We here report a high system detection efficiency(SDE)superconducting single-photon detector(SSPD)at 2μm wavelength.The device integrates a SiO_(2)/Ta_(2)O_(5)distributed Bragg reflector(DBR)and a sandwich-structured...We here report a high system detection efficiency(SDE)superconducting single-photon detector(SSPD)at 2μm wavelength.The device integrates a SiO_(2)/Ta_(2)O_(5)distributed Bragg reflector(DBR)and a sandwich-structured double-layer NbN nanowire to enhance the optical absorption efficiency.A cold development technique is implemented to optimize the superconducting nanowires with sub-40-nm linewidths,thus enhancing the intrinsic detection efficiency(IDE).The fabricated SSPD shows an SDE exceeding 90% at 2μm wavelength.Moreover,the detector allows an operational working temperature of 2.2 K provided by a compact GM cryo-cooler.This detector delivers excellent performance at the 2μm wavelength,and its optimized structural design implies promising potential for extending detection toward longer infrared bands.It thus holds value for advancing high-sensitivity quantum technologies,mid-infrared optical communications,and dark matter detection research.展开更多
Conventional superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs)have been typically limited in their applications due to their size,weight,and power consumption,which confine their use to laboratory settings.Howe...Conventional superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs)have been typically limited in their applications due to their size,weight,and power consumption,which confine their use to laboratory settings.However,with the rapid development of remote imaging,sensing technologies,and long-range quantum communication with fewer topographical constraints,the demand for high-efficiency single-photon detectors integrated with avionic platforms is rapidly growing.We herein designed and manufactured the first drone-based SNSPD system with a system detection efficiency(SDE)as high as 91.8%.This drone-based system incorporates high-performance NbTiN SNSPDs,a self-developed miniature liquid helium dewar,and custom-built integrated electrical setups,making it capable of being launched in complex topographical conditions.Such a drone-based SNSPD system may open the use of SNSPDs for applications that demand high SDE in complex environments.展开更多
Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers(PCSELs)utilize the Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional photonic crystals to achieve a single-mode output with a high power and a small divergence angle,and has recently attrac...Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers(PCSELs)utilize the Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional photonic crystals to achieve a single-mode output with a high power and a small divergence angle,and has recently attracted much attention^([1−3]).In 2023,Kyoto University reported GaAs-based 945 nm PCSELs with a continuous-wave(CW)single-mode output power of exceeding 50 W,and a narrow beam divergence angle of 0.05°,demonstrating a brightness of 1 GW·cm^(−2)·sr^(−1),which rivals those of the existing bulky lasers^([4]).展开更多
The single-molecule detection tech-nique plays a pivotal role in elucidat-ing the fundamental mechanisms of various scientific processes at the molecular level,and holds essential im-portance in multiple fields includ...The single-molecule detection tech-nique plays a pivotal role in elucidat-ing the fundamental mechanisms of various scientific processes at the molecular level,and holds essential im-portance in multiple fields including physics,biology,and chemistry.Re-cently,single-molecule detection has garnered increasing attention owing to its practical utility in medical diagno-sis,primarily due to its exceptional sensitivity and the minimal sample volume required for analysis.However,the conventional single-molecule technique,represented by total internal reflection microscopy,faces challenges such as sophisticated operation procedures and limited detection throughput,thereby impeding its broader application.To address these limitations,we have demonstrated single-molecule detection using an integrated silicon photonic chip,of-fering a cost-effective and user-friendly alternative.By employing basic optics,we efficiently introduce the excitation source for single-molecule fluorescence by harnessing the strong evanescent field of high refractive-index waveguides.Subsequently,fluorescence signals are collected using basic optics comprising a water-immersion objective,relay optics,and a digi-tal camera.Our results highlight a low-cost,high-throughput single-molecule technique achieved through the integrated silicon photonic chip.This innovative approach is promised to facilitate the widespread adoption of single-molecule fluorescence in medical diagnosis.展开更多
The investigation of topological transitions has opened up unprecedented avenues for scientific exploration in photonic metamaterials.However,previous studies mainly focused on exploring different types of three-dimen...The investigation of topological transitions has opened up unprecedented avenues for scientific exploration in photonic metamaterials.However,previous studies mainly focused on exploring different types of three-dimensional(3D)equifrequency surfaces and their topological transition processes in magnetic topological systems.In this work,we study the multiple photonic topological transitions and dual-frequency photonic Weyl points in the topological chiral metamaterials.Through effective medium theory and topological band theory,we systematically characterize and draw comprehensive topological phase diagrams associated with diverse 3D equifrequency surface configurations in nonmagnetic photonic systems.We further demonstrate that the resonance frequencyω0 and dual-frequency Weyl points are the critical points of these topological transitions.Notably,when the vacuum state is in contact with the phases I or III chiral metamaterials,the high-local and frequency chirality-dependent topological Fermi arc surface states arise.We reveal that the parameterωcan be used as a degree of freedom to regulate the bandwidth of such topological surface states.Moreover,different types of multichannel and directional topological photonic routings are achieved using the chirality-dependent Fermi arc surface states.We theoretically show that the physical mechanism of achieving these multichannel topological photonic routings is caused by the different interface properties.We could offer promising perspectives on 3D topological semimetal systems and provide more adaptability for multichannel devices in the nonmagnetic continuous media.展开更多
