Grapevine is unique among crops because its domestication resulted not only in new morphological characteristics,but also in altered reproductive mechanisms.Viticulture involves a change from a dioecious to a hermaphr...Grapevine is unique among crops because its domestication resulted not only in new morphological characteristics,but also in altered reproductive mechanisms.Viticulture involves a change from a dioecious to a hermaphroditic mating system,which makes the reproductive system more efficient.In consequence and the fact that it is one of the oldest and most economically important cultivated plants,Vitis vinifera could be defined as an over-domesticated species.Here we review some key aspects in viticulture.The main areas of interest have remained consistent throughout history,including the origin and characterisation of cultivars,resistance to environmental con-ditions,pests and pathogens,and berry quality.Advances in genomic analysis and epigenetics shed new light on these aspects.Although the vine has a long and complex life cycle,recent haplotype sequencing techniques allow genomic characteristics related to different reproduction processes to be identified.Recent work on haplotype sequencing reveals genomic changes accompanying each reproductive type,providing improved detail about the sex-determining region(SDR).Meanwhile,the application of epigenetic analysis offers new tools for defining varietal characteristics and their responses to changing environmental conditions.However,critical issues,such as differentiating between sylvestris and feral cultivars,remain unclear.Understanding the molecular basis of morphological differences and investigating the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and genome dynamics in response to breeding and environmental factors in this species will be crucial.Seed morphology could help to resolve how to differentiate between wild and feral plants.展开更多
Vascular plants display a huge variety of longevity patterns,from a few weeks for several annual species up to thousands of years for some perennial species.Understanding how longevity variation is structured has long...Vascular plants display a huge variety of longevity patterns,from a few weeks for several annual species up to thousands of years for some perennial species.Understanding how longevity variation is structured has long been considered a fundamental aspect of the life sciences in view of evolution,species distribution,and adaptation to diverse environments.Unlike animals,whose organs are typically formed during embryogenesis,vascular plants manage to extend their life by continuously producing new tissues and organs in apical and lateral directions via proliferation of stem cells located within specialized tissues called meristems.Stem cells are the main source of plant longevity.Variation in plant longevity is highly dependent on the activity and fate identity of stem cells.Multiple developmental factors determine how stem cells contribute to variation in plant longevity.In this review,we provide an overview of the genetic mechanisms,hormonal signaling,and environmental factors involved in controlling plant longevity through long-term maintenance of stem cell fate identity.展开更多
文摘Grapevine is unique among crops because its domestication resulted not only in new morphological characteristics,but also in altered reproductive mechanisms.Viticulture involves a change from a dioecious to a hermaphroditic mating system,which makes the reproductive system more efficient.In consequence and the fact that it is one of the oldest and most economically important cultivated plants,Vitis vinifera could be defined as an over-domesticated species.Here we review some key aspects in viticulture.The main areas of interest have remained consistent throughout history,including the origin and characterisation of cultivars,resistance to environmental con-ditions,pests and pathogens,and berry quality.Advances in genomic analysis and epigenetics shed new light on these aspects.Although the vine has a long and complex life cycle,recent haplotype sequencing techniques allow genomic characteristics related to different reproduction processes to be identified.Recent work on haplotype sequencing reveals genomic changes accompanying each reproductive type,providing improved detail about the sex-determining region(SDR).Meanwhile,the application of epigenetic analysis offers new tools for defining varietal characteristics and their responses to changing environmental conditions.However,critical issues,such as differentiating between sylvestris and feral cultivars,remain unclear.Understanding the molecular basis of morphological differences and investigating the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and genome dynamics in response to breeding and environmental factors in this species will be crucial.Seed morphology could help to resolve how to differentiate between wild and feral plants.
基金supported by Leiden University(Leiden Institute of Physics and Institute of Biology Leiden).
文摘Vascular plants display a huge variety of longevity patterns,from a few weeks for several annual species up to thousands of years for some perennial species.Understanding how longevity variation is structured has long been considered a fundamental aspect of the life sciences in view of evolution,species distribution,and adaptation to diverse environments.Unlike animals,whose organs are typically formed during embryogenesis,vascular plants manage to extend their life by continuously producing new tissues and organs in apical and lateral directions via proliferation of stem cells located within specialized tissues called meristems.Stem cells are the main source of plant longevity.Variation in plant longevity is highly dependent on the activity and fate identity of stem cells.Multiple developmental factors determine how stem cells contribute to variation in plant longevity.In this review,we provide an overview of the genetic mechanisms,hormonal signaling,and environmental factors involved in controlling plant longevity through long-term maintenance of stem cell fate identity.
