Brassinosteroids(BRs),a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones,play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological functions,such as growth,development,and adaptability to the environment.Despite this bro...Brassinosteroids(BRs),a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones,play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological functions,such as growth,development,and adaptability to the environment.Despite this broader role of BRs,previously published reviews mainly focused on the molecular mechanisms of BR-mediated regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth of model plants like Arabidopsis and some food crops,such as rice,maize,and wheat.While horticultural plants hold significant economic importance in modern agriculture,less attention has been paid to understanding the role of BRs in regulating the physiological functions of these plants.Given the lack of relevant reviews,this article aims to discuss the major roles of BRs in horticultural plants,particularly fruit and leaf development,whole plant architecture,and adaptive stress response.We also highlight key challenges and provide some future research directions for genetically improving horticultural plants by altering the BR signaling pathway.展开更多
The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secre...The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.展开更多
Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary ecology.Nectar larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but ...Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary ecology.Nectar larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but the precise consequences of floral larceny on plant reproductive success remain contentious.We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 153 studies across 120 plant species,using 14 moderators to assess the effects of floral larceny on plant reproductive success and examine the key moderators.We found that floral larceny negatively impacts flower traits,pollinator visitation,pollen deposition,and fruit set,while having a neutral effect on critical female fitness indicators,such as seed set and seed quality,as well as on male fitness.By altering pollinator behavior,floral larceny may reduce geitonogamy,potentially enhancing genetic diversity.Additionally,factors such as pollinator type,plant mating system,and pollen limitation were identified as key moderators of these effects.Our analysis reveals an ultimately neutral effect of floral larceny on plant reproductive success,with potential benefits in certain contexts.These findings suggest that floral larceny plays a complex and multifaceted role within plant-pollinator interactions,facilitating the evolutionary stability and coexistence of floral larcenists and host plants.展开更多
Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in pl...Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.展开更多
Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmen...Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmental gradients.Particularly,the relative importance(RIV)of different plant life forms in a community and how they vary with environmental variables are still unclear.To fill these gaps,we determined plant diversity of ephemeral plants,annual herbs,perennial herbs,and woody plants from 187 sites across drylands in China.The SR patterns of herbaceous plants,especially perennial herbs,and their RIV in plant communities increased with increasing precipitation and soil nutrient content;however,the RIV of annual herbs was not altered along these gradients.The SR and RIV of ephemeral plants were affected mainly by precipitation seasonality.The SR of woody plants had a unimodal relationship with air temperature and exhibited the highest RIV and SR percentage in plant communities under the harshest environments.An obvious shift emerged in plant community composition,SR and their critical impact factors at 238.5 mm of mean annual precipitation(MAP).In mesic regions(>238.5 mm),herbs were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively slow decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by MAP and soil nutrients.In arid regions(<238.5 mm),woody plants were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively fast decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by climate variables,especially precipitation.Our findings highlight the importance of comparative life form studies in community structure and biodiversity,as their responses to gradients differed substantially on a large scale.展开更多
Advances in gene editing and natural genetic variability present significant opportunities to generate novel alleles and select natural sources of genetic variation for horticulture crop improvement.The genetic improv...Advances in gene editing and natural genetic variability present significant opportunities to generate novel alleles and select natural sources of genetic variation for horticulture crop improvement.The genetic improvement of crops to enhance their resilience to abiotic stresses and new pests due to climate change is essential for future food security.The field of genomics has made significant strides over the past few decades,enabling us to sequence and analyze entire genomes.However,understanding the complex relationship between genes and their expression in phenotypes-the observable characteristics of an organism-requires a deeper understanding of phenomics.Phenomics seeks to link genetic information with biological processes and environmental factors to better understand complex traits and diseases.Recent breakthroughs in this field include the development of advanced imaging technologies,artificial intelligence algorithms,and large-scale data analysis techniques.These tools have enabled us to explore the relationships between genotype,phenotype,and environment in unprecedented detail.This review explores the importance of understanding the complex relationship between genes and their expression in phenotypes.Integration of genomics with efficient high throughput plant phenotyping as well as the potential of machine learning approaches for genomic and phenomics trait discovery.展开更多