The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence(AI)models,such as ChatGPT,Deep-Seek,and autonomous vehicle systems,has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI,enabling highly complex tasks in natural language proc...The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence(AI)models,such as ChatGPT,Deep-Seek,and autonomous vehicle systems,has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI,enabling highly complex tasks in natural language processing,image recognition,and real-time decisionmaking.However,these models demand immense computational power and are often centralized,relying on cloud-based architectures with inherent limitations in latency,privacy,and energy efficiency.To address these challenges and bring AI closer to real-world applications,such as wearable health monitoring,robotics,and immersive virtual environments,innovative hardware solutions are urgently needed.This work introduces a near-sensor edge computing(NSEC)system,built on a bilayer AlN/Si waveguide platform,to provide real-time,energy-efficient AI capabilities at the edge.Leveraging the electro-optic properties of AlN microring resonators for photonic feature extraction,coupled with Si-based thermo-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers for neural network computations,the system represents a transformative approach to AI hardware design.Demonstrated through multimodal gesture and gait analysis,the NSEC system achieves high classification accuracies of 96.77%for gestures and 98.31%for gaits,ultra-low latency(<10 ns),and minimal energy consumption(<0.34 pJ).This groundbreaking system bridges the gap between AI models and real-world applications,enabling efficient,privacy-preserving AI solutions for healthcare,robotics,and next-generation human-machine interfaces,marking a pivotal advancement in edge computing and AI deployment.展开更多
Quantum entanglement, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, lies at the heart of many current and futurequantum technologies. A pivotal task is the generation and control of diverse quantum entangled states in a...Quantum entanglement, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, lies at the heart of many current and futurequantum technologies. A pivotal task is the generation and control of diverse quantum entangled states in a more compactand flexible manner. Here, we introduce an approach to achieve diverse path entanglement by exploiting the interactionbetween noncommutative metasurfaces and entangled photons. Different from other path entanglements, ourquantum path entanglement is evolution path entanglement of photons on Poincaré sphere. Due to quantum entanglementbetween idler photons and structured signal photons, evolution path of idler photons on the fundamental Poincarésphere can be nonlocally mirrored by structured signal photons on any higher-order Poincaré sphere, resulting in quantumpath entanglement. Benefiting from noncommutative metasurfaces, diverse quantum path entanglement can beswitched across different higher-order Poincaré spheres using distinct combination sequences of metasurfaces. Ourmethod allows for the tuning of diverse quantum path entanglement across a broad spectrum of quantum states, offeringa significant advancement in the manipulation of quantum entanglement.展开更多
Nanomaterials with promising optical,mechanical and electrical properties have garnered significant in-terest in photonics and electronics.However,the integration of nanomaterials with diverse characteristics for pote...Nanomaterials with promising optical,mechanical and electrical properties have garnered significant in-terest in photonics and electronics.However,the integration of nanomaterials with diverse characteristics for potential ultrafast photonics applications has emerged as a focal point.In this study,two-dimensional MXene(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))and CuO nanoparticles were synthesized to create heterostructure materials.The surface morphology,chemical composition and nonlinear absorption properties of the heterostructure materials were investigated.First-principle-based theoretical calculations were performed to explore the electronic and optical properties of the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO heterojunction,offering insights into its essential properties and supporting the potential optoelectronic applications.Importantly,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO heterojunction ef-fectively functioned as saturable absorbers in ultrafast lasers.Incorporating the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO-based sat-urable absorber into a net-anomalous dispersion fiber cavity generated stable conventional-soliton pulses with duration of 495 fs.Additionally,adjusting cavity dispersion to net-normal allowed the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO-based saturable absorber to generate dissipative soliton with a pulse width of 22 ps.The performance of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO-based fiber lasers demonstrates enhancements over previous works.This study confirms that the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO heterojunction is a promising nonlinear optical material for ultrafast applications and advanced MXene-based photonic devices.展开更多
With the progression of photolithography processes,the present technology nodes have attained 3 nm and even 2 nm,necessitating a transition in the precision standards for displacement measurement and alignment methodo...With the progression of photolithography processes,the present technology nodes have attained 3 nm and even 2 nm,necessitating a transition in the precision standards for displacement measurement and alignment methodologies from the nanometer scale to the sub-nanometer scale.Metasurfaces,owing to their superior light field manipulation capabilities,exhibit significant promise in the domains of displacement measurement and positioning,and are anticipated to be applied in the advanced alignment systems of lithography machines.This paper primarily provides an overview of the contemporary alignment and precise displacement measurement technologies employed in photolithography stages,alongside the operational principles of metasurfaces in the context of precise displacement measurement and alignment.Furthermore,it explores the evolution of metasurface systems capable of achieving nano/sub-nano precision,and identifies the critical issues associated with sub-nanometer measurements using metasurfaces,as well as the principal obstacles encountered in their implementation within photolithography stages.The objective is to provide initial guidance for the advancement of photolithography technology.展开更多
Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities,enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena.Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from x-ray to radio fre...Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities,enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena.Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from x-ray to radio frequencies and impact research activities and our daily lives.Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through a series of complex processes,while polymers offer versatility and ease of production.However,modern applications often require complex lens assemblies,driving the need for miniaturization and advanced designs with micro-and nanoscale features to surpass the capabilities of traditional fabrication methods.Three-dimensional(3D)printing,or additive manufacturing,presents a solution to these challenges with benefits of rapid prototyping,customized geometries,and efficient production,particularly suited for miniaturized optical imaging devices.Various 3D printing methods have demonstrated advantages over traditional counterparts,yet challenges remain in achieving nanoscale resolutions.Two-photon polymerization lithography(TPL),a nanoscale 3D printing technique,enables the fabrication of intricate structures beyond the optical diffraction limit via the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption within liquid resin.It offers unprecedented abilities,e.g.alignment-free fabrication,micro-and nanoscale capabilities,and rapid prototyping of almost arbitrary complex 3D nanostructures.In this review,we emphasize the importance of the criteria for optical performance evaluation of imaging devices,discuss material properties relevant to TPL,fabrication techniques,and highlight the application of TPL in optical imaging.As the first panoramic review on this topic,it will equip researchers with foundational knowledge and recent advancements of TPL for imaging optics,promoting a deeper understanding of the field.By leveraging on its high-resolution capability,extensive material range,and true 3D processing,alongside advances in materials,fabrication,and design,we envisage disruptive solutions to current challenges and a promising incorporation of TPL in future optical imaging applications.展开更多
