With advancements in systemic therapy,the incidence of brain metastases(BMs)continues to rise,leading to severe neurological complications.Effective and precise treatment modalities are,therefore,critically important ...With advancements in systemic therapy,the incidence of brain metastases(BMs)continues to rise,leading to severe neurological complications.Effective and precise treatment modalities are,therefore,critically important for managing BMs.Radiation therapy(RT),including photon therapy,has been essential in managing BMs.Recent technological advances have significantly enhanced the precision,efficacy,and safety of these treatments.This comprehensive review provides an in-depth examination of the latest advancements in radiation and photon therapy technologies for treating BMs,focusing on innovations such as stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS),whole-brain radiation therapy(WBRT),laser interstitial thermal therapy(LITT),and other radiation-related treatment modalities.Additionally,we discuss clinical outcomes,challenges,and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.While a detailed comparison of techniques is beyond the scope of this paper,this paper provides up-to-date technical information for physicians,medical physicists,patients,and researchers in related fields,potentially enhancing clinical outcomes.Among the treatment modalities,SRS has become a cornerstone of RT for BMs,with its implementation spanning multiple modalities over the past few decades.Given its inherent minimally invasive nature and growing clinical acceptance,SRS is positioned to further evolve as a key therapeutic tool in both neurosurgery and radiotherapy.展开更多
Nipa palm is one of the non-wood plants rich in lignocellulosic content.In this study,palm fronds were converted into activated carbon,and their physical,chemical,and morphological properties were characterized.The re...Nipa palm is one of the non-wood plants rich in lignocellulosic content.In this study,palm fronds were converted into activated carbon,and their physical,chemical,and morphological properties were characterized.The resulting activated carbon was then applied as an adsorbent of Fe metal in peat water.The carbonization process was carried out for 60 min,followed by sintering at 400℃ for 5 h with a particle size of 200 mesh.KOH and H_(3)PO_(4) were used in the chemical activation process for 24 h.KOH-activated carbon contained 6.13%of moisture,4.55%of ash,17.02%of volatile matter,and 78.84%of fixed carbon,while its Fe reduction efficiency was 28.09%.The H_(3)PO_(4)-activated carbon contained 4.67%of moisture,2.84%of ash,16.41%of volatile matter,and 80.57%of bonded carbon,and the Fe reduction efficiency was 52.25%.KOH-activated carbon and H_(3)PO_(4)-activated carbon contained fixed carbon of 78.84%and 80.57%,respectively,while their average rates of efficiency of Fe reduction were 22.82%and 39.23%,respectively.Overall,the characteristics of activated nipa carbon met the Indonesian standards(SNI No.06-3730-1995).However,H_(3)PO_(4)-activated carbon was found to be better at adsorbing Fe metal from peat water.展开更多
Purpose: Although patient-related factors affect surgical outcomes, preoperative functional status is not measured by any cardiac risk score. Functional status can, however, be objectively measured using validated out...Purpose: Although patient-related factors affect surgical outcomes, preoperative functional status is not measured by any cardiac risk score. Functional status can, however, be objectively measured using validated outcome tools such as the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). The purpose of this study was to determine 1) if there was a change over time in functional status, as measured by the LLFDI, in patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery, and if so, 2) what specific aspect(s) of functional status changed. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study of one year was conducted on elective cardiac surgery patients (n = 43) using the self-reported LLFDI, which measures Disability Frequency (frequency of participation in social tasks), Disability Limitation (ability to participate in social tasks) and Function Total (ease in performing routine activities). Higher scores indicate increased function and decreased disability. LLFDI scores were compared at three times (preoperative, six-week and one-year postoperative) using repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc pairwise comparison was conducted for specific interactions. Results: Both Function Total and Disability Frequency significantly changed over time (p = 0.047 and p = 0.013, respectively). Specifically, patients’ function level was significantly higher one-year postoperative compared to preoperative (M difference = +3.48, SE = 1.48, p = 0.026). Likewise, Disability Frequency scores were significantly higher (i.e. more active) at one-year postoperative versus preoperative (M difference= +5.98, SE = 2.19, p = 0.033). Disability Limitation scores were not significantly different between any time points (p > 0.05). Conclusion: By one-year postoperative, patients demonstrated increased ease in their routine physical activities and were more participatory in social life tasks. Individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery took more than six weeks to detect notable improvement in functional status, which was expected with a sternotomy approach. This study provides support for the use of the LLFDI as an effective tool to capture functional status in the cardiac population. These findings may assist cardiac patients in recovery timeline expectations.展开更多
Magnetic refrigeration is a revolutionary, efficient, environmentally friendly cooling technology, which is on the threshold of commercialization. The magnetic rare earth materials are utilized as the magnetic refrige...Magnetic refrigeration is a revolutionary, efficient, environmentally friendly cooling technology, which is on the threshold of commercialization. The magnetic rare earth materials are utilized as the magnetic refrigerants in most cooling devices, and for many cooling application the Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets are employed as the source of the magnetic field. The status of the near room temperature magnetic cooling was reviewed.展开更多
The physical and luminescent properties of Sm^(3+)-doped oxide and oxy-fluoride phosphate glasses were investigated. The glass samples with chemical composition of 69 P_2 O_5-10 BaO-10 ZnO-10 Gd_2 O_3-1 Sm_2 O_3 and 6...The physical and luminescent properties of Sm^(3+)-doped oxide and oxy-fluoride phosphate glasses were investigated. The glass samples with chemical composition of 69 P_2 O_5-10 BaO-10 ZnO-10 Gd_2 O_3-1 Sm_2 O_3 and 69 P_2 O_5-10 BaO-10 ZnO-10 GdF_3-1 Sm_2 O_3 were prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. The prepared glass samples were characterized with density, molar volume, refractive index,FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR, photo luminesce nce, radio luminescence, decay time profile and CIE diagram. The density and refractive index of the oxide glass have higher values as compared to the oxy-fluoride glass.The FTIR spectra show the reduction of O-H group in oxy-fluoride glass. The characteristic peaks of Sm^(3+)are observed at 360,372,402,438,419,473,944,1077,1227,1373,1474,1529 and 1585 nm in UV-VIS-NIR spectra. These peaks are related respectively to the transitions from ground state ~6 H_(5/2) to ~4 D_(3/2), ~6 P_(7/2),6 P3/2, ~4 I_(11/2), ~6 F_(11/2), ~6 F_(9/2), ~6 F_(7/2),~6 F_(5/2),~6 F_(3/2), ~6 H_(15/2) and ~6 F_(1/2) excited states. From photoluminescence and radio-luminesce nce it is observed that the oxy-fluoride glass samples show better emission intensity than the oxide glass. The Judd-Ofelt theory(J-0 theory) was used to find J-O intensity Ω_λ(λ = 2,4 and 6)parameters and radiative properties such as transition probability, stimulated emission cross section and branching ratios for titled glasses. The trend observed in the J-O parameters is Ω_4 >Ω_2 >Ω_6. The transition probability,emission cross section and branching ratio have the highest values for the ~4 G_(5/2)→~6 H_(7/2)transition. The CIE coordinates of the prepared glass samples are positioned in the orange region and the CCT value is 3776.105 for oxide and oxyfluoride glass. The oxy-fluoride glass has shorter decay time as compared to the oxide glass and it is recorded to be 1.62 and 1.32 ms for oxide and oxy-fluoride respectively. According to the results obtained in this work, it is obvious that these glass samples can be good candidate materials for producing cool orange light.展开更多