Plant height is an important trait that affects the crop yield and overall productivity.The Green Revolution,which began in the 1960s,brought about a remarkable surge in grain production,largely credited to the introd...Plant height is an important trait that affects the crop yield and overall productivity.The Green Revolution,which began in the 1960s,brought about a remarkable surge in grain production,largely credited to the introduction of new wheat(Triticum aestivum)and rice(Oryza sativa)varieties,specifically the dwarf variants.Short plants offer several advantages,including denser planting,resistance to lodging,and easier application of fertilizers or fungicides(Stokstad,2023).展开更多
Cold stress widely impairs the quality and yield of tea plants. The miR164 family and its target NAC transcription factor have been identified as crucial regulators in response to cold stress. However, the role of miR...Cold stress widely impairs the quality and yield of tea plants. The miR164 family and its target NAC transcription factor have been identified as crucial regulators in response to cold stress. However, the role of miR164 and CsNAC in cold tolerance in tea plants was little understood. In our study, the expression level of CsMIR164a was significantly reduced under cold stress and significantly and negatively correlated with that of CsNAC1.5' RACE and GUS histochemical assays showed that CsNAC1 was cleaved by CsMIR164a. The CsMIR164a-silenced tea leaves promoted the expression levels of CsNAC1 and CsCBFs and exhibited greater cold tolerance. Also, the overexpression of CsNAC1 enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants by promoting the expression levels of AtCBFs. In contrast, the heterologous overexpression of CsMIR164a in Arabidopsis decreased the expression level of AtNACs and AtCBFs and thus impaired cold tolerance. Additionally, silencing of CsNAC1 impaired the expression levels of CsCBFs, resulting in greater cold sensitivity in tea leaves. Our present study demonstrated that the miR164a-CsNAC1 module may play a negative role in the cold tolerance of tea plants via the CsCBF-dependent pathway.展开更多
Desertification is a process in which vegetation cover degrades followed by increased wind and water erosion. Plants adapted to moving sand conditions are able to reverse this process. They can stabilize die substrate...Desertification is a process in which vegetation cover degrades followed by increased wind and water erosion. Plants adapted to moving sand conditions are able to reverse this process. They can stabilize die substrate. Not much data is available on the soil stabilization capacity of plants. This study was conducted to investigate the wind-induced sand displacement around plants in relation to their biomass. Sand displacement is examined in relation to the biomass allocation pattern of three different plant species. A new method was developed to experimentally investigate plant sand-binding capacity. The relationship between sand displacement and plant biomass was not linear. Apart from the amount of biomass, species-specific plant characters like the biomass allocation pattern and plant structure may be very important in determining the sand-binding capacity.展开更多
Recently,information acquired at the canopy top,such as spectral and textural data,has been widely used to estimate plant nitrogen(N)accumulation(PNA).The response of crops to N uptake involves not only changes in hor...Recently,information acquired at the canopy top,such as spectral and textural data,has been widely used to estimate plant nitrogen(N)accumulation(PNA).The response of crops to N uptake involves not only changes in horizontal canopy top information but also an increase in vertical plant height(PH).It remains unclear whether the fusion of spectral indices with PH can improve the estimation performance of PNA models based on spectral remote sensing across different growth stages.展开更多
The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced...The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced nutritional fodder production.This study investigates the diversity and composition of fodder plants and identifies key species for cattle in Zhaotong City,Yunnan,China,while documenting indigenous knowledge on their usage and selection criteria.Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 19 villages across seven townships with 140 informants.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews,free listing,and participatory observation,and analyzed using Relative Frequency Citation.A total of 125 taxa(including 106 wild and 19 cultivated)were reported.The most cited family is Poaceae(27 taxa,21.43%),followed by Asteraceae(17 taxa,13.49%),Fabaceae(14 taxa,11.11%),Polygonaceae(9 taxa,7.14%)and Lamiaceae(4 taxa,3.17%).The whole plant(66.04%)and herbaceous plants(84.80%)were the most used parts and life forms.The most cited species were Zea mays,Brassica rapa,Solanum tuberosum,Eragrostis nigra,and Artemisia dubia.Usage of diverse fodder resources reflects local wisdom in managing resource availability and achieving balanced nutrition while coping with environmental and climatic risks.Preferences for certain taxonomic groups are due to their quality as premier fodder resources.To promote integrated crop-livestock farming,we suggest further research into highly preferred fodder species,focusing on nutritional assessment,digestibility,meat quality impacts,and potential as antibiotic alternatives.Establishing germplasm and gene banks for fodder resources is also recommended.展开更多