Existence of out-of-plane conical dispersion for a triangular photonic crystal lattice is reported. It is observed that conical dispersion is maintained for a number of out-of-plane wave vectors（k;）. We study a case...Existence of out-of-plane conical dispersion for a triangular photonic crystal lattice is reported. It is observed that conical dispersion is maintained for a number of out-of-plane wave vectors（k;）. We study a case where Dirac like linear dispersion exists but the photonic density of states is not vanishing, called Dwarf Dirac cone（DDC） which does not support localized modes. We demonstrate the trapping of such modes by introducing defects in the crystal. Interestingly, we find by k-point sampling as well as by tuning trapped frequency that such a conical dispersion has an inherent light confining property and it is governed by neither of the known wave confining mechanisms like total internal reflection, band gap guidance. Our study reveals that such a conical dispersion in a non-vanishing photonic density of states induces unexpected intense trapping of light compared with those at other points in the continuum. Such studies provoke fabrication of new devices with exciting properties and new functionalities.展开更多
Photonic crystal structures have excellent optical properties,so they are widely studied in conventional optical materials.Recent research shows that high-temperature superconducting periodic structures have natural p...Photonic crystal structures have excellent optical properties,so they are widely studied in conventional optical materials.Recent research shows that high-temperature superconducting periodic structures have natural photonic crystal features and they are favourable candidates for single-photon detection.Considering that superconductors have completely different properties from conventional optical materials,we study the energy level diagram and mid-infrared 3μm–5μm transmission spectrum of two-dimensional superconducting photonic crystals in both superconducting and quenched states with the finite element method.The energy level diagram of the circular crystal column superconducting structure shows that the structure has a large band gap width in both states.At the same fill factor,the circular crystal column superconducting structure has a larger band gap width than the others structures.For lattice structures,the zero transmission point of the square lattice structure is robust to the incident angle and environmental temperature.Our research has guiding significance for the design of new material photonic crystals,photon modulation and detection.展开更多
Point defects in the crystal lattice of SiC,known as color centers,have recently emerged as one of the most promising single-photon emitters for non-classical light sources.However,the search for the best color center...Point defects in the crystal lattice of SiC,known as color centers,have recently emerged as one of the most promising single-photon emitters for non-classical light sources.However,the search for the best color center that satisfies all the requirements of practical applications has only just begun.Many color centers in SiC have been recently discovered but not yet identified.Therefore,it is extremely challenging to understand their optoelectronic properties and evaluate their potential for use in practical single-photon sources.Here,we present a theoretical approach that explains the experiments on single-photon electroluminescence(SPEL)of novel color centers in SiC p-i-n diodes and gives the possibility to engineer highly efficient single-photon emitting diodes based on them.Moreover,we develop a novel method of determining the electron and hole capture cross sections by the color center from experimental measurements of the SPEL rate and second-order coherence.Unlike other methods,the developed approach uses the experimental results at the single defect level that can be easily obtained as soon as a single-color center is identified in the i-type region of the SiC p-i-n diode.展开更多
A rigorous theoretical model for Ino.53Gao.47As/InP single photon avalanche diode is utilized to investigate the dependences of single photon quantum efficiency and dark count probability on structure and operation co...A rigorous theoretical model for Ino.53Gao.47As/InP single photon avalanche diode is utilized to investigate the dependences of single photon quantum efficiency and dark count probability on structure and operation condition. In the model, low field impact ionizations in charge and absorption layers are allowed, while avalanche breakdown can occur only in the multiplication layer. The origin of dark counts is discussed and the results indicate that the dominant mechanism that gives rise to dark counts depends on both device structure and operating condition. When the multiplication layer is thicker than a critical thickness or the temperature is higher than a critical value, generation-recombination in the absorption layer is the dominative mechanism; otherwise band-to-band tunneling in the multiplication layer dominates the dark counts. The thicknesses of charge and multiplication layers greatly affect the dark count and the peak single photon quantum efficiency and increasing the multiplication layer width may reduce the dark count probability and increase the peak single photon quantum efficiency. However, when the multiplication layer width exceeds 1 μm, the peak single photon quantum efficiency increases slowly and it is finally saturated at the quantum efficiency of the single photon avalanche diodes.展开更多
Superbunching pseudothermal light has important applications in studying the second-and higher-order interference of light in quantum optics.Unlike the photon statistics of thermal or pseudothermal light is well under...Superbunching pseudothermal light has important applications in studying the second-and higher-order interference of light in quantum optics.Unlike the photon statistics of thermal or pseudothermal light is well understood,the photon statistics of superbunching pseudothermal light has not been studied yet.In this paper,we will employ single-photon detectors to measure the photon statistics of superbunching pseudothermal light and calculate the degree of second-order coherence.It is found that the larger the value of the degree of second-order coherence of superbunching pseudothermal light is,the more the measured photon distribution deviates from the one of thermal or pseudothermal light in the tail part.The results are helpful to understand the physics of two-photon superbunching with classical light.It is suggested that superbunching pseudothermal light can be employed to generate non-Rayleigh temporal speckles.展开更多