Total knee arthroplasty(TKA) is the most commonly performed elective surgery in the United States. TKA typically improves functional performance and reduces pain associated with knee osteoarthritis. Little is known ab...Total knee arthroplasty(TKA) is the most commonly performed elective surgery in the United States. TKA typically improves functional performance and reduces pain associated with knee osteoarthritis. Little is known about the influence of TKA on overall physical activity levels. Physical activity, defined as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure", confers many health benefits but typically decreases with endstage osteoarthritis. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential benefits(metabolic, functional, and orthopedic) of physical activity to patients undergoing TKA, present results from recent studies aimed to determine the effect of TKA on physical activity, and discuss potential sources of variability and conflicting results for physical activity outcomes. Several studies utilizing self-reported outcomes indicate that patients perceive themselves to be more physically active after TKA than they were before surgery. Accelerometry-based outcomes indicate that physical activity for patients after TKA remains at or below pre-surgical levels. Several different factors likely contributed to these variable results, including the use of different instruments, duration of follow-up, and characteristics of the subjects studied. Comparison to norms, however, suggests that daily physical activity for patients following TKA may fall short of healthy agematched controls. We propose that further study of the relationship between TKA and physical activity needs to be performed using accelerometry-based outcome measures at multiple post-surgical time points.展开更多
The performance of oil palm trunk wastes from Banjarbaru of South Kalimantan was improved with the help of chemical modification in a two-step treatment.The first was formalization with formaldehyde solution with vary...The performance of oil palm trunk wastes from Banjarbaru of South Kalimantan was improved with the help of chemical modification in a two-step treatment.The first was formalization with formaldehyde solution with varying pH,and the second was impregnation with melamine-formaldehyde resin under 5 bar pressure for an hour.In these processes,the samples were cured at 120℃ for 10 min and then dried in an oven at(103±2)℃ in order to attain a moisture content of less than 6%.These treatments improved the physical properties(density,moisture content,and volume swelling),mechanical resistance,dynamic-mechanical and acoustic performance of the woods.The combination of impregnation and formalization changed the structure and the morphology of the woods such that the surface became flatter and denser.This was confirmed by results from FTIR,SEM,and DMA.Samples with alkaline modification displayed the best results for dimensional stability,storage modulus,and damping factor in varied frequencies.The treatments in this study also heightened acoustic performances as evidenced by the resulting characteristics of sound absorption coefficient and acoustic impedance.展开更多
Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated ...Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated physical deconditioning after a cardiovascular event,especially compared to their younger counterparts.The last few decades were privy to multiple studies that demonstrated the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation （CR） and exercise therapy on mortality,exercise capacity,psychological risk factors,inflammation,and obesity among patients with CHD.Unfortunately,a significant portion of the available data in this field pertains to younger patients.A viable explanation is that older patients are grossly underrepresented in these programs for multiple reasons starting with the patient and extending to the physician.In this article,we will review the benefits of CR programs among the elderly,as well as some of the barriers that hinder their participation.展开更多
Background:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is closely associated with obesity.However,this association could be influenced by the coexisting metabolic abnormalities.This study aimed to investigate the role of o...Background:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is closely associated with obesity.However,this association could be influenced by the coexisting metabolic abnormalities.This study aimed to investigate the role of obesity and metabolic abnormalities in NAFLD among elderly Chinese.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed among elderly residents who took their annual health checkups during 2016 in Keqiao District,Shaoxing,China.Results:A total of 3359 elderly adults were retrospectively included in this study.The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 28.7%.The prevalence of NAFLD were 7.14%,27.92%,34.80%,and 61.02%in participants with metabolically healthy normal weight(MHNW),metabolically abnormal normal weight(MANW),metabolically healthy obese(MHO),and metabolically abnormal obese(MAO),respectively.NAFLD patients in MHO group had more unfavorable metabolic profiles than those in MHNW group.Logistic regression analysis showed that sex,body mass index(BMI),fasting blood glucose,and serum uric acid were the risk factors of NAFLD.Conclusions:Both obesity and metabolic health were significantly associated with NAFLD in elderly Chinese.Screening for obesity and other metabolic abnormalities should be routinely performed for early risk stratification of NAFLD.展开更多