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a large and diverse enzyme family ubiquitously distributed across the plant kingdom. These proteins catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophilic substrat...Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a large and diverse enzyme family ubiquitously distributed across the plant kingdom. These proteins catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophilic substrates in response to various stress conditions. Beyond their role in stress adaptation, certain GSTs are integral regulators of plant growth and development, contributing to a range of physiological processes. Most GST proteins exhibit dual enzymatic activities, functioning as both transferases and peroxidases, which enables their involvement in diverse cellular processes, including detoxification and stress responses. Recent advancements, particularly in X-ray crystallography, have enabled detailed structural analysis of GST proteins, significantly enhancing our understanding of their biological functions. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the classification and structural characteristics of GSTs in plants. It also highlights recent findings on their roles in plant growth and development, cell signaling, catalytic transport, and stress tolerance. Furthermore, key scientific challenges related to GSTs are discussed, focusing on their potential applications in agriculture. These insights aim to facilitate the screening of functional GST genes and support molecular breeding efforts across diverse crop species.展开更多
Plants produce many amino acid derivatives(AADs).Some have been used by humans as medicines and nutrients,but many also act as phytochemical signals in plant growth and stress tolerance.The fluctuating ecological envi...Plants produce many amino acid derivatives(AADs).Some have been used by humans as medicines and nutrients,but many also act as phytochemical signals in plant growth and stress tolerance.The fluctuating ecological environment poses a constant challenge to plant growth and development,and also presents significant obstacles to agricultural productivity.Plant AADs hold substantial potential for agricultural applications to increase plant resilience against diverse biological and environmental pressures.In this review,we present recent advances in elucidating the biological roles of plant AADs in plant growth and stress tolerance and outline strategies for discovering novel AADs and their regulatory networks in crops.The review aims to gain new insights into the functional properties of AADs in regulating plant growth and stress responses,which provides a valuable foundation for developing innovative AADbased strategies to improve crop performance and resilience facing the ever-changing environment in the future.展开更多
The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.T...The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.This intricate response to cold stress is regulated by hormones,photoperiod,light,and various factors,in addition to genetic influences.In autumn,plants undergo morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular changes to prepare for the low temperatures of winter.Understanding cellular stress responses is crucial for genetic manipulation aimed at enhancing cold resistance.Early autumn frosts or late spring chills can cause significant damage to plants,making it essential to adapt in autumn to survive winter conditions.While the general process of acclimatization is similar across many plant species,variations exist depending on the specific type of plant and regional conditions.Different plant organs exhibit varying degrees of damage from cold stress,and by applying agricultural principles,potential damage can be largely controlled.Timely reinforcement and stress prevention can minimize cold-related damage.Research has shown that in temperate climates,low temperatures restrict plant growth and yield.However,the intricate structural systems involved remain poorly understood.Over the past decade,studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to and resist cold stress.The gene signaling system is believed to play a crucial role in cold adaptation,and researchers have prioritized this area in their investigations.This study critically examines plant responses to cold stress through physiological adaptations,including calcium signaling dynamics,membrane lipid modifications,and adjustments in antioxidant systems.These mechanisms activate downstream gene expression and molecular functions,leading to key resistance strategies.Additionally,we explore the regulatory roles of endogenous phytohormones and secondary metabolites in cold stress responses.This review aims to enhance our foundational understanding of the mechanisms behind plant cold adaptation.展开更多
Agrochemicals,especially plant growth regulators(PGRs),are extensively used to modulate endogenous phytohormone signals in small quantities,significantly infiuencing plant growth and development.Plant hormones typical...Agrochemicals,especially plant growth regulators(PGRs),are extensively used to modulate endogenous phytohormone signals in small quantities,significantly infiuencing plant growth and development.Plant hormones typically exhibit diverse chemical structures,with common examples including indole rings,terpenoid frameworks,adenine motifs,cyclic lactones,cyclopentanones,and steroidal compounds,which are extensively employed in pesticides.This article explores the interactions and biological activities of small molecules on proteins,enzymes,and other reactive sites involved in the biosynthesis,metabolism,transport,and signal transduction pathways of various plant hormones.Additionally,it analyzes the structure-activity relationships(SARs)of pesticides incorporating these structural motifs to elucidate the relationship between active fragments,pharmacophores,and targets,highlighting the characteristics of potent small molecules and their derivatives.This comprehensive review aims to provide novel perspectives for the development and design of pesticides,offering valuable insights for researchers in the field.展开更多