The features of the band structures of woodpile three-dimensional （3D） photonic crystals composed of plasma and function dielectric constituents, referred to as function plasma photonic crystals （FPPCs）, are theor...The features of the band structures of woodpile three-dimensional （3D） photonic crystals composed of plasma and function dielectric constituents, referred to as function plasma photonic crystals （FPPCs）, are theoretically studied by a modified plane wave expansion method, and the formulas for computing the band structures are derived. The arrangement for the proposed FPPCs is that the function dielectric columns are surrounded by plasma, and the embedded dielectric columns are stacked according to the woodpile lattices, which are arrayed with facecentered-tetragonal symmetry. The relative permittivity of function dielectric rods depends on the function coefficient and space coordinates. The relationships between the parameters for inserted function dielectric rods and plasma and the band structures are also investigated. The computed results illustrate that the obtained PBG can be tuned by those parameters as mentioned above. Compared to dielectric-air PCs, function dielectric PCs and plasma dielectric PCs with the same topology, a wider bandwidth of the photonic band gap can be observed in the proposed FPPCs. The calculated results also show us another alternative way to realize reconfigurable applications with 3D FPPCs.展开更多
Epithelial cancer comprises more than 85%of human cancers.The detection and treatment at the early stage has been demonstrated to apparently improve patient survival.In this review,we summarize our recent research wor...Epithelial cancer comprises more than 85%of human cancers.The detection and treatment at the early stage has been demonstrated to apparently improve patient survival.In this review,we summarize our recent research works on the diagnostic application of epithelial tissue based on multiphoton microscopy(MPM),including identification of the layered structures of esophagus,oral cavity,skin and bronchus tissues,establishment of the diagnostic features for distinguishing gastric normal tissue from cancerous tissue,linking collagen alteration and ectocervical epithelial tumor progression for evaluating epithelial tumor progression,and differentiating normal,inflammatory,and dysplastic ectocervical epithelial tissues.These results provide the groundwork for developing MPM into clinical multiphoton endoscopy.展开更多
Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits(PICs).Waveguide properties,such as propagation loss,modal areas,nonlinear coefficients,etc.,directly determine the functionalities ...Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits(PICs).Waveguide properties,such as propagation loss,modal areas,nonlinear coefficients,etc.,directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs.Recently,the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum(BICs)have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation.Here,we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs.First,fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced.Next,two types of BIC-based waveguide structures,including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides,will be presented.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.展开更多
Multiphoton microscopy(MPM),based on two-photon excited fuorescence and second harmonic generation,enables direct noninvasive visualization of tissue architecture and cell morphology in live tissues without the admini...Multiphoton microscopy(MPM),based on two-photon excited fuorescence and second harmonic generation,enables direct noninvasive visualization of tissue architecture and cell morphology in live tissues without the administration of exogenous contrast agents.In this paper,we used MPM to image the microstructures of the mucosa in fresh,unfixed,and unstained intestinal tissue of mouse.The morphology and distribution of the main components in mucosa layer such as columnar cells,goblet cells,intestinal glands,and a little collagen fibers were clearly observed in MPM images,and then compared with standard H&:E images from paired specimens.Our results indicate that MPM combined with endoscopy and miniaturization probes has the potential application in the clinical diagnosis and in vivo monitoring of early intestinal cancer.展开更多
Personalized health services are of paramount importance for the treatment and prevention of cardiorespiratory diseases,such as hypertension.The assessment of cardiorespiratory function and biometric identification(ID...Personalized health services are of paramount importance for the treatment and prevention of cardiorespiratory diseases,such as hypertension.The assessment of cardiorespiratory function and biometric identification(ID)is crucial for the effectiveness of such personalized health services.To effectively and accurately monitor pulse wave signals,thus achieving the assessment of cardiorespiratory function,a wearable photonic smart wristband based on an all-polymer sensing unit(All-PSU)is proposed.The smart wristband enables the assessment of cardiorespiratory function by continuously monitoring respiratory rate(RR),heart rate(HR),and blood pressure(BP).Furthermore,it can be utilized for biometric ID purposes.Through the analysis of pulse wave signals using power spectral density(PSD),accurate monitoring of RR and HR is achieved.Additionally,utilizing peak detection algorithms for feature extraction from pulse signals and subsequently employing a variety of machine learning methods,accurate BP monitoring and biometric ID have been realized.For biometric ID,the accuracy rate is 98.55%.Aiming to monitor RR,HR,BP,and ID,our solution demonstrates advantages in integration,functionality,and monitoring precision.These enhancements may contribute to the development of personalized health services aimed at the treatment and prevention of cardiorespiratory diseases.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA0520403)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2019SHZDZX01))+1 种基金Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2023ZD0300100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U24A20320 and 62401554)。
文摘We here report a high system detection efficiency(SDE)superconducting single-photon detector(SSPD)at 2μm wavelength.The device integrates a SiO_(2)/Ta_(2)O_(5)distributed Bragg reflector(DBR)and a sandwich-structured double-layer NbN nanowire to enhance the optical absorption efficiency.A cold development technique is implemented to optimize the superconducting nanowires with sub-40-nm linewidths,thus enhancing the intrinsic detection efficiency(IDE).The fabricated SSPD shows an SDE exceeding 90% at 2μm wavelength.Moreover,the detector allows an operational working temperature of 2.2 K provided by a compact GM cryo-cooler.This detector delivers excellent performance at the 2μm wavelength,and its optimized structural design implies promising potential for extending detection toward longer infrared bands.It thus holds value for advancing high-sensitivity quantum technologies,mid-infrared optical communications,and dark matter detection research.