Europium(Eu^(3+))doped glasses of chemical compositions(55-x)B2O3:10 SiO2:25 Y2O3:10CaO:xEu_(2)O_(3),where x denotes mol%and ranges 0≤x≤2.5,were synthesized by adopting conventional melt quenching technique,Physical...Europium(Eu^(3+))doped glasses of chemical compositions(55-x)B2O3:10 SiO2:25 Y2O3:10CaO:xEu_(2)O_(3),where x denotes mol%and ranges 0≤x≤2.5,were synthesized by adopting conventional melt quenching technique,Physical properties like density,molar volume,polaron radius,inter-ionic distance and field strength of the glass samples were investigated to assess the impact of Eu_(2)O_(3).Optical and luminescence properties of the glasses were characterized with optical absorption,photoluminescence,X-ray induced emission spectra,temperature dependence emission spectra and decay times.Judd-Ofelt(JO)intensity parameters(Ωλ)of the glasses were evaluated based on the absorption spectrum of 0.5 mol%.JO parameters,calculated from absorption spectra with thermal corrections on oscillator strength,were used to evaluate radiative properties such as radiative transition probability(AR),branching ratio(β_(R)),stimulated cross section emission(σ)and radiative lifetime(τ_(R))for 5D0→7 FJ(J=0,1,2,3 and 4)transitions.The decay rate of^(5)D0 fluorescent level for all the glass samples was single exponential.Lifetimes of the^(5)D0 level were decreased with increasing concentrations of Eu^(3+)ions from 0.05 mol%to 2.5 mol%which might be due to energy transfer through cross-relaxation in the glasses.The chromaticity coordinates(x,y)were similar for all BSYCaEu glasses and were located at the red region of CIE 1931 color chromaticity diagram.Hence,these results confirm that the Eu^(3+)doped BSYCaEu glasses could be useful for visible red lasers and glass scintillation applications.展开更多
In nature,many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots.However,it...In nature,many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots.However,it is challenging to simultaneously biomimic the angle-independent structural color and shape-morphing capabilities found in the plum-throated cotinga flying bird.Herein,we report biomimetic MXene-based soft actuators with angle-independent structural color that are fabricated through controlled self-assembly of colloidal SiO_(2) nanoparticles onto highly aligned MXene films followed by vacuum-assisted infiltration of polyvinylidene fluoride into the interstices.The resulting soft actuators are found to exhibit brilliant,angle-independent structural color,as well as ultrafast actuation and recovery speeds(a maximum curvature of 0.52 mm−1 can be achieved within 1.16 s,and a recovery time of~0.24 s)in response to acetone vapor.As proof-of-concept illustrations,structural colored soft actuators are applied to demonstrate a blue gripper-like bird’s claw that can capture the target,artificial green tendrils that can twine around tree branches,and an artificial multicolored butterfly that can flutter its wings upon cyclic exposure to acetone vapor.The strategy is expected to offer new insights into the development of biomimetic multifunctional soft actuators for somatosensory soft robotics and next-generation intelligent machines.展开更多
Background: Patellar tendinopathy(PT) or "jumper's knee" is generally found in active populations that perform jumping activities. Graded exposure of patellar tendon, stress through functional exercise h...Background: Patellar tendinopathy(PT) or "jumper's knee" is generally found in active populations that perform jumping activities. Graded exposure of patellar tendon, stress through functional exercise has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of PT. However, no studies have compared how anterior knee displacement variations during the commonly performed forward step lunge(FSL) affect patellar tendon stress.Methods:Twenty-five subjects(age: 22.69 ± 0.74 years; height: 169.39 ± 6.44 cm; mass: 61.55 ± 9.74 kg) performed 2 variations of an FSL with the anterior knee motion going in front of the toes(FSL-FT) and the knee remaining behind the toes(FSL-BT). Kinematic and kinetic data were used with an inverse-dynamics based static optimization technique to estimate individual muscle forces to determine patellar tendon stress during both lunge techniques. A repeated measures multivariate analysis was used to analyze these data.Results: The peak patellar tendon stress, stress impulse, quadriceps force, knee moment, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angle were significantly greater(p< 0.001) during the FSL-FT as compared to the FSL-BT. The peak patellar tendon stress rate did not differ between the FSL-FT and FSL-BT.Conclusion: The use of an FSL-FT as compared to an FSL-BT increased the load and stress on the patellar tendon. Because a graded exposure of patellar tendon loading with other closed kinetic chain exercises has proven to be effective in treating PT, consideration for the prescription of variations of the FSL and further clinical evaluation of this exercise is warranted in individuals with PT.展开更多
Background:Hepatic radiation injury severely restricts irradiation treatment for liver carcinoma.The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical application of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pent...Background:Hepatic radiation injury severely restricts irradiation treatment for liver carcinoma.The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical application of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MRI(EOB-MRI)in the assessment of liver function after external radiation therapy and to determine the relationship between focal liver reaction(FLR)and liver function.Methods:A total of 47 patients with liver malignancies who underwent external beam radiation therapy were enrolled.EOB-MRI was performed on each patient at approximately one month post-radiotherapy.The hepatobiliary(HPB)phase images from EOB-MRI were fused with the planning CT images,and the isodose lines from the patients’treatment plans were overlaid onto the fused images.The correlation of the EOB-MR image intensity distribution with the isodose lines was studied.We also compared liver function in patients between pre-treatment and post-treatment.Results:Decreased uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA,which was manifested by well-demarcated focal hypointensity of the liver parenchyma or FLR to high-dose radiation,was observed in the irradiated areas of 38 patients.The radiotherapy isodose line of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA was 30–46 Gy.The median corresponding dose curve of FLR was 34.4 Gy.Nine patients showed the absence of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA in the irradiated areas.Compared to the 38 patients with the presence of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA,9 patients with the absence of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA showed significant higher levels of total bile acid,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin and alpha-fetoprotein(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in alanine transaminase,aspartate aminotransferase,gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase or albumin levels between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:Visible uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA by the liver parenchyma was significantly associated with liver function parameters.EOB-MRI can be a valuable imaging biomarker for the assessment of liver parenchyma function outside of radiation area.展开更多