Heavy metal(HM)accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions.Cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),and nickel(Ni)are examples of HMs that...Heavy metal(HM)accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions.Cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),and nickel(Ni)are examples of HMs that negatively impact the growth and development of plants,resulting in lower agricultural output and food safety concerns.Biochar(BC),a substance rich in carbon that is formed by pyrolyzing natural biomass,has demonstrated remarkable promise in reducing HM stress in polluted soils.Research has shown that BC effectively lowers plant uptake of metals,and enhances soil qualities,and encourages microbial activity.Besides,BC improves the fertility of soil,retention of water,and nutrient absorption,while it interacts with soil microbes to help mitigate the negative effects.However,a number of variables affect how effective BC is as a soil supplement,including the kind of BC used,the soil’s characteristics,and the metal’s qualities.This review delves into the mechanisms of BC’s interactions with HMs,its potential to mitigate stress caused by different metals,and the factors that influence its efficiency.Furthermore,it draws attention to the drawbacks and difficulties associated with using BC in heavy-metal-contaminated soils,offering suggestions for future studies focused on maximizing its utilization for long-term soil rehabilitation and sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Blueberry anthocyanins(VA)and blackberry anthocyanins(RA)showed benefits on metabolic syndrome(MS)induced by high-fat diet(HFD)in mice.In this study,we investigated whether the therapeutic effects of VA and RA were ac...Blueberry anthocyanins(VA)and blackberry anthocyanins(RA)showed benefits on metabolic syndrome(MS)induced by high-fat diet(HFD)in mice.In this study,we investigated whether the therapeutic effects of VA and RA were achieved by the gut microbiota regulation and whether these effects could be replicated through fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)using the HFD caused MS model in pseudo-germ-free mice.The results demonstrated that the beneficial effects of VA and RA on MS,including reducing body weight gain and fat accumulation,improving glucose and lipid metabolism,and mitigating intestinal barrier damage,were attributed to the gut microbiota and could be replicated by FMT.16S r RNA sequencing analysis suggested that FMT from donor mice supplemented with VA and RA could regulate the gut microbiota composition.Particularly,FMT from RA supplemented mice displayed the potential to restore the diversity of gut microbiota and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes.Meanwhile,FMT from VA supplemented mice appeared to exert its effects by selectively influencing specific gut microbiota,such as the genus Akkermansia.Furthermore,our analysis identified 10 common differential amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)among groups compared to HFD-HFD group.Notably,ASV_36450 was negatively associated with metabolic parameters,suggesting that Lactobacillus might be the potential bacteria in regulating MS.Overall,our study demonstrated that FMT from VA and RA supplemented mice could ameliorate MS induced by HFD in mice through regulating specific gut microbiota.展开更多
Invasive alien species(IAS)significantly threaten global biodiversity and ecosystem stability.Despite increasing management efforts,a critical knowledge gap existed in understanding commonalities and disparities among...Invasive alien species(IAS)significantly threaten global biodiversity and ecosystem stability.Despite increasing management efforts,a critical knowledge gap existed in understanding commonalities and disparities among national strategies.We analyzed several IAS management lists from 23 countries and the European Union,focusing specifically on vascular plant species within these lists.List composition,characteristics,and associated management measures were analyzed.Key patterns in species prioritization across national lists and intercontinental exchange of invasive alien plants(IAPs)were identified.Pistia stratiotes,Pontederia crassipes,Salvinia molesta,Cabomba caroliniana,Ulex europaeus were identified as globally recognized threats,being listed by at least 33.3%of analyzed countries and invading five or more continents.Aquatic plants were found to be more frequently included in management lists.A significant directional invasion pattern between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres was identified.Species native to Asia were observed to dominate as significant donors of IAPs across continents.The analysis of list management strategies highlighted substantial gaps in achieving Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework,particularly in species prioritization and inclusion of potential IAPs.In response to these challenges,a tiered classification system for invasive alien species list was proposed,encompassing High-Priority,Watchlist,Potential,and Priority Site categories,which aimed at enhancing management effectiveness by tailoring strategies to different invasion stages and ecological contexts.This study could contribute to understanding global IAPs management strategies and serve as a reference for policymakers and conservation managers to identify priority IAPs and refine management approaches.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 32030005,32470325,32400288)GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(grant 2023A1515110339)internal funding from Guangzhou University.
