Polymer nanocomposite coatings(PNCCs)are unprecedented generation of coatings engineered for displaying inexpensive and brilliant functional surface coatings with eminent corrosion guard,mechanical resistance,antimicr...Polymer nanocomposite coatings(PNCCs)are unprecedented generation of coatings engineered for displaying inexpensive and brilliant functional surface coatings with eminent corrosion guard,mechanical resistance,antimicrobial,chemical durability,electrical insulation,and UV aging features.Due to their widely anticipation in petroleum,applications in building,conveyance,aerospace,electronics,automobiles and energy,these multi-functional coatings have a tremendous leverage in human life,all technological and scientific subjects.Numerous applications have been made for multilateral polymers like polyurethane(PU),epoxy(EP),polyaniline(PANI)conductive polymer,polypyrrole(PPy),and etc,on various metallic surfaces especially,carbon steel substrate owing to their excellent resistance properties.Practically,nanomaterials can possess potential in the all-interdisciplinary domains of materials science and engineering,chemical and physical sciences,biological and health sciences.As known,the designed polymer nanocomposite coating paradigm is fundamentally constituted from polymer or resin as a vehicle and inorganic nanofillers(nanoparticles and nanocomposites).Some commercialized and excessively employed nanocontainers in polymer nanocomposite coating formulations,like ZnO,TiO_(2),carbon nanotubes(CNTs),clay,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),graphene,GO,CeO_(2),ZrO_(2),FeTiO_(3),etc were discussed.The current review covered the chemistry and potential applications of the largest utilized multifunctional polymer nanocomposite coatings such as EP,PU and other considerable PNCCs.Lately,a titanic attention was made for epoxy nanocomposites because of their distinct physicochemical characteristics,which result from the combined qualities of the nanoparticles and polymer material unity.In addition,the author incorporated some of his scientific contributions in this area represented in construction of innovative functional polymer nanocomposites for a variety of uses with high economic,industrial impacts and future orientation.Furthermore,some newly published applications of polymer nanocomposite coatings were incorporated and discussed.展开更多
This paper establishes an evaluation model of the customer satisfaction index for the wellhead blowout preventers of China＇s petroleum industry based on evaluation models of the customer satisfaction index at home an...This paper establishes an evaluation model of the customer satisfaction index for the wellhead blowout preventers of China＇s petroleum industry based on evaluation models of the customer satisfaction index at home and aboard, and by considering the consuming situation in China and the features of the China＇s petroleum industry. For the existence of： （1） multiple correlations among the factors in the model; （2） the variables need to be explained, but that are hard to observe; （3） the customer satisfaction degree of observation variables appears the shape of skewness or two or three peaks, the correlations between the satisfaction index and its factors cannot be described by common multiple regression. This paper uses a partial least squares （PLS） method based on principal components and typical correlative analysis to solve the problem. When PLS is used in the model of the customer satisfaction index of the wellhead blowout preventers, the latent variables and the explanation degree coefficient of the manifest variable to the corresponding latent variables are estimated by PLS path analysis, and the influencing coefficient among the latent variables in the model is estimated by PLS regression analysis. PLS is also be used to calculate and analyze the model and disclose the correlations among the structural variables as well as the correlation between structural variables and its corresponding observation variables, evaluating results of which provide useful information for petroleum industry to improve the product quality and to the enhancement of the customer satisfaction to the product.展开更多
Percussive-rotary drilling technology was considered many years ago as one of the best approaches for hard rock drilling. It is a key for popularizing this technology on a large scale to design and make an impactor wi...Percussive-rotary drilling technology was considered many years ago as one of the best approaches for hard rock drilling. It is a key for popularizing this technology on a large scale to design and make an impactor with excellent performance. This paper presents a suit of method to design the percussive parameters for the oil or gas field by introducing the working principle of back-pressurod impactor, dividing the working periods of impaetor into three phases and establishing the computer emuiational model of percussive parameters. It draws a comparison between the results of model calenlation and experiment on the basis of analyzing the experiment results of impactor. The conclude provides credible foundation for designing and further ameliorating the impactor.展开更多
Surfactants are used for formulation metal working fluids. These fluids are applied to the interface between a cutting tool and the metal working piece to provide friction reduction. In the present paper, poly aromati...Surfactants are used for formulation metal working fluids. These fluids are applied to the interface between a cutting tool and the metal working piece to provide friction reduction. In the present paper, poly aromatic ammonium sulphonate and polyaromatic benzyl triethanolamsonium ethoxylate with 6 ethylene oxide units were synthesized and blended with coupling agent like dodecyl alcohol and oleic acid to produce cutting fluid and evaluate as antiwear. Values of surface tension of these additives were measured in oil phase and consequently CMC was determined for all additives and their mixtures in oil phase. The efficiency of these additives depends on their chemical structure and the presence of ether oxygen brings about the association of the surfactant with metal surface, hence very good wetting properties. The antiwear characteristic of surfactants increases with increasing polar linkages in the aromatic moieties forming chelated and coordinated layer. This is due to the increase in the number of sites to chemisorption on the metal surface. The films formed are highly condensed ring aromatic layered structures. These films provide lower wear and depend on the type of surfactants concentration and sliding speed. The surface of metal was analyzed by SEM/EDX techniques. These studies have led to much clear evidence of the intimate relationship between the chemical structure of the surfactants and their film forming. More confirmation for suggested mechanism was investigated by measuring the area occupied per molecule of the surfactant in oil phase. The results indicate that the sulphonate group is less efficient than ethoxylate group. At the same time, the micelle of surfactants acts as oil dispersant and improves adsorption of oil on the metal surface.展开更多
