Regolith thickness is considered as a contributing factor for the occurrence of landslides.Although, mostly it is ignored because of complex nature and as it requires more time and resources for investigation. This st...Regolith thickness is considered as a contributing factor for the occurrence of landslides.Although, mostly it is ignored because of complex nature and as it requires more time and resources for investigation. This study aimed to appraise the role of regolith thickness on landslide distribution in the Muzaffarabad and surrounding areas, NW Himalayas.For this purpose regolith thickness samples were evenly collected from all the lithological units at representative sites within different slope and elevation classes in the field. Topographic attributes(slope, aspect, drainage, Topographic Wetness Index,elevation and curvature) were derived from the Digital Elevation Model(DEM)(12.5 m resolution).Arc GIS Model Builder was used to develop the regolith thickness model. Stepwise regression technique was used to explore the spatial variation of regolith thickness using topographic attributes and lithological units. The derived model explains about 88% regolith thickness variation. The model was validated and shows good agreement(70%) between observed and predicted values. Subsequently, the derived regolith model was used to understand the relationship between regolith thickness and landslide distribution. The analysis shows that most of the landslides were located within 1-5 m regolith thickness. However, landslide concentration is highest within 5-10 m regolith thickness, which shows that regolith thickness played a significant role for the occurrence of landslide in the studied area.展开更多
Pakistan, the sixth most populous country with 185 million people, grows in the last years at approximately 3.2 million people per year, generating a strong demand for new urban areas [1]. The Defense Housing Authorit...Pakistan, the sixth most populous country with 185 million people, grows in the last years at approximately 3.2 million people per year, generating a strong demand for new urban areas [1]. The Defense Housing Authority (DHA), among Pakistan’s most reputable land developers, has been instrumental in providing land for both residential and commercial use in several metropolitan areas. In Karachi, DHA has provided urban land in phases, with such land being most desirable to live and work, significantly improving the existing stock and allowing the growth of competitive economic activities. When DHA started Phase 10, at a distance of 55 km from the center of Karachi, the objective became to develop a self-sustained new city, although it should function as a satellite to the main metropolitan area. Pakistan has had a best experience from the planning of Islamabad by the legendary planner Constantinos Doxiadis, based on the Ekistics concept. So, the planners for the new city, called DHA City Karachi (DCK), also followed the Ekistics concept, enhanced to address the sustainability requirements of DHA. The resulting highly complex planning process, resulting from an uneven terrain and an irregular boundary, was possible to be carried out by employing advanced computer algorithms in the form of parametric design and GIS, tools that were unavailable to Doxiadis in the 60 s but fascinated him at the end of his professional life. This paper presents the sustainable planning approach for the new city of 600,000 people, handling physical constrains and site issues whilst ensuring adaptation to context. Then, the paper introduces how computing was employed towards applying Ekistics.展开更多
Wars and conflict have existed since the beginning of time.Most battlefield conservation work is done for battlefields that lie in the borders of the nations that were involved,thus fostering citizens'personal tie...Wars and conflict have existed since the beginning of time.Most battlefield conservation work is done for battlefields that lie in the borders of the nations that were involved,thus fostering citizens'personal ties with the site and their national identities.However,some areas of the world suffer from conservation neglect because of the distance and separation between the battlefield's location and the country to which it is relevant,thus creating a dislocated appreciation of heritage described by Price(Confl Archaeol 1:181-196,2005)as'orphan heritage'.This paper questions the extent to which post-colonial nations are willing to protect and conserve World WarⅡbattlefields on their soil.It examines two battlefields in Asia-the Gin Drinkers'Line in Hong Kong,China,and the Green Ridge battlefield in Kampar,Malaysia--that have been the subject of campaigns to recognise their transnational heritage value.Both battles involved multinational Allied forces led by the British against Japanese troops.A combination of political and economic factors has influenced how the two battlefields are understood and appreciated by citizens and local governments in the host nations.The paper delineates how these two Asian battlegrounds,which are relatively unknown to the general public,have been brought to the public's attention and by whom as well as how the local governments have handled the demand to safeguard the battlefields.We argue that the global nature of WWⅡmakes its commemoration geographically challenging and politically contentious.The WWⅡbattlefields in Asia attest to the historical authenticity of past conflicts and thus should be conserved as neutrally as possible.The successful protection of battlefields in Malaysia and Hong Kong thus far can be largely attributed to grassroots initiatives,pressure from stakeholder countries,such as the UK,and academic research whereby the significance of the battleground is made known to people in Hong Kong and Malaysia.With public support,responsible government leadership and a shared understanding of their importance as transnational heritage,WWⅡbattlefields can help calm bitter resentment and promote reconciliation.展开更多
Engineers and building designers make decisions that have critical impacts on the environment and society,making sensitivity to environmental and social concerns a must in the building profession.Limited pedagogical r...Engineers and building designers make decisions that have critical impacts on the environment and society,making sensitivity to environmental and social concerns a must in the building profession.Limited pedagogical research has been conducted to develop and assess techniques for integrating sustainability into building design and engineering education.This paper describes an undergraduate course geared toward instilling concepts of sustainability in students of building-related disciplines and presents the findings of a case study and literature review conducted to identify the key features that made the course successful.The features are outlined in the form of an easy-to-use Sustainability in Higher Education Assessment Rubric(SHEAR)that faculty members can consult to shape effective programs and courses of their own to teach concepts of sustainability to their students.Two examples of this application are included,and recommendations for advancements in sustainability education are provided.展开更多
文摘Regolith thickness is considered as a contributing factor for the occurrence of landslides.Although, mostly it is ignored because of complex nature and as it requires more time and resources for investigation. This study aimed to appraise the role of regolith thickness on landslide distribution in the Muzaffarabad and surrounding areas, NW Himalayas.For this purpose regolith thickness samples were evenly collected from all the lithological units at representative sites within different slope and elevation classes in the field. Topographic attributes(slope, aspect, drainage, Topographic Wetness Index,elevation and curvature) were derived from the Digital Elevation Model(DEM)(12.5 m resolution).Arc GIS Model Builder was used to develop the regolith thickness model. Stepwise regression technique was used to explore the spatial variation of regolith thickness using topographic attributes and lithological units. The derived model explains about 88% regolith thickness variation. The model was validated and shows good agreement(70%) between observed and predicted values. Subsequently, the derived regolith model was used to understand the relationship between regolith thickness and landslide distribution. The analysis shows that most of the landslides were located within 1-5 m regolith thickness. However, landslide concentration is highest within 5-10 m regolith thickness, which shows that regolith thickness played a significant role for the occurrence of landslide in the studied area.