Background: Cardiac surgery, even when planned, has the potential for adverse outcomes, such that several factors are taken into consideration to help surgeons and their patients discuss the potential risks weighed ag...Background: Cardiac surgery, even when planned, has the potential for adverse outcomes, such that several factors are taken into consideration to help surgeons and their patients discuss the potential risks weighed against the expected recovery. Preoperative functional status and its influence on cardiac surgery, if any, have not been adequately evaluated to date. This study aimed to examine the relationship between preoperative functional status and postoperative mortality and morbidity in elective open heart patients. Methods: Preoperative baseline data (n = 43 subjects) were obtained to calculate Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) mortality and morbidity risk scores and preoperative functional status was measured using the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). Follow-up data were abstracted at one year postoperative to calculate actual mortality and morbidity events. Ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between the LLFDI preoperative score to the STS mortality and morbidity risk scores. Results: Mortality risk was significant, F (1, 39) = 4.75, p = 0.035, with an adjusted R2 = 0.086, and Function Total (measured by LLFDI) yielded a significant negative association with mortality risk, β = −0.329. Morbidity was found to be significant, F (1, 40) = 4.89, p = 0.033, with an adjusted R2 = 0.087 and Function Total yielded a significant negative association with morbidity risk, β = −0.328, as well. Estimation of the counts for postoperative complications as estimated by Function Total failed to reach significance (Wald χ2 = 0.34, p = 0.56), which provided a pseudo R2 = 0.009. Probabilities for frequencies of adverse events (major complications), therefore, could not be reliably calculated. Conclusion: Preoperative diminished functional status, as measured by the LLFDI, is associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. The risks and benefits of cardiac surgery should be weighed carefully and include a patient's preoperative functional status, especially in the case of an elective procedure.展开更多
We extend a generalized integral fluctuation relation in diffusion processes that we obtained previously to the situation with feedback control. The general relation not only covers existing results but also predicts ...We extend a generalized integral fluctuation relation in diffusion processes that we obtained previously to the situation with feedback control. The general relation not only covers existing results but also predicts other unnoticed fluctuation relations. In addition, we find that its explanation of time-reversal automatically emerges in the derivation.This interesting observation leads into an alternative inequality about the entropy-like quantity with an improved lower bound. Two feedback-controlled Brownian models are used to verify the result.展开更多
Two schemes of quantum secret sharing are proposed via single electron spin confined in charged QDs inside a single-sided microcavity and a double-sided microcavity, respectively. Both schemes rely on coherent photons...Two schemes of quantum secret sharing are proposed via single electron spin confined in charged QDs inside a single-sided microcavity and a double-sided microcavity, respectively. Both schemes rely on coherent photonspin interaction. The two schemes axe both deterministic and can be extended to multipartite secret sharing.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： More than one-third of college students reported the desire for stress reduction techniques and education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 20-week structured self-Reiki program ...OBJECTIVE： More than one-third of college students reported the desire for stress reduction techniques and education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 20-week structured self-Reiki program on stress reduction and relaxation in college students. METHODS： Students were recruited from Stockton University and sessions were conducted in the privacy of their residence. Twenty students completed the entire study consisting of 20 weeks of self- Reiki done twice weekly. Each participant completed a Reiki Baseline Credibility Scale, a Reiki Expectancy Scale, and a Perceived Stress Scale （PSS） after acceptance into the study. The PSS was completed every four weeks once the interventions were initiated. A global assessment questionnaire was completed at the end of the study. Logs summarizing the outcome of each session were submitted at the end of the study. RESULTS： With the exception of three participants, participants believed that Reiki is a credible technique for reducing stress levels. Except for two participants, participants agreed that Reiki would be effective in reducing stress levels. All participants experienced stress within the month prior to completing the initial PSS. There was a significant reduction in stress levels from pre-study to post-study. There was a correlation between self-rating of improvement and final PSS scores. With one exception, stress levels at 20 weeks did not return to pre-study stress levels. CONCLUSION： This study supports the hypothesis that the calming effect of Reiki may be achieved through the use of self-Reiki.展开更多
The variational principle of minimum free energy(MFEVP)has been widely used in research of soft matter statics.The MFEVP can be used not only to derive equilibrium equations(including both bulk equations and boundary ...The variational principle of minimum free energy(MFEVP)has been widely used in research of soft matter statics.The MFEVP can be used not only to derive equilibrium equations(including both bulk equations and boundary conditions),but also to develop direct variational methods(such as Ritz method)to find approximate solutions to these equilibrium equations.We apply these variational methods to study long-range force transmission in nonlinear elastic biopolymer gels.It is shown that the slow decay of cell-induced displacements measured experimentally for fibroblast spheroids in threedimensional fibrin gels can be well explained by variational approximations based on the three-chain model of biopolymer gels.展开更多
Based on the coupling of two distant three-level atoms in two separate optical cavities connected with two optical fibres, schemes on the generation of several two-qubit logic gates are discussed under the conditions ...Based on the coupling of two distant three-level atoms in two separate optical cavities connected with two optical fibres, schemes on the generation of several two-qubit logic gates are discussed under the conditions of △ = δ- 2v cos πk/2 〉〉 g/2 and v-g. Discussion and analysis of the fidelity, gate time and experimental setups show that our schemes are feasible with current optical cavity, atomic trap and optical fibre techniques. Moreover, the atom-cavityfibre coupling can be used to generate an N-qubit nonlocal entanglement and transfer quantum information among N distant atoms by arranging N atom cavity assemblages in a line and connecting each two adjacent cavities with two optical fibres.展开更多
We study both classical and quantum relation between two Hamiltonian systems which are mutually connected by time-dependent canonical transformation. One is ordinary conservative system and the other is timedependent ...We study both classical and quantum relation between two Hamiltonian systems which are mutually connected by time-dependent canonical transformation. One is ordinary conservative system and the other is timedependent Hamiltonian system. The quantum unitary operator relevant to classical canonical transformation between the two systems are obtained through rigorous evaluation. With the aid of the unitary operator, we have derived quantum states of the time-dependent Hamiltonian system through transforming the quantum states of the conservative system. The invariant operators of the two systems are presented and the relation between them are addressed. We showed that there exist numerous Hamiltonians, which gives the same classical equation of motion. Though it is impossible to distinguish the systems described by these Hamiltonians within the realm of classical mechanics, they can be distinguishable quantum mechanically.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.LTGY23H220001).