文摘Brassinosteroids(BRs),a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones,play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological functions,such as growth,development,and adaptability to the environment.Despite this broader role of BRs,previously published reviews mainly focused on the molecular mechanisms of BR-mediated regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth of model plants like Arabidopsis and some food crops,such as rice,maize,and wheat.While horticultural plants hold significant economic importance in modern agriculture,less attention has been paid to understanding the role of BRs in regulating the physiological functions of these plants.Given the lack of relevant reviews,this article aims to discuss the major roles of BRs in horticultural plants,particularly fruit and leaf development,whole plant architecture,and adaptive stress response.We also highlight key challenges and provide some future research directions for genetically improving horticultural plants by altering the BR signaling pathway.
基金received financial support from the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)the special funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District,China(PT202101-02)。
文摘The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170241,32160054,and 32470241)supported by the Chinese Academy of Science's PIFI Fellowship Initiative(2024PVC0046).
文摘Plants and their interaction partners offer unparalleled views of evolutionary ecology.Nectar larceny,entailing nectar extraction without pollinating,is thought to be an example of a harmful,antagonistic behavior,but the precise consequences of floral larceny on plant reproductive success remain contentious.We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 153 studies across 120 plant species,using 14 moderators to assess the effects of floral larceny on plant reproductive success and examine the key moderators.We found that floral larceny negatively impacts flower traits,pollinator visitation,pollen deposition,and fruit set,while having a neutral effect on critical female fitness indicators,such as seed set and seed quality,as well as on male fitness.By altering pollinator behavior,floral larceny may reduce geitonogamy,potentially enhancing genetic diversity.Additionally,factors such as pollinator type,plant mating system,and pollen limitation were identified as key moderators of these effects.Our analysis reveals an ultimately neutral effect of floral larceny on plant reproductive success,with potential benefits in certain contexts.These findings suggest that floral larceny plays a complex and multifaceted role within plant-pollinator interactions,facilitating the evolutionary stability and coexistence of floral larcenists and host plants.
基金supported by the Faculty Startup Fund from Jining Medical University,the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.ZR2023QC309)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32102236)。
文摘Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805602)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32225032,32001192,32271597)+1 种基金the Innovation Base Project of Gansu Province(2021YFF0703904)the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(24JRRA515,22JR5RA525,23JRRA1157).
文摘Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmental gradients.Particularly,the relative importance(RIV)of different plant life forms in a community and how they vary with environmental variables are still unclear.To fill these gaps,we determined plant diversity of ephemeral plants,annual herbs,perennial herbs,and woody plants from 187 sites across drylands in China.The SR patterns of herbaceous plants,especially perennial herbs,and their RIV in plant communities increased with increasing precipitation and soil nutrient content;however,the RIV of annual herbs was not altered along these gradients.The SR and RIV of ephemeral plants were affected mainly by precipitation seasonality.The SR of woody plants had a unimodal relationship with air temperature and exhibited the highest RIV and SR percentage in plant communities under the harshest environments.An obvious shift emerged in plant community composition,SR and their critical impact factors at 238.5 mm of mean annual precipitation(MAP).In mesic regions(>238.5 mm),herbs were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively slow decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by MAP and soil nutrients.In arid regions(<238.5 mm),woody plants were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively fast decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by climate variables,especially precipitation.Our findings highlight the importance of comparative life form studies in community structure and biodiversity,as their responses to gradients differed substantially on a large scale.
基金supported this research through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education(2019R1A6A1A11052070)。
文摘Advances in gene editing and natural genetic variability present significant opportunities to generate novel alleles and select natural sources of genetic variation for horticulture crop improvement.The genetic improvement of crops to enhance their resilience to abiotic stresses and new pests due to climate change is essential for future food security.The field of genomics has made significant strides over the past few decades,enabling us to sequence and analyze entire genomes.However,understanding the complex relationship between genes and their expression in phenotypes-the observable characteristics of an organism-requires a deeper understanding of phenomics.Phenomics seeks to link genetic information with biological processes and environmental factors to better understand complex traits and diseases.Recent breakthroughs in this field include the development of advanced imaging technologies,artificial intelligence algorithms,and large-scale data analysis techniques.These tools have enabled us to explore the relationships between genotype,phenotype,and environment in unprecedented detail.This review explores the importance of understanding the complex relationship between genes and their expression in phenotypes.Integration of genomics with efficient high throughput plant phenotyping as well as the potential of machine learning approaches for genomic and phenomics trait discovery.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270290)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources(17DZ2252700).