基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2023ZD0300100)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2023YFB3809600 and 2023YFC3007801)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62301543 and U24A20320)the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.21YF1455700).
文摘Conventional superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs)have been typically limited in their applications due to their size,weight,and power consumption,which confine their use to laboratory settings.However,with the rapid development of remote imaging,sensing technologies,and long-range quantum communication with fewer topographical constraints,the demand for high-efficiency single-photon detectors integrated with avionic platforms is rapidly growing.We herein designed and manufactured the first drone-based SNSPD system with a system detection efficiency(SDE)as high as 91.8%.This drone-based system incorporates high-performance NbTiN SNSPDs,a self-developed miniature liquid helium dewar,and custom-built integrated electrical setups,making it capable of being launched in complex topographical conditions.Such a drone-based SNSPD system may open the use of SNSPDs for applications that demand high SDE in complex environments.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2024YFB3612200,2023YFB3609601,2022YFB3604300,2022YFB2802801,2022YFB3604802)Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U24A20300,62174174,62274177,62275263,62325406,62374172,62304242,62304240,62404241)+4 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(Grant Nos.2022323 and 2022324)Key R&D Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BE2023018-2)Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(Grant No.BK20240126)Suzhou Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.SYC2022089,ZXL2024379,and ZXL2024376)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant Nos.2022A1515110482 and 2022A1515110004).
文摘Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers(PCSELs)utilize the Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional photonic crystals to achieve a single-mode output with a high power and a small divergence angle,and has recently attracted much attention^([1−3]).In 2023,Kyoto University reported GaAs-based 945 nm PCSELs with a continuous-wave(CW)single-mode output power of exceeding 50 W,and a narrow beam divergence angle of 0.05°,demonstrating a brightness of 1 GW·cm^(−2)·sr^(−1),which rivals those of the existing bulky lasers^([4]).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFE0107400)the internal research funding from Photonic View Technology Technology Co.,Ltd.the GuangCi Deep Mind Project of Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.
文摘The single-molecule detection tech-nique plays a pivotal role in elucidat-ing the fundamental mechanisms of various scientific processes at the molecular level,and holds essential im-portance in multiple fields including physics,biology,and chemistry.Re-cently,single-molecule detection has garnered increasing attention owing to its practical utility in medical diagno-sis,primarily due to its exceptional sensitivity and the minimal sample volume required for analysis.However,the conventional single-molecule technique,represented by total internal reflection microscopy,faces challenges such as sophisticated operation procedures and limited detection throughput,thereby impeding its broader application.To address these limitations,we have demonstrated single-molecule detection using an integrated silicon photonic chip,of-fering a cost-effective and user-friendly alternative.By employing basic optics,we efficiently introduce the excitation source for single-molecule fluorescence by harnessing the strong evanescent field of high refractive-index waveguides.Subsequently,fluorescence signals are collected using basic optics comprising a water-immersion objective,relay optics,and a digi-tal camera.Our results highlight a low-cost,high-throughput single-molecule technique achieved through the integrated silicon photonic chip.This innovative approach is promised to facilitate the widespread adoption of single-molecule fluorescence in medical diagnosis.
基金supported by the Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Fund of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LBMHY25A040002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12304472 and 12304557)+1 种基金the Funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Hangzhou(Grant No.2024SZRYBF050004)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.ZCLQN25A0401 and ZCLZ25F0502).
文摘The investigation of topological transitions has opened up unprecedented avenues for scientific exploration in photonic metamaterials.However,previous studies mainly focused on exploring different types of three-dimensional(3D)equifrequency surfaces and their topological transition processes in magnetic topological systems.In this work,we study the multiple photonic topological transitions and dual-frequency photonic Weyl points in the topological chiral metamaterials.Through effective medium theory and topological band theory,we systematically characterize and draw comprehensive topological phase diagrams associated with diverse 3D equifrequency surface configurations in nonmagnetic photonic systems.We further demonstrate that the resonance frequencyω0 and dual-frequency Weyl points are the critical points of these topological transitions.Notably,when the vacuum state is in contact with the phases I or III chiral metamaterials,the high-local and frequency chirality-dependent topological Fermi arc surface states arise.We reveal that the parameterωcan be used as a degree of freedom to regulate the bandwidth of such topological surface states.Moreover,different types of multichannel and directional topological photonic routings are achieved using the chirality-dependent Fermi arc surface states.We theoretically show that the physical mechanism of achieving these multichannel topological photonic routings is caused by the different interface properties.We could offer promising perspectives on 3D topological semimetal systems and provide more adaptability for multichannel devices in the nonmagnetic continuous media.
基金the National Research Foundation(NRF)Singapore mid-sized center grant(NRF-MSG-2023-0002)FrontierCRP grant(NRF-F-CRP-2024-0006)+2 种基金A*STAR Singapore MTC RIE2025 project(M24W1NS005)IAF-PP project(M23M5a0069)Ministry of Education(MOE)Singapore Tier 2 project(MOE-T2EP50220-0014).