文摘With advancements in systemic therapy,the incidence of brain metastases(BMs)continues to rise,leading to severe neurological complications.Effective and precise treatment modalities are,therefore,critically important for managing BMs.Radiation therapy(RT),including photon therapy,has been essential in managing BMs.Recent technological advances have significantly enhanced the precision,efficacy,and safety of these treatments.This comprehensive review provides an in-depth examination of the latest advancements in radiation and photon therapy technologies for treating BMs,focusing on innovations such as stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS),whole-brain radiation therapy(WBRT),laser interstitial thermal therapy(LITT),and other radiation-related treatment modalities.Additionally,we discuss clinical outcomes,challenges,and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.While a detailed comparison of techniques is beyond the scope of this paper,this paper provides up-to-date technical information for physicians,medical physicists,patients,and researchers in related fields,potentially enhancing clinical outcomes.Among the treatment modalities,SRS has become a cornerstone of RT for BMs,with its implementation spanning multiple modalities over the past few decades.Given its inherent minimally invasive nature and growing clinical acceptance,SRS is positioned to further evolve as a key therapeutic tool in both neurosurgery and radiotherapy.
文摘Nipa palm is one of the non-wood plants rich in lignocellulosic content.In this study,palm fronds were converted into activated carbon,and their physical,chemical,and morphological properties were characterized.The resulting activated carbon was then applied as an adsorbent of Fe metal in peat water.The carbonization process was carried out for 60 min,followed by sintering at 400℃ for 5 h with a particle size of 200 mesh.KOH and H_(3)PO_(4) were used in the chemical activation process for 24 h.KOH-activated carbon contained 6.13%of moisture,4.55%of ash,17.02%of volatile matter,and 78.84%of fixed carbon,while its Fe reduction efficiency was 28.09%.The H_(3)PO_(4)-activated carbon contained 4.67%of moisture,2.84%of ash,16.41%of volatile matter,and 80.57%of bonded carbon,and the Fe reduction efficiency was 52.25%.KOH-activated carbon and H_(3)PO_(4)-activated carbon contained fixed carbon of 78.84%and 80.57%,respectively,while their average rates of efficiency of Fe reduction were 22.82%and 39.23%,respectively.Overall,the characteristics of activated nipa carbon met the Indonesian standards(SNI No.06-3730-1995).However,H_(3)PO_(4)-activated carbon was found to be better at adsorbing Fe metal from peat water.
文摘Purpose: Although patient-related factors affect surgical outcomes, preoperative functional status is not measured by any cardiac risk score. Functional status can, however, be objectively measured using validated outcome tools such as the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). The purpose of this study was to determine 1) if there was a change over time in functional status, as measured by the LLFDI, in patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery, and if so, 2) what specific aspect(s) of functional status changed. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study of one year was conducted on elective cardiac surgery patients (n = 43) using the self-reported LLFDI, which measures Disability Frequency (frequency of participation in social tasks), Disability Limitation (ability to participate in social tasks) and Function Total (ease in performing routine activities). Higher scores indicate increased function and decreased disability. LLFDI scores were compared at three times (preoperative, six-week and one-year postoperative) using repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc pairwise comparison was conducted for specific interactions. Results: Both Function Total and Disability Frequency significantly changed over time (p = 0.047 and p = 0.013, respectively). Specifically, patients’ function level was significantly higher one-year postoperative compared to preoperative (M difference = +3.48, SE = 1.48, p = 0.026). Likewise, Disability Frequency scores were significantly higher (i.e. more active) at one-year postoperative versus preoperative (M difference= +5.98, SE = 2.19, p = 0.033). Disability Limitation scores were not significantly different between any time points (p > 0.05). Conclusion: By one-year postoperative, patients demonstrated increased ease in their routine physical activities and were more participatory in social life tasks. Individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery took more than six weeks to detect notable improvement in functional status, which was expected with a sternotomy approach. This study provides support for the use of the LLFDI as an effective tool to capture functional status in the cardiac population. These findings may assist cardiac patients in recovery timeline expectations.
基金Project supported bythe U.S .Department of Energy ,Office of Basic Energy Sciences , Materials Science and Engineering Division and Astronautics Corporation of America , Milwaukee , Wisconsin
文摘Magnetic refrigeration is a revolutionary, efficient, environmentally friendly cooling technology, which is on the threshold of commercialization. The magnetic rare earth materials are utilized as the magnetic refrigerants in most cooling devices, and for many cooling application the Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets are employed as the source of the magnetic field. The status of the near room temperature magnetic cooling was reviewed.