文摘Plant height is an important trait that affects the crop yield and overall productivity.The Green Revolution,which began in the 1960s,brought about a remarkable surge in grain production,largely credited to the introduction of new wheat(Triticum aestivum)and rice(Oryza sativa)varieties,specifically the dwarf variants.Short plants offer several advantages,including denser planting,resistance to lodging,and easier application of fertilizers or fungicides(Stokstad,2023).
基金supported by the Anhui University Collaborative Innovation Project, China (GXXT-2020080)the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Provincial Colleges and Universities, China (2023AH040136)。
文摘Cold stress widely impairs the quality and yield of tea plants. The miR164 family and its target NAC transcription factor have been identified as crucial regulators in response to cold stress. However, the role of miR164 and CsNAC in cold tolerance in tea plants was little understood. In our study, the expression level of CsMIR164a was significantly reduced under cold stress and significantly and negatively correlated with that of CsNAC1.5' RACE and GUS histochemical assays showed that CsNAC1 was cleaved by CsMIR164a. The CsMIR164a-silenced tea leaves promoted the expression levels of CsNAC1 and CsCBFs and exhibited greater cold tolerance. Also, the overexpression of CsNAC1 enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants by promoting the expression levels of AtCBFs. In contrast, the heterologous overexpression of CsMIR164a in Arabidopsis decreased the expression level of AtNACs and AtCBFs and thus impaired cold tolerance. Additionally, silencing of CsNAC1 impaired the expression levels of CsCBFs, resulting in greater cold sensitivity in tea leaves. Our present study demonstrated that the miR164a-CsNAC1 module may play a negative role in the cold tolerance of tea plants via the CsCBF-dependent pathway.
文摘Desertification is a process in which vegetation cover degrades followed by increased wind and water erosion. Plants adapted to moving sand conditions are able to reverse this process. They can stabilize die substrate. Not much data is available on the soil stabilization capacity of plants. This study was conducted to investigate the wind-induced sand displacement around plants in relation to their biomass. Sand displacement is examined in relation to the biomass allocation pattern of three different plant species. A new method was developed to experimentally investigate plant sand-binding capacity. The relationship between sand displacement and plant biomass was not linear. Apart from the amount of biomass, species-specific plant characters like the biomass allocation pattern and plant structure may be very important in determining the sand-binding capacity.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan Project Sub-Topic of China(Grant Nos.2022YFD1901500 and 2022YFD1901505-07)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32260531)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province,China(Grant No.Qiankehezhongyindi[2023]8)the Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions,China(Grant No.Qianjiaoji[2023]007).
文摘Recently,information acquired at the canopy top,such as spectral and textural data,has been widely used to estimate plant nitrogen(N)accumulation(PNA).The response of crops to N uptake involves not only changes in horizontal canopy top information but also an increase in vertical plant height(PH).It remains unclear whether the fusion of spectral indices with PH can improve the estimation performance of PNA models based on spectral remote sensing across different growth stages.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA26050301-02)。
文摘The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced nutritional fodder production.This study investigates the diversity and composition of fodder plants and identifies key species for cattle in Zhaotong City,Yunnan,China,while documenting indigenous knowledge on their usage and selection criteria.Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 19 villages across seven townships with 140 informants.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews,free listing,and participatory observation,and analyzed using Relative Frequency Citation.A total of 125 taxa(including 106 wild and 19 cultivated)were reported.The most cited family is Poaceae(27 taxa,21.43%),followed by Asteraceae(17 taxa,13.49%),Fabaceae(14 taxa,11.11%),Polygonaceae(9 taxa,7.14%)and Lamiaceae(4 taxa,3.17%).The whole plant(66.04%)and herbaceous plants(84.80%)were the most used parts and life forms.The most cited species were Zea mays,Brassica rapa,Solanum tuberosum,Eragrostis nigra,and Artemisia dubia.Usage of diverse fodder resources reflects local wisdom in managing resource availability and achieving balanced nutrition while coping with environmental and climatic risks.Preferences for certain taxonomic groups are due to their quality as premier fodder resources.To promote integrated crop-livestock farming,we suggest further research into highly preferred fodder species,focusing on nutritional assessment,digestibility,meat quality impacts,and potential as antibiotic alternatives.Establishing germplasm and gene banks for fodder resources is also recommended.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32301870 to Chen Lin)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(grant no.BK20230568 to Chen Lin)+3 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund(grant no.CX(24)3124 to Chen Lin)Outstanding Ph.D.Programin Yangzhou(grant no.YZLYJFJH2022YXBS147 to Chen Lin)the General Project of Basic Scientific Research to colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province(grant no.22KJB210019 toChen Lin)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions is greatly acknowledged.
