GAs）. In this study, we investigated controlled expression of the Eui gene and its role in plant development. We found that Eui was differentially induced by exogenous GAs and that the Eui promoter had the highest activity in the vascular bundles. The eui mutant was defective in starch granule development in root caps and Eui overexpression enhanced starch granule generation and gravity responses, revealing a role for GA in root starch granule development and gravity responses. Experiments using embryoless half-seeds revealed that RAmylA and GAmyb were highly upregulated in eui aleurone ceils in the absence of exogenous GA. In addition, the GA biosynthesis genes GA3oxl and GA20ox2 were downregulated and GA2oxl was upregulated in eui seedlings. These results indicate that EUI is involved in GA homeostasis, not only in the internodes at the heading stage, but also in the seedling stage, roots and seeds. Disturbing GA homeostasis affected the expression of the GA signaling genes GID1 （GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1）, GID2 and SLR1. Transgenic RNA interference of the Eui gene effectively increased plant height and improved heading performance. By contrast, the ectopic expression of Eui under the promoters of the rice GA biosynthesis genes GA3ox2 and GA2Oox2 significantly reduced plant height. These results demonstrate that a slight increase in Eui expression could dramatically change rice morphology, indicating the practical application of the Eui gene in rice molecular breeding for a high yield potential.
文摘Here we report the adaptation and optimization of an effi cient, accurate and inexpensive assay that employs custom-designed silicon-based optical thin-fi lm biosensor chips to detect unique transgenes in genetically modi-
基金supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences under the “Hundreds of Talents” plana grant from the “Yunnan Recruitment Program of Experts in Sciences”
文摘Genetic control of the timing of flowering in woody plants is complex and has yet to be adequately investigated due to their long life-cycle and difficulties in genetic modification.Studies in Populus,one of the best woody plant models,have revealed a highly conserved genetic network for flowering timing in annuals.However,traits like continuous flowering cannot be addressed with Populus.Roses and strawberries have relatively small,diploid genomes and feature enormous natural variation.With the development of new genetic populations and genomic tools,roses and strawberries have become good models for studying the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of flowering in woody plants.Here,we review findings on the molecular and genetic factors controlling continuous flowering in roses and woodland strawberries.Natural variation at TFL1 orthologous genes in both roses and strawberries seems be the key plausible factor that regulates continuous flowering.However,recent efforts suggest that a two-recessive-loci model may explain the controlling of continuous flowering in roses.We propose that epigenetic factors,including non-coding RNAs or chromatin-related factors,might also play a role.Insights into the genetic control of flowering time variation in roses should benefit the development of new germplasm for woody crops and shed light on the molecular genetic bases for the production and maintenance of plant biodiversity.
文摘The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in regulating plant growth and development. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin response pathways, primarily by the characterization of auxin response mutants in Arabidopsis. In addition, microRNAs （miRNAs） have been shown to be critical regulators of genes important for normal plant development and physiology. However, little is known about possible interactions between miRNAs and hormonal signaling during normal development. Here we show that an Arabidopsis microRNA, miR167, which has a complementary sequence to a portion of the A UXINRESPONSE FACTOR6 （ARF6） and ARF8 mRNAs, can cause transcript degradation for ARF8, but not for ARF6. We report phenotypic characterizations of 35S：：MIR167b transgenic lines, and show that severe 35S：：MIR167b transgenic lines had phenotypes similar to those of an arf6 arf8 double mutant. The transgenic phenotypes suggest that miR167 may repress ARF6 at the level of translation. We demonstrate that the transgenic plants are defective in all four whods of floral organs. In the transgenic flowers, filaments were abnormally short, anthers could not properly release pollen, and pollen grains did not germinate. Our results provide an important link between the miRNA-mediated regulatory pathway of gene expression and the auxin signaling network promoting plant reproductive development.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Branch (Project number: JCYJSHFY-2021-007)
文摘The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life,including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens.A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis,signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades.In addition,there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways,such as salicylic acid(SA)and gibberellin(GA),in co-regulation of plant immune status,fine-tuning the balance of plant growth and defense,and so on,which were mostly learned from studies in the dicotyledonous model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato but much less in monocot.Interestingly,existing evidence suggests both conservation and functional divergence in terms of core components of jasmonate pathway,its biological functions and signal integration with other phytohormones,between monocot and dicot.In this review,we summarize the current understanding on JA signal initiation,perception and regulation,and highlight the distinctive characteristics in different lineages of plants.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) (No.2012CB910900)the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China(No.2011CB 100101)+3 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(No.2012AA10A304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1031001)the Ministry of Agriculture of China(948 Program)(No.2011-G2B)the Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences
文摘Heterosis,one of the most important biological phenomena, refers to the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its genetically diverse parents with respect to many traits such as biomass,growth rate and yield.Despite its successful application in breeding and agronomic production of many crop and animal varieties,the molecular basis of heterosis remains elusive.The classic genetic explanations for heterosis centered on three hypotheses：dominance（Davenport,1908;Bruce,
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2009CB941503)
文摘Complex I （the NADH：ubiquinone oxidoreductase） of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a complicated, multi-subunit, membrane- bound assembly and contains more than 40 different proteins in higher plants. In this paper, we characterize the Arabidopsis homologue （designated as AtCIB22） of the B22 subunit of eukaryotic mitochondriai Complex I. AtCIB22 is a single-copy gene and is highly con- served throughout eukaryotes. AtCIB22 protein is located in mitochondria and the AtC1B22 gene is widely expressed in different tissues. Mutant Arabidopsis plants with a disrupted AtC1B22 gene display pleiotropic phenotypes including shorter roots, smaller plants and de- layed flowering. Stress analysis indicates that the AtC1B22 mutants＇ seed germination and early seedling growth are severely inhibited by sucrose deprivation stress but more tolerant to ethanol stress. Molecular analysis reveals that in moderate knockdown AtCIB22 mutants, genes including cell redox proteins and stress related proteins are significantly up-regulated, and that in severe knockdown AtCIB22 mu- tants, the alternative respiratory pathways including NDA1, NDB2, AOXla and AtPUMP1 are remarkably elevated. These data demon- strate that AtCIB22 is essential for plant development and mitochondrial electron transport chains in Arabidopsis. Our findings also en- hance our understanding about the physiological role of Complex I in plants.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31630007, 31770399 and 21375066)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB27030103)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of CAS (QYZDB-SSWSMC010)the National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics
文摘De novo root regeneration(DNRR) has wide applications in agriculture such as those related to cutting technology. Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants can regenerate adventitious roots without added hormones. The regenerative ability is highly dependent on the developmental status of the leaf. An immature leaf has a higher regenerative ability, while a mature leaf is difficult to regenerate. Using RNASeq analysis, we showed that the expression levels of many genes, including those in the auxin network,changed during leaf maturation. Particularly, the expression levels of many YUCCA(YUC) genes in the auxin biosynthesis pathway are responsive to leaf maturation. Overexpression of YUC1 in the yuc-1 D dominant mutant rescued the rooting defects caused by leaf maturation. In addition, YUC4 expression levels were also affected by circadian rhythms. The regenerative ability was reduced in both immature and mature mutant leaf explants from the new wuschel-related homeobox 11-3(wox11-3) and wox12-3 mutant alleles created by the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Overall, the transcriptome and genetic data, together with the auxin concentration analysis, indicate that the ability to upregulate auxin levels upon detachment may be reduced during leaf maturation. Thus, multiple developmental and environmental signals may converge to control auxin accumulation, which affects the efficiency of the WOX11/12-mediated DNRR from leaf explants.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2016YFD0100102 and 2016YFD0100302)。
文摘Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is one of the most important staple crops worldwide.The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.However,only a few auxin-related genes have been genetically demonstrated to be involved in the control of plant architecture in wheat thus far.In this study,we characterized an auxinrelated gene in wheat,TaIAA15,and found that its ectopic expression in rice decreased the plant height and increased the leaf angle.Correlation analysis indicated that TaIAA15-3B was associated with plant height(Ph),spike length(SL)and 1000-grain weight(TGW)in wheat,and Hap-II of TaIAA15-3B was the most favored allele and selected by modern breeding in China.This study sheds light on the role of auxin signaling on wheat plant architecture as well as yield related traits.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801707)the Key Projects of Science and Technology Research in Henan Province(182102110470)+3 种基金the Plant Protection of Key Discipline Project of Henan province(107020219001/005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300203-3)First-Class Postdoctoral Research Grant in Henan Province(001701038)the Science-Technology Foundation for High Level Talent of Henan Institute of Science and Technology(2015028).