基金supported by the Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University Thailand(PD1_2017)and National Council of Research Thailand(NRCT)
文摘The physical and luminescent properties of Sm^(3+)-doped oxide and oxy-fluoride phosphate glasses were investigated. The glass samples with chemical composition of 69 P_2 O_5-10 BaO-10 ZnO-10 Gd_2 O_3-1 Sm_2 O_3 and 69 P_2 O_5-10 BaO-10 ZnO-10 GdF_3-1 Sm_2 O_3 were prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. The prepared glass samples were characterized with density, molar volume, refractive index,FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR, photo luminesce nce, radio luminescence, decay time profile and CIE diagram. The density and refractive index of the oxide glass have higher values as compared to the oxy-fluoride glass.The FTIR spectra show the reduction of O-H group in oxy-fluoride glass. The characteristic peaks of Sm^(3+)are observed at 360,372,402,438,419,473,944,1077,1227,1373,1474,1529 and 1585 nm in UV-VIS-NIR spectra. These peaks are related respectively to the transitions from ground state ~6 H_(5/2) to ~4 D_(3/2), ~6 P_(7/2),6 P3/2, ~4 I_(11/2), ~6 F_(11/2), ~6 F_(9/2), ~6 F_(7/2),~6 F_(5/2),~6 F_(3/2), ~6 H_(15/2) and ~6 F_(1/2) excited states. From photoluminescence and radio-luminesce nce it is observed that the oxy-fluoride glass samples show better emission intensity than the oxide glass. The Judd-Ofelt theory(J-0 theory) was used to find J-O intensity Ω_λ(λ = 2,4 and 6)parameters and radiative properties such as transition probability, stimulated emission cross section and branching ratios for titled glasses. The trend observed in the J-O parameters is Ω_4 >Ω_2 >Ω_6. The transition probability,emission cross section and branching ratio have the highest values for the ~4 G_(5/2)→~6 H_(7/2)transition. The CIE coordinates of the prepared glass samples are positioned in the orange region and the CCT value is 3776.105 for oxide and oxyfluoride glass. The oxy-fluoride glass has shorter decay time as compared to the oxide glass and it is recorded to be 1.62 and 1.32 ms for oxide and oxy-fluoride respectively. According to the results obtained in this work, it is obvious that these glass samples can be good candidate materials for producing cool orange light.
基金Supported by Grants from the National Institutes of Health,Nos.NIH K23-AG029978 and NIH T32-000279
文摘Total knee arthroplasty(TKA) is the most commonly performed elective surgery in the United States. TKA typically improves functional performance and reduces pain associated with knee osteoarthritis. Little is known about the influence of TKA on overall physical activity levels. Physical activity, defined as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure", confers many health benefits but typically decreases with endstage osteoarthritis. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential benefits(metabolic, functional, and orthopedic) of physical activity to patients undergoing TKA, present results from recent studies aimed to determine the effect of TKA on physical activity, and discuss potential sources of variability and conflicting results for physical activity outcomes. Several studies utilizing self-reported outcomes indicate that patients perceive themselves to be more physically active after TKA than they were before surgery. Accelerometry-based outcomes indicate that physical activity for patients after TKA remains at or below pre-surgical levels. Several different factors likely contributed to these variable results, including the use of different instruments, duration of follow-up, and characteristics of the subjects studied. Comparison to norms, however, suggests that daily physical activity for patients following TKA may fall short of healthy agematched controls. We propose that further study of the relationship between TKA and physical activity needs to be performed using accelerometry-based outcome measures at multiple post-surgical time points.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana Dalam Negeri(BPPDN)KEMDIKBUD Indonesia who provided doctoral scholarship.
文摘The performance of oil palm trunk wastes from Banjarbaru of South Kalimantan was improved with the help of chemical modification in a two-step treatment.The first was formalization with formaldehyde solution with varying pH,and the second was impregnation with melamine-formaldehyde resin under 5 bar pressure for an hour.In these processes,the samples were cured at 120℃ for 10 min and then dried in an oven at(103±2)℃ in order to attain a moisture content of less than 6%.These treatments improved the physical properties(density,moisture content,and volume swelling),mechanical resistance,dynamic-mechanical and acoustic performance of the woods.The combination of impregnation and formalization changed the structure and the morphology of the woods such that the surface became flatter and denser.This was confirmed by results from FTIR,SEM,and DMA.Samples with alkaline modification displayed the best results for dimensional stability,storage modulus,and damping factor in varied frequencies.The treatments in this study also heightened acoustic performances as evidenced by the resulting characteristics of sound absorption coefficient and acoustic impedance.
文摘Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated physical deconditioning after a cardiovascular event,especially compared to their younger counterparts.The last few decades were privy to multiple studies that demonstrated the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation （CR） and exercise therapy on mortality,exercise capacity,psychological risk factors,inflammation,and obesity among patients with CHD.Unfortunately,a significant portion of the available data in this field pertains to younger patients.A viable explanation is that older patients are grossly underrepresented in these programs for multiple reasons starting with the patient and extending to the physician.In this article,we will review the benefits of CR programs among the elderly,as well as some of the barriers that hinder their participation.
基金supported by grants from the Key Research De-velopment Program of Zhejiang Province(2018C03018)Major Science and Technology Projects of Medicine and Health in Zhe-jiang Province(WKJ-ZJ-1923+1 种基金2020383364)National Key R and D Program of China(2017YFCO114102)。
文摘Background:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is closely associated with obesity.However,this association could be influenced by the coexisting metabolic abnormalities.This study aimed to investigate the role of obesity and metabolic abnormalities in NAFLD among elderly Chinese.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed among elderly residents who took their annual health checkups during 2016 in Keqiao District,Shaoxing,China.Results:A total of 3359 elderly adults were retrospectively included in this study.The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 28.7%.The prevalence of NAFLD were 7.14%,27.92%,34.80%,and 61.02%in participants with metabolically healthy normal weight(MHNW),metabolically abnormal normal weight(MANW),metabolically healthy obese(MHO),and metabolically abnormal obese(MAO),respectively.NAFLD patients in MHO group had more unfavorable metabolic profiles than those in MHNW group.Logistic regression analysis showed that sex,body mass index(BMI),fasting blood glucose,and serum uric acid were the risk factors of NAFLD.Conclusions:Both obesity and metabolic health were significantly associated with NAFLD in elderly Chinese.Screening for obesity and other metabolic abnormalities should be routinely performed for early risk stratification of NAFLD.