文摘Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a large and diverse enzyme family ubiquitously distributed across the plant kingdom. These proteins catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophilic substrates in response to various stress conditions. Beyond their role in stress adaptation, certain GSTs are integral regulators of plant growth and development, contributing to a range of physiological processes. Most GST proteins exhibit dual enzymatic activities, functioning as both transferases and peroxidases, which enables their involvement in diverse cellular processes, including detoxification and stress responses. Recent advancements, particularly in X-ray crystallography, have enabled detailed structural analysis of GST proteins, significantly enhancing our understanding of their biological functions. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the classification and structural characteristics of GSTs in plants. It also highlights recent findings on their roles in plant growth and development, cell signaling, catalytic transport, and stress tolerance. Furthermore, key scientific challenges related to GSTs are discussed, focusing on their potential applications in agriculture. These insights aim to facilitate the screening of functional GST genes and support molecular breeding efforts across diverse crop species.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472034)Guangdong Province Natural Science Foundation(2022A1515010707)。
文摘Plants produce many amino acid derivatives(AADs).Some have been used by humans as medicines and nutrients,but many also act as phytochemical signals in plant growth and stress tolerance.The fluctuating ecological environment poses a constant challenge to plant growth and development,and also presents significant obstacles to agricultural productivity.Plant AADs hold substantial potential for agricultural applications to increase plant resilience against diverse biological and environmental pressures.In this review,we present recent advances in elucidating the biological roles of plant AADs in plant growth and stress tolerance and outline strategies for discovering novel AADs and their regulatory networks in crops.The review aims to gain new insights into the functional properties of AADs in regulating plant growth and stress responses,which provides a valuable foundation for developing innovative AADbased strategies to improve crop performance and resilience facing the ever-changing environment in the future.
文摘The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.This intricate response to cold stress is regulated by hormones,photoperiod,light,and various factors,in addition to genetic influences.In autumn,plants undergo morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular changes to prepare for the low temperatures of winter.Understanding cellular stress responses is crucial for genetic manipulation aimed at enhancing cold resistance.Early autumn frosts or late spring chills can cause significant damage to plants,making it essential to adapt in autumn to survive winter conditions.While the general process of acclimatization is similar across many plant species,variations exist depending on the specific type of plant and regional conditions.Different plant organs exhibit varying degrees of damage from cold stress,and by applying agricultural principles,potential damage can be largely controlled.Timely reinforcement and stress prevention can minimize cold-related damage.Research has shown that in temperate climates,low temperatures restrict plant growth and yield.However,the intricate structural systems involved remain poorly understood.Over the past decade,studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to and resist cold stress.The gene signaling system is believed to play a crucial role in cold adaptation,and researchers have prioritized this area in their investigations.This study critically examines plant responses to cold stress through physiological adaptations,including calcium signaling dynamics,membrane lipid modifications,and adjustments in antioxidant systems.These mechanisms activate downstream gene expression and molecular functions,leading to key resistance strategies.Additionally,we explore the regulatory roles of endogenous phytohormones and secondary metabolites in cold stress responses.This review aims to enhance our foundational understanding of the mechanisms behind plant cold adaptation.