文摘The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence(AI)models,such as ChatGPT,Deep-Seek,and autonomous vehicle systems,has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI,enabling highly complex tasks in natural language processing,image recognition,and real-time decisionmaking.However,these models demand immense computational power and are often centralized,relying on cloud-based architectures with inherent limitations in latency,privacy,and energy efficiency.To address these challenges and bring AI closer to real-world applications,such as wearable health monitoring,robotics,and immersive virtual environments,innovative hardware solutions are urgently needed.This work introduces a near-sensor edge computing(NSEC)system,built on a bilayer AlN/Si waveguide platform,to provide real-time,energy-efficient AI capabilities at the edge.Leveraging the electro-optic properties of AlN microring resonators for photonic feature extraction,coupled with Si-based thermo-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers for neural network computations,the system represents a transformative approach to AI hardware design.Demonstrated through multimodal gesture and gait analysis,the NSEC system achieves high classification accuracies of 96.77%for gestures and 98.31%for gaits,ultra-low latency(<10 ns),and minimal energy consumption(<0.34 pJ).This groundbreaking system bridges the gap between AI models and real-world applications,enabling efficient,privacy-preserving AI solutions for healthcare,robotics,and next-generation human-machine interfaces,marking a pivotal advancement in edge computing and AI deployment.
基金supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12174097).
文摘Quantum entanglement, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, lies at the heart of many current and futurequantum technologies. A pivotal task is the generation and control of diverse quantum entangled states in a more compactand flexible manner. Here, we introduce an approach to achieve diverse path entanglement by exploiting the interactionbetween noncommutative metasurfaces and entangled photons. Different from other path entanglements, ourquantum path entanglement is evolution path entanglement of photons on Poincaré sphere. Due to quantum entanglementbetween idler photons and structured signal photons, evolution path of idler photons on the fundamental Poincarésphere can be nonlocally mirrored by structured signal photons on any higher-order Poincaré sphere, resulting in quantumpath entanglement. Benefiting from noncommutative metasurfaces, diverse quantum path entanglement can beswitched across different higher-order Poincaré spheres using distinct combination sequences of metasurfaces. Ourmethod allows for the tuning of diverse quantum path entanglement across a broad spectrum of quantum states, offeringa significant advancement in the manipulation of quantum entanglement.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB4601101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075190)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M741781)the Key Industry Innovation Chain Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2022ZDLSF04-09)the Shaanxi Province Medical Technology Integration High-end Medical Equipment Common Technology Research and Development Plat-form(No.2023GXJS-01)the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics(No.23JSY019).
文摘Nanomaterials with promising optical,mechanical and electrical properties have garnered significant in-terest in photonics and electronics.However,the integration of nanomaterials with diverse characteristics for potential ultrafast photonics applications has emerged as a focal point.In this study,two-dimensional MXene(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))and CuO nanoparticles were synthesized to create heterostructure materials.The surface morphology,chemical composition and nonlinear absorption properties of the heterostructure materials were investigated.First-principle-based theoretical calculations were performed to explore the electronic and optical properties of the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO heterojunction,offering insights into its essential properties and supporting the potential optoelectronic applications.Importantly,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO heterojunction ef-fectively functioned as saturable absorbers in ultrafast lasers.Incorporating the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO-based sat-urable absorber into a net-anomalous dispersion fiber cavity generated stable conventional-soliton pulses with duration of 495 fs.Additionally,adjusting cavity dispersion to net-normal allowed the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO-based saturable absorber to generate dissipative soliton with a pulse width of 22 ps.The performance of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO-based fiber lasers demonstrates enhancements over previous works.This study confirms that the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/CuO heterojunction is a promising nonlinear optical material for ultrafast applications and advanced MXene-based photonic devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62222511)National Key Research and Devel-opment Program of China(No.2023YFF0613000)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province China(No.LR22F050006)STI 2030-Major Projects(No.2021ZD0200401).
文摘With the progression of photolithography processes,the present technology nodes have attained 3 nm and even 2 nm,necessitating a transition in the precision standards for displacement measurement and alignment methodologies from the nanometer scale to the sub-nanometer scale.Metasurfaces,owing to their superior light field manipulation capabilities,exhibit significant promise in the domains of displacement measurement and positioning,and are anticipated to be applied in the advanced alignment systems of lithography machines.This paper primarily provides an overview of the contemporary alignment and precise displacement measurement technologies employed in photolithography stages,alongside the operational principles of metasurfaces in the context of precise displacement measurement and alignment.Furthermore,it explores the evolution of metasurface systems capable of achieving nano/sub-nano precision,and identifies the critical issues associated with sub-nanometer measurements using metasurfaces,as well as the principal obstacles encountered in their implementation within photolithography stages.The objective is to provide initial guidance for the advancement of photolithography technology.