基金Project supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MEST),Korea(2015R1A2A1A13001843)Kyungpook National University Research Fund,2016,National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University(NPRU)(GB_60_25)
文摘Europium(Eu^(3+))doped glasses of chemical compositions(55-x)B2O3:10 SiO2:25 Y2O3:10CaO:xEu_(2)O_(3),where x denotes mol%and ranges 0≤x≤2.5,were synthesized by adopting conventional melt quenching technique,Physical properties like density,molar volume,polaron radius,inter-ionic distance and field strength of the glass samples were investigated to assess the impact of Eu_(2)O_(3).Optical and luminescence properties of the glasses were characterized with optical absorption,photoluminescence,X-ray induced emission spectra,temperature dependence emission spectra and decay times.Judd-Ofelt(JO)intensity parameters(Ωλ)of the glasses were evaluated based on the absorption spectrum of 0.5 mol%.JO parameters,calculated from absorption spectra with thermal corrections on oscillator strength,were used to evaluate radiative properties such as radiative transition probability(AR),branching ratio(β_(R)),stimulated cross section emission(σ)and radiative lifetime(τ_(R))for 5D0→7 FJ(J=0,1,2,3 and 4)transitions.The decay rate of^(5)D0 fluorescent level for all the glass samples was single exponential.Lifetimes of the^(5)D0 level were decreased with increasing concentrations of Eu^(3+)ions from 0.05 mol%to 2.5 mol%which might be due to energy transfer through cross-relaxation in the glasses.The chromaticity coordinates(x,y)were similar for all BSYCaEu glasses and were located at the red region of CIE 1931 color chromaticity diagram.Hence,these results confirm that the Eu^(3+)doped BSYCaEu glasses could be useful for visible red lasers and glass scintillation applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51973155,52173181,and 52173262)Jiangsu Innovation Team Program,Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(20JCYBJC00810).
文摘In nature,many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots.However,it is challenging to simultaneously biomimic the angle-independent structural color and shape-morphing capabilities found in the plum-throated cotinga flying bird.Herein,we report biomimetic MXene-based soft actuators with angle-independent structural color that are fabricated through controlled self-assembly of colloidal SiO_(2) nanoparticles onto highly aligned MXene films followed by vacuum-assisted infiltration of polyvinylidene fluoride into the interstices.The resulting soft actuators are found to exhibit brilliant,angle-independent structural color,as well as ultrafast actuation and recovery speeds(a maximum curvature of 0.52 mm−1 can be achieved within 1.16 s,and a recovery time of~0.24 s)in response to acetone vapor.As proof-of-concept illustrations,structural colored soft actuators are applied to demonstrate a blue gripper-like bird’s claw that can capture the target,artificial green tendrils that can twine around tree branches,and an artificial multicolored butterfly that can flutter its wings upon cyclic exposure to acetone vapor.The strategy is expected to offer new insights into the development of biomimetic multifunctional soft actuators for somatosensory soft robotics and next-generation intelligent machines.
基金funding from a Graduate Student Research, Service, and Educational Leadership Grant at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse
文摘Background: Patellar tendinopathy(PT) or "jumper's knee" is generally found in active populations that perform jumping activities. Graded exposure of patellar tendon, stress through functional exercise has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of PT. However, no studies have compared how anterior knee displacement variations during the commonly performed forward step lunge(FSL) affect patellar tendon stress.Methods:Twenty-five subjects(age: 22.69 ± 0.74 years; height: 169.39 ± 6.44 cm; mass: 61.55 ± 9.74 kg) performed 2 variations of an FSL with the anterior knee motion going in front of the toes(FSL-FT) and the knee remaining behind the toes(FSL-BT). Kinematic and kinetic data were used with an inverse-dynamics based static optimization technique to estimate individual muscle forces to determine patellar tendon stress during both lunge techniques. A repeated measures multivariate analysis was used to analyze these data.Results: The peak patellar tendon stress, stress impulse, quadriceps force, knee moment, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angle were significantly greater(p< 0.001) during the FSL-FT as compared to the FSL-BT. The peak patellar tendon stress rate did not differ between the FSL-FT and FSL-BT.Conclusion: The use of an FSL-FT as compared to an FSL-BT increased the load and stress on the patellar tendon. Because a graded exposure of patellar tendon loading with other closed kinetic chain exercises has proven to be effective in treating PT, consideration for the prescription of variations of the FSL and further clinical evaluation of this exercise is warranted in individuals with PT.
基金supported by grants from the Project of Health Commission of Zhejiang province(2014KYA075)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang province(2014C33199)
文摘Background:Hepatic radiation injury severely restricts irradiation treatment for liver carcinoma.The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical application of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MRI(EOB-MRI)in the assessment of liver function after external radiation therapy and to determine the relationship between focal liver reaction(FLR)and liver function.Methods:A total of 47 patients with liver malignancies who underwent external beam radiation therapy were enrolled.EOB-MRI was performed on each patient at approximately one month post-radiotherapy.The hepatobiliary(HPB)phase images from EOB-MRI were fused with the planning CT images,and the isodose lines from the patients’treatment plans were overlaid onto the fused images.The correlation of the EOB-MR image intensity distribution with the isodose lines was studied.We also compared liver function in patients between pre-treatment and post-treatment.Results:Decreased uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA,which was manifested by well-demarcated focal hypointensity of the liver parenchyma or FLR to high-dose radiation,was observed in the irradiated areas of 38 patients.The radiotherapy isodose line of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA was 30–46 Gy.The median corresponding dose curve of FLR was 34.4 Gy.Nine patients showed the absence of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA in the irradiated areas.Compared to the 38 patients with the presence of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA,9 patients with the absence of decreased uptake area of Gd-EOB-DTPA showed significant higher levels of total bile acid,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin and alpha-fetoprotein(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in alanine transaminase,aspartate aminotransferase,gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase or albumin levels between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:Visible uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA by the liver parenchyma was significantly associated with liver function parameters.EOB-MRI can be a valuable imaging biomarker for the assessment of liver parenchyma function outside of radiation area.