基金The financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD1700600)。
文摘Agrochemicals,especially plant growth regulators(PGRs),are extensively used to modulate endogenous phytohormone signals in small quantities,significantly infiuencing plant growth and development.Plant hormones typically exhibit diverse chemical structures,with common examples including indole rings,terpenoid frameworks,adenine motifs,cyclic lactones,cyclopentanones,and steroidal compounds,which are extensively employed in pesticides.This article explores the interactions and biological activities of small molecules on proteins,enzymes,and other reactive sites involved in the biosynthesis,metabolism,transport,and signal transduction pathways of various plant hormones.Additionally,it analyzes the structure-activity relationships(SARs)of pesticides incorporating these structural motifs to elucidate the relationship between active fragments,pharmacophores,and targets,highlighting the characteristics of potent small molecules and their derivatives.This comprehensive review aims to provide novel perspectives for the development and design of pesticides,offering valuable insights for researchers in the field.
文摘Heavy metal(HM)accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions.Cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),and nickel(Ni)are examples of HMs that negatively impact the growth and development of plants,resulting in lower agricultural output and food safety concerns.Biochar(BC),a substance rich in carbon that is formed by pyrolyzing natural biomass,has demonstrated remarkable promise in reducing HM stress in polluted soils.Research has shown that BC effectively lowers plant uptake of metals,and enhances soil qualities,and encourages microbial activity.Besides,BC improves the fertility of soil,retention of water,and nutrient absorption,while it interacts with soil microbes to help mitigate the negative effects.However,a number of variables affect how effective BC is as a soil supplement,including the kind of BC used,the soil’s characteristics,and the metal’s qualities.This review delves into the mechanisms of BC’s interactions with HMs,its potential to mitigate stress caused by different metals,and the factors that influence its efficiency.Furthermore,it draws attention to the drawbacks and difficulties associated with using BC in heavy-metal-contaminated soils,offering suggestions for future studies focused on maximizing its utilization for long-term soil rehabilitation and sustainable agriculture.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170377,81973463)the Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2020344,BE2022371)。
文摘Blueberry anthocyanins(VA)and blackberry anthocyanins(RA)showed benefits on metabolic syndrome(MS)induced by high-fat diet(HFD)in mice.In this study,we investigated whether the therapeutic effects of VA and RA were achieved by the gut microbiota regulation and whether these effects could be replicated through fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)using the HFD caused MS model in pseudo-germ-free mice.The results demonstrated that the beneficial effects of VA and RA on MS,including reducing body weight gain and fat accumulation,improving glucose and lipid metabolism,and mitigating intestinal barrier damage,were attributed to the gut microbiota and could be replicated by FMT.16S r RNA sequencing analysis suggested that FMT from donor mice supplemented with VA and RA could regulate the gut microbiota composition.Particularly,FMT from RA supplemented mice displayed the potential to restore the diversity of gut microbiota and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes.Meanwhile,FMT from VA supplemented mice appeared to exert its effects by selectively influencing specific gut microbiota,such as the genus Akkermansia.Furthermore,our analysis identified 10 common differential amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)among groups compared to HFD-HFD group.Notably,ASV_36450 was negatively associated with metabolic parameters,suggesting that Lactobacillus might be the potential bacteria in regulating MS.Overall,our study demonstrated that FMT from VA and RA supplemented mice could ameliorate MS induced by HFD in mice through regulating specific gut microbiota.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF(CAFYBB2022SY020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872645).
文摘Invasive alien species(IAS)significantly threaten global biodiversity and ecosystem stability.Despite increasing management efforts,a critical knowledge gap existed in understanding commonalities and disparities among national strategies.We analyzed several IAS management lists from 23 countries and the European Union,focusing specifically on vascular plant species within these lists.List composition,characteristics,and associated management measures were analyzed.Key patterns in species prioritization across national lists and intercontinental exchange of invasive alien plants(IAPs)were identified.Pistia stratiotes,Pontederia crassipes,Salvinia molesta,Cabomba caroliniana,Ulex europaeus were identified as globally recognized threats,being listed by at least 33.3%of analyzed countries and invading five or more continents.Aquatic plants were found to be more frequently included in management lists.A significant directional invasion pattern between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres was identified.Species native to Asia were observed to dominate as significant donors of IAPs across continents.The analysis of list management strategies highlighted substantial gaps in achieving Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework,particularly in species prioritization and inclusion of potential IAPs.In response to these challenges,a tiered classification system for invasive alien species list was proposed,encompassing High-Priority,Watchlist,Potential,and Priority Site categories,which aimed at enhancing management effectiveness by tailoring strategies to different invasion stages and ecological contexts.This study could contribute to understanding global IAPs management strategies and serve as a reference for policymakers and conservation managers to identify priority IAPs and refine management approaches.