基金support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore, under its Competitive Research Programme Award NRF-CRP20-20170004 and NRF Investigatorship Award NRF-NRFI06-20200005MTC Programmatic Grant M21J9b0085, as well as the Lite-On Project RS-INDUS-00090+5 种基金support from Australian Research Council (DE220101085, DP220102152)grants from German Research Foundation (SCHM2655/15-1, SCHM2655/21-1)Lee-Lucas Chair in Physics and funding by the Australian Research Council DP220102152financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62275078)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (Grant No. 2022JJ20020)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. JCYJ20220530160405013)
文摘Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities,enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena.Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from x-ray to radio frequencies and impact research activities and our daily lives.Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through a series of complex processes,while polymers offer versatility and ease of production.However,modern applications often require complex lens assemblies,driving the need for miniaturization and advanced designs with micro-and nanoscale features to surpass the capabilities of traditional fabrication methods.Three-dimensional(3D)printing,or additive manufacturing,presents a solution to these challenges with benefits of rapid prototyping,customized geometries,and efficient production,particularly suited for miniaturized optical imaging devices.Various 3D printing methods have demonstrated advantages over traditional counterparts,yet challenges remain in achieving nanoscale resolutions.Two-photon polymerization lithography(TPL),a nanoscale 3D printing technique,enables the fabrication of intricate structures beyond the optical diffraction limit via the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption within liquid resin.It offers unprecedented abilities,e.g.alignment-free fabrication,micro-and nanoscale capabilities,and rapid prototyping of almost arbitrary complex 3D nanostructures.In this review,we emphasize the importance of the criteria for optical performance evaluation of imaging devices,discuss material properties relevant to TPL,fabrication techniques,and highlight the application of TPL in optical imaging.As the first panoramic review on this topic,it will equip researchers with foundational knowledge and recent advancements of TPL for imaging optics,promoting a deeper understanding of the field.By leveraging on its high-resolution capability,extensive material range,and true 3D processing,alongside advances in materials,fabrication,and design,we envisage disruptive solutions to current challenges and a promising incorporation of TPL in future optical imaging applications.
基金supported by Director,CSIR-CGCRI,the DST,Government of Indiathe CSIR 12th Plan Project(GLASSFIB),India
文摘Existence of out-of-plane conical dispersion for a triangular photonic crystal lattice is reported. It is observed that conical dispersion is maintained for a number of out-of-plane wave vectors（k;）. We study a case where Dirac like linear dispersion exists but the photonic density of states is not vanishing, called Dwarf Dirac cone（DDC） which does not support localized modes. We demonstrate the trapping of such modes by introducing defects in the crystal. Interestingly, we find by k-point sampling as well as by tuning trapped frequency that such a conical dispersion has an inherent light confining property and it is governed by neither of the known wave confining mechanisms like total internal reflection, band gap guidance. Our study reveals that such a conical dispersion in a non-vanishing photonic density of states induces unexpected intense trapping of light compared with those at other points in the continuum. Such studies provoke fabrication of new devices with exciting properties and new functionalities.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3601201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62101057)the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications(Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications)(Grant No.IPOC2021ZT07).
文摘Photonic crystal structures have excellent optical properties,so they are widely studied in conventional optical materials.Recent research shows that high-temperature superconducting periodic structures have natural photonic crystal features and they are favourable candidates for single-photon detection.Considering that superconductors have completely different properties from conventional optical materials,we study the energy level diagram and mid-infrared 3μm–5μm transmission spectrum of two-dimensional superconducting photonic crystals in both superconducting and quenched states with the finite element method.The energy level diagram of the circular crystal column superconducting structure shows that the structure has a large band gap width in both states.At the same fill factor,the circular crystal column superconducting structure has a larger band gap width than the others structures.For lattice structures,the zero transmission point of the square lattice structure is robust to the incident angle and environmental temperature.Our research has guiding significance for the design of new material photonic crystals,photon modulation and detection.
基金supported by the RFBR and DFG(project 19-57-12008)the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(0714-2020-0002)。
文摘Point defects in the crystal lattice of SiC,known as color centers,have recently emerged as one of the most promising single-photon emitters for non-classical light sources.However,the search for the best color center that satisfies all the requirements of practical applications has only just begun.Many color centers in SiC have been recently discovered but not yet identified.Therefore,it is extremely challenging to understand their optoelectronic properties and evaluate their potential for use in practical single-photon sources.Here,we present a theoretical approach that explains the experiments on single-photon electroluminescence(SPEL)of novel color centers in SiC p-i-n diodes and gives the possibility to engineer highly efficient single-photon emitting diodes based on them.Moreover,we develop a novel method of determining the electron and hole capture cross sections by the color center from experimental measurements of the SPEL rate and second-order coherence.Unlike other methods,the developed approach uses the experimental results at the single defect level that can be easily obtained as soon as a single-color center is identified in the i-type region of the SiC p-i-n diode.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. G2001039302 and 007CB307001)the Guangdong Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program,China (Grant No. 2007B010400009)
文摘A rigorous theoretical model for Ino.53Gao.47As/InP single photon avalanche diode is utilized to investigate the dependences of single photon quantum efficiency and dark count probability on structure and operation condition. In the model, low field impact ionizations in charge and absorption layers are allowed, while avalanche breakdown can occur only in the multiplication layer. The origin of dark counts is discussed and the results indicate that the dominant mechanism that gives rise to dark counts depends on both device structure and operating condition. When the multiplication layer is thicker than a critical thickness or the temperature is higher than a critical value, generation-recombination in the absorption layer is the dominative mechanism; otherwise band-to-band tunneling in the multiplication layer dominates the dark counts. The thicknesses of charge and multiplication layers greatly affect the dark count and the peak single photon quantum efficiency and increasing the multiplication layer width may reduce the dark count probability and increase the peak single photon quantum efficiency. However, when the multiplication layer width exceeds 1 μm, the peak single photon quantum efficiency increases slowly and it is finally saturated at the quantum efficiency of the single photon avalanche diodes.