文摘Pakistan, the sixth most populous country with 185 million people, grows in the last years at approximately 3.2 million people per year, generating a strong demand for new urban areas [1]. The Defense Housing Authority (DHA), among Pakistan’s most reputable land developers, has been instrumental in providing land for both residential and commercial use in several metropolitan areas. In Karachi, DHA has provided urban land in phases, with such land being most desirable to live and work, significantly improving the existing stock and allowing the growth of competitive economic activities. When DHA started Phase 10, at a distance of 55 km from the center of Karachi, the objective became to develop a self-sustained new city, although it should function as a satellite to the main metropolitan area. Pakistan has had a best experience from the planning of Islamabad by the legendary planner Constantinos Doxiadis, based on the Ekistics concept. So, the planners for the new city, called DHA City Karachi (DCK), also followed the Ekistics concept, enhanced to address the sustainability requirements of DHA. The resulting highly complex planning process, resulting from an uneven terrain and an irregular boundary, was possible to be carried out by employing advanced computer algorithms in the form of parametric design and GIS, tools that were unavailable to Doxiadis in the 60 s but fascinated him at the end of his professional life. This paper presents the sustainable planning approach for the new city of 600,000 people, handling physical constrains and site issues whilst ensuring adaptation to context. Then, the paper introduces how computing was employed towards applying Ekistics.
基金the Research Development Fund and the Postgraduate Research Scholarship(RDF-16-01-22).
文摘Wars and conflict have existed since the beginning of time.Most battlefield conservation work is done for battlefields that lie in the borders of the nations that were involved,thus fostering citizens'personal ties with the site and their national identities.However,some areas of the world suffer from conservation neglect because of the distance and separation between the battlefield's location and the country to which it is relevant,thus creating a dislocated appreciation of heritage described by Price(Confl Archaeol 1:181-196,2005)as'orphan heritage'.This paper questions the extent to which post-colonial nations are willing to protect and conserve World WarⅡbattlefields on their soil.It examines two battlefields in Asia-the Gin Drinkers'Line in Hong Kong,China,and the Green Ridge battlefield in Kampar,Malaysia--that have been the subject of campaigns to recognise their transnational heritage value.Both battles involved multinational Allied forces led by the British against Japanese troops.A combination of political and economic factors has influenced how the two battlefields are understood and appreciated by citizens and local governments in the host nations.The paper delineates how these two Asian battlegrounds,which are relatively unknown to the general public,have been brought to the public's attention and by whom as well as how the local governments have handled the demand to safeguard the battlefields.We argue that the global nature of WWⅡmakes its commemoration geographically challenging and politically contentious.The WWⅡbattlefields in Asia attest to the historical authenticity of past conflicts and thus should be conserved as neutrally as possible.The successful protection of battlefields in Malaysia and Hong Kong thus far can be largely attributed to grassroots initiatives,pressure from stakeholder countries,such as the UK,and academic research whereby the significance of the battleground is made known to people in Hong Kong and Malaysia.With public support,responsible government leadership and a shared understanding of their importance as transnational heritage,WWⅡbattlefields can help calm bitter resentment and promote reconciliation.
文摘Engineers and building designers make decisions that have critical impacts on the environment and society,making sensitivity to environmental and social concerns a must in the building profession.Limited pedagogical research has been conducted to develop and assess techniques for integrating sustainability into building design and engineering education.This paper describes an undergraduate course geared toward instilling concepts of sustainability in students of building-related disciplines and presents the findings of a case study and literature review conducted to identify the key features that made the course successful.The features are outlined in the form of an easy-to-use Sustainability in Higher Education Assessment Rubric(SHEAR)that faculty members can consult to shape effective programs and courses of their own to teach concepts of sustainability to their students.Two examples of this application are included,and recommendations for advancements in sustainability education are provided.