文摘Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses are economically important plant pathogens that cause severe problems in many crop plants,such as tomato,papaya,cotton,and tobacco.Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)is a typical monopartite begomovirus that has been extensively studied,but methods that can efficiently control begomoviruses are still scarce.In this study,we combined artificial microRNA(amiRNA)-mediated silencing technology and clay nanosheetmediated delivery by spraying and developed a method for efficiently preventing TYLCV infection in tomato plants.We designed three amiRNAs that target different regions of TYLCV to silence virus-produced transcripts.Three plant expression vectors expressing pre-amiRNAs were constructed,and recombinant plasmid DNAs(pDNAs)were loaded onto nontoxic and degradable layered double hydroxide(LDH)clay nanosheets.LDH nanosheets containing multiple pDNAs were sprayed onto plant leaves.We found that the designed amiRNAs were significantly accumulated in leaves 7 days after spraying,while the pDNAs were sustainably detected for 35 days after the spray,suggesting that the LDH nanosheets released pDNAs in a sustained manner,protected pDNAs from degradation and efficiently delivered pDNAs into plant cells.Importantly,when the LDH nanosheets coated with pDNAs were sprayed onto plants infected by TYLCV,both the disease severity and TYLCV viral concentration in sprayed plants were significantly decreased during the 35 days,while the levels of H_(2)O_(2) were significantly increased in those plants.Taken together,these results indicate that LDH nanosheets loaded with pDNAs expressing amiRNAs can be a sustainable and promising tool for begomovirus control.
文摘Multiple repeats of membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN) motifs were detected in plant phosphatidylinositl monophosphate kinase (PIPK), a key enzyme in PI-signaling pathway. Structural analysis indicates that all the MORN motifs (with varied numbers at ranges of 7-9), which shared high homologies to those of animal ones, were located at N-terminus and sequentially arranged, except those of OsPIPK1 and AtPIPK7, in which the last MORN motif was separated others by an -100 amino-acid "island" region, revealing the presence of two kinds of MORN arrangements in plant PIPKs. Through employing a yeast-based SMET (sequence of membrane-targeting) system, the MORN motifs were shown being able to target the fusion proteins to cell plasma membrane, which were further confirmed by expression of fused MORN-GFP proteins. Further detailed analysis via deletion studies indicated the MORN motifs in OsPIPK 1, together with the 104 amino-acid "island" region are involved in the regulation of differential subcellular localization, i.e. plasma membrane or nucleus, of the fused proteins. Fat Western blot analysis of the recombinant MORN polypeptide, expressed in Escherichia coli, showed that MORN motifs could strongly bind to PA and relatively slightly to PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. These results provide informative hints on mechanisms of subcellular localization, as well as regulation of substrate binding, of plant PIPKs.
基金supported by grants from the Talent Program of Guangdong Academy of Sciences, China(2021GDASYL-20210103038, 2020GDASYL-2020102011,and 2021GDASYL-20210103036)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171292 and 32100294)+2 种基金the Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program, China(2021CX02N173)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682629)the Zhanjiang Plan for Navigation, China(211207157080997)。
文摘Soil salinity affects the expression of serine/arginine-rich(SR) genes and isoforms by alternative splicing, which in turn regulates the adaptation of plants to stress.We previously identified the cassava spliceosomal component 35 like(SCL) and SR subfamilies, belonging to the SR protein family, which are extensively involved in responses to abiotic stresses.However, the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of cassava arginine/serine-rich(RS) subfamily in response to salt stress remains to be explored.In the current study, we identified 37 genes of the RS subfamily from 11 plant species and systematically investigated the transcript levels of the RS40 and RS31 genes under diverse abiotic stress conditions.Subsequently, an analysis of the conserved protein domains revealed that plant RS subfamily genes were likely to preserve their conserved molecular functions and played critical functional roles in responses to abiotic stresses.Importantly, we found that overexpression of MeRS40 in Arabidopsis enhanced salt tolerance by maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis and up-regulating the salt-responsive genes.However,overexpression of MeRS40 gene in cassava reduced salt tolerance due to the depression of its endogenous gene expression by negative autoregulation of its own pre-mRNA.Moreover, the MeRS40 protein interacted with MeU1-70Ks(MeU1-70Ka and MeU1-70Kb) in vivo and in vitro, respectively.Therefore, our findings highlight the critical role of cassava SR proteins in responses to salt stress in plants.