基金supported by the Shanxi Key Research and Development Project,China(Grant No.2019ZDLGY09-08)Shanxi Nature and Science Basic Research Project,China(Grant No.2019JLP-18)Open fund of MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics(Grant No.OS19-2)。
文摘Superbunching pseudothermal light has important applications in studying the second-and higher-order interference of light in quantum optics.Unlike the photon statistics of thermal or pseudothermal light is well understood,the photon statistics of superbunching pseudothermal light has not been studied yet.In this paper,we will employ single-photon detectors to measure the photon statistics of superbunching pseudothermal light and calculate the degree of second-order coherence.It is found that the larger the value of the degree of second-order coherence of superbunching pseudothermal light is,the more the measured photon distribution deviates from the one of thermal or pseudothermal light in the tail part.The results are helpful to understand the physics of two-photon superbunching with classical light.It is suggested that superbunching pseudothermal light can be employed to generate non-Rayleigh temporal speckles.
基金funded by the Postdoctoral Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. 1501016A)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2015M581790)the Special Grade China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2016T90455)
文摘The features of the band structures of woodpile three-dimensional （3D） photonic crystals composed of plasma and function dielectric constituents, referred to as function plasma photonic crystals （FPPCs）, are theoretically studied by a modified plane wave expansion method, and the formulas for computing the band structures are derived. The arrangement for the proposed FPPCs is that the function dielectric columns are surrounded by plasma, and the embedded dielectric columns are stacked according to the woodpile lattices, which are arrayed with facecentered-tetragonal symmetry. The relative permittivity of function dielectric rods depends on the function coefficient and space coordinates. The relationships between the parameters for inserted function dielectric rods and plasma and the band structures are also investigated. The computed results illustrate that the obtained PBG can be tuned by those parameters as mentioned above. Compared to dielectric-air PCs, function dielectric PCs and plasma dielectric PCs with the same topology, a wider bandwidth of the photonic band gap can be observed in the proposed FPPCs. The calculated results also show us another alternative way to realize reconfigurable applications with 3D FPPCs.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60908043 and No.30970783)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-07-0191)the Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar in Fujian Province(2009J06031).
文摘Epithelial cancer comprises more than 85%of human cancers.The detection and treatment at the early stage has been demonstrated to apparently improve patient survival.In this review,we summarize our recent research works on the diagnostic application of epithelial tissue based on multiphoton microscopy(MPM),including identification of the layered structures of esophagus,oral cavity,skin and bronchus tissues,establishment of the diagnostic features for distinguishing gastric normal tissue from cancerous tissue,linking collagen alteration and ectocervical epithelial tumor progression for evaluating epithelial tumor progression,and differentiating normal,inflammatory,and dysplastic ectocervical epithelial tissues.These results provide the groundwork for developing MPM into clinical multiphoton endoscopy.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB2800404)National Natural Science Foundation of China (62105283)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LDT23F04012F05)Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang (2021R01001)
文摘Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits(PICs).Waveguide properties,such as propagation loss,modal areas,nonlinear coefficients,etc.,directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs.Recently,the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum(BICs)have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation.Here,we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs.First,fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced.Next,two types of BIC-based waveguide structures,including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides,will be presented.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.
基金supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(Grant No.IRT1115)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81271620,61275006,81101209,30970783).
文摘Multiphoton microscopy(MPM),based on two-photon excited fuorescence and second harmonic generation,enables direct noninvasive visualization of tissue architecture and cell morphology in live tissues without the administration of exogenous contrast agents.In this paper,we used MPM to image the microstructures of the mucosa in fresh,unfixed,and unstained intestinal tissue of mouse.The morphology and distribution of the main components in mucosa layer such as columnar cells,goblet cells,intestinal glands,and a little collagen fibers were clearly observed in MPM images,and then compared with standard H&:E images from paired specimens.Our results indicate that MPM combined with endoscopy and miniaturization probes has the potential application in the clinical diagnosis and in vivo monitoring of early intestinal cancer.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0140400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62405027, 62111530238, 62003046)+3 种基金Supporting project of major scientific research projects of Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai (ZHPT2023007)supported by the Tang Scholar of Beijing Normal Universityco-funded by the financial support of the European Union under the REFRESH-Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transitionthe scope of the projects CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50011/2020), UIDP/50011/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDP/50011/2020) & LA/P/0006/2020 (DOI 10.54499/LA/P/0006/2020) financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC)
文摘Personalized health services are of paramount importance for the treatment and prevention of cardiorespiratory diseases,such as hypertension.The assessment of cardiorespiratory function and biometric identification(ID)is crucial for the effectiveness of such personalized health services.To effectively and accurately monitor pulse wave signals,thus achieving the assessment of cardiorespiratory function,a wearable photonic smart wristband based on an all-polymer sensing unit(All-PSU)is proposed.The smart wristband enables the assessment of cardiorespiratory function by continuously monitoring respiratory rate(RR),heart rate(HR),and blood pressure(BP).Furthermore,it can be utilized for biometric ID purposes.Through the analysis of pulse wave signals using power spectral density(PSD),accurate monitoring of RR and HR is achieved.Additionally,utilizing peak detection algorithms for feature extraction from pulse signals and subsequently employing a variety of machine learning methods,accurate BP monitoring and biometric ID have been realized.For biometric ID,the accuracy rate is 98.55%.Aiming to monitor RR,HR,BP,and ID,our solution demonstrates advantages in integration,functionality,and monitoring precision.These enhancements may contribute to the development of personalized health services aimed at the treatment and prevention of cardiorespiratory diseases.