文摘Background: Cardiac surgery, even when planned, has the potential for adverse outcomes, such that several factors are taken into consideration to help surgeons and their patients discuss the potential risks weighed against the expected recovery. Preoperative functional status and its influence on cardiac surgery, if any, have not been adequately evaluated to date. This study aimed to examine the relationship between preoperative functional status and postoperative mortality and morbidity in elective open heart patients. Methods: Preoperative baseline data (n = 43 subjects) were obtained to calculate Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) mortality and morbidity risk scores and preoperative functional status was measured using the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). Follow-up data were abstracted at one year postoperative to calculate actual mortality and morbidity events. Ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between the LLFDI preoperative score to the STS mortality and morbidity risk scores. Results: Mortality risk was significant, F (1, 39) = 4.75, p = 0.035, with an adjusted R2 = 0.086, and Function Total (measured by LLFDI) yielded a significant negative association with mortality risk, β = −0.329. Morbidity was found to be significant, F (1, 40) = 4.89, p = 0.033, with an adjusted R2 = 0.087 and Function Total yielded a significant negative association with morbidity risk, β = −0.328, as well. Estimation of the counts for postoperative complications as estimated by Function Total failed to reach significance (Wald χ2 = 0.34, p = 0.56), which provided a pseudo R2 = 0.009. Probabilities for frequencies of adverse events (major complications), therefore, could not be reliably calculated. Conclusion: Preoperative diminished functional status, as measured by the LLFDI, is associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. The risks and benefits of cardiac surgery should be weighed carefully and include a patient's preoperative functional status, especially in the case of an elective procedure.
基金Supported in part by the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics Chinathe National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11174025Z.L.acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation(U.S.A.)under Grant No.DMR-1206971
文摘We extend a generalized integral fluctuation relation in diffusion processes that we obtained previously to the situation with feedback control. The general relation not only covers existing results but also predicts other unnoticed fluctuation relations. In addition, we find that its explanation of time-reversal automatically emerges in the derivation.This interesting observation leads into an alternative inequality about the entropy-like quantity with an improved lower bound. Two feedback-controlled Brownian models are used to verify the result.
文摘Two schemes of quantum secret sharing are proposed via single electron spin confined in charged QDs inside a single-sided microcavity and a double-sided microcavity, respectively. Both schemes rely on coherent photonspin interaction. The two schemes axe both deterministic and can be extended to multipartite secret sharing.
文摘OBJECTIVE： More than one-third of college students reported the desire for stress reduction techniques and education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 20-week structured self-Reiki program on stress reduction and relaxation in college students. METHODS： Students were recruited from Stockton University and sessions were conducted in the privacy of their residence. Twenty students completed the entire study consisting of 20 weeks of self- Reiki done twice weekly. Each participant completed a Reiki Baseline Credibility Scale, a Reiki Expectancy Scale, and a Perceived Stress Scale （PSS） after acceptance into the study. The PSS was completed every four weeks once the interventions were initiated. A global assessment questionnaire was completed at the end of the study. Logs summarizing the outcome of each session were submitted at the end of the study. RESULTS： With the exception of three participants, participants believed that Reiki is a credible technique for reducing stress levels. Except for two participants, participants agreed that Reiki would be effective in reducing stress levels. All participants experienced stress within the month prior to completing the initial PSS. There was a significant reduction in stress levels from pre-study to post-study. There was a correlation between self-rating of improvement and final PSS scores. With one exception, stress levels at 20 weeks did not return to pre-study stress levels. CONCLUSION： This study supports the hypothesis that the calming effect of Reiki may be achieved through the use of self-Reiki.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.12004082)Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2019),2020 Li Ka Shing Foundation Cross-Disciplinary Research(Grant No.2020LKSFG08A)+3 种基金Provincial Science Foundation of Guangdong(Grant No.2019A1515110809)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2020B1515310005)Featured Innovative Projects(Grant No.2018KTSCX282)Youth Talent Innovative Platforms(Grant No.2018KQNCX318)in Universities in Guangdong Province。
文摘The variational principle of minimum free energy(MFEVP)has been widely used in research of soft matter statics.The MFEVP can be used not only to derive equilibrium equations(including both bulk equations and boundary conditions),but also to develop direct variational methods(such as Ritz method)to find approximate solutions to these equilibrium equations.We apply these variational methods to study long-range force transmission in nonlinear elastic biopolymer gels.It is shown that the slow decay of cell-induced displacements measured experimentally for fibroblast spheroids in threedimensional fibrin gels can be well explained by variational approximations based on the three-chain model of biopolymer gels.
文摘Based on the coupling of two distant three-level atoms in two separate optical cavities connected with two optical fibres, schemes on the generation of several two-qubit logic gates are discussed under the conditions of △ = δ- 2v cos πk/2 〉〉 g/2 and v-g. Discussion and analysis of the fidelity, gate time and experimental setups show that our schemes are feasible with current optical cavity, atomic trap and optical fibre techniques. Moreover, the atom-cavityfibre coupling can be used to generate an N-qubit nonlocal entanglement and transfer quantum information among N distant atoms by arranging N atom cavity assemblages in a line and connecting each two adjacent cavities with two optical fibres.
基金Supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) Grant Funded by the Korea Government (MOST) under Grant No.F01-2007-000-10075-0
文摘We study both classical and quantum relation between two Hamiltonian systems which are mutually connected by time-dependent canonical transformation. One is ordinary conservative system and the other is timedependent Hamiltonian system. The quantum unitary operator relevant to classical canonical transformation between the two systems are obtained through rigorous evaluation. With the aid of the unitary operator, we have derived quantum states of the time-dependent Hamiltonian system through transforming the quantum states of the conservative system. The invariant operators of the two systems are presented and the relation between them are addressed. We showed that there exist numerous Hamiltonians, which gives the same classical equation of motion. Though it is impossible to distinguish the systems described by these Hamiltonians within the realm of classical mechanics, they can be distinguishable quantum mechanically.