Taking the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation shale in Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin,NW China,as an example,core observation,test analysis,geological analysis and numerical simulation were applied to identify the shale oil...Taking the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation shale in Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin,NW China,as an example,core observation,test analysis,geological analysis and numerical simulation were applied to identify the shale oil micro-migration phenomenon.The hydrocarbon micro-migration in shale oil was quantitatively evaluated and verified by a self-created hydrocarbon expulsion potential method,and the petroleum geological significance of shale oil micro-migration evaluation was determined.Results show that significant micro-migration can be recognized between the organic-rich lamina and organic-poor lamina.The organic-rich lamina has strong hydrocarbon generation ability.The heavy components of hydrocarbon preferentially retained by kerogen swelling or adsorption,while the light components of hydrocarbon were migrated and accumulated to the interbedded felsic or carbonate organic-poor laminae as free oil.About 69% of the Fengcheng Formation shale samples in Well MY1 exhibit hydrocarbon charging phenomenon,while 31% of those exhibit hydrocarbon expulsion phenomenon.The reliability of the micro-migration evaluation results was verified by combining the group components based on the geochromatography effect,two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,and the geochemical behavior of inorganic manganese elements in the process of hydrocarbon migration.Micro-migration is a bridge connecting the hydrocarbon accumulation elements in shale formations,which reflects the whole process of shale oil generation,expulsion and accumulation,and controls the content and composition of shale oil.The identification and evaluation of shale oil micro-migration will provide new perspectives for dynamically differential enrichment mechanism of shale oil and establishing a“multi-peak model in oil generation”of shale.展开更多
Preparation and process optimization of porous carbons using different carbon sources and activating agents are frequently and commonly reported in open literature. However, only scanty references are made on utilizat...Preparation and process optimization of porous carbons using different carbon sources and activating agents are frequently and commonly reported in open literature. However, only scanty references are made on utilization of petroleum coke for conversion to high surface area porous carbon using KOH as the activating agent. Hence, the present work attempts a process optimization exercise to prepare high surface area porous carbon from Petroleum coke using chemical activation (KOH) utilizing design of experiments. The effect of activation temperature, petroleum coke to KOH ratio (KPR) and activation duration were assessed on the surface area and yield of the porous carbon. The process optimization was performed covering experimental parameters in the range of 500?C - 800?C, 2 - 5 and 30 - 120 min. The optimal process conditions for maximizing the yield and BET surface area was identified to be an activation temperature of 639?C, KPR of 4.5 and activation duration of 43 min, having BET surface area 1765 m2/g and yield of 89.8%. However, an attempt to maximize only the BET surface area, ignoring yield has resulted with a porous carbon with maximum surface area of 2061 m2/g, with the optimal process conditions being an activation temperature of 688?C, KPR of 3.8 and activation duration of 74 min, with the corresponding yield of only 77%. The characterization of porous carbon was performed using nitrogen adsorption isotherm, FT-IR and SEM analysis.展开更多
Traditional petroleum system theories emphasize the restoration of the accumulation process from“source”to“trap”.The main oil and gas resources in the concept are conventional oil and gas,lacking the concept and r...Traditional petroleum system theories emphasize the restoration of the accumulation process from“source”to“trap”.The main oil and gas resources in the concept are conventional oil and gas,lacking the concept and research of unconventional oil and gas enrichment mechanism.The whole petroleum system is developed from the traditional petroleum system.Combined with unconventional oil and gas exploration practices and discoveries such as shale oil and gas,the whole petroleum system adds the research content of unconventional oil and gas.Although the study of the whole petroleum system is still in three aspects:geological elements,dynamic evolution and oil and gas distribution,its research ideas and research contents are very different,including the following three aspects.(1)In terms of geological elements,the traditional petroleum system studies the characteristics of source rocks and hydrocarbon generation evolution,and the reservoir properties,traps,migration and preservation conditions of conventional oil and gas.On the basis of the above research,the whole petroleum system has increased the quantitative evaluation of retained hydrocarbons,unconventional reservoir characterization,source reservoir configuration and other research contents.(2)In terms of dynamic evolution,the petroleum system studies the matching between the evolution of conventional oil and gas source rocks and the formation period of traps,while the whole petroleum system has increased the research content of the matching of unconventional reservoir densification and oil and gas charging,and the later transformation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.(3)In terms of oil and gas distribution,the petroleum system takes buoyancy-drived accumulation mechanism as the core to study the migration,accumulation and distribution of conventional oil and gas.The whole petroleum system adds unconventional oil and gas self-sealing accumulation mechanism and conventional-unconventional oil and gas distribution sequence,so as to determine the oil and gas distribution characteristics of the whole petroleum system.展开更多
The targets, importance, difficulties, strategies, general function frame and technology frame of Petroleum DrillingFluid Engineering Design Expert Ssytem(PDFEDES) were discussed. A brief introduction to the special d...The targets, importance, difficulties, strategies, general function frame and technology frame of Petroleum DrillingFluid Engineering Design Expert Ssytem(PDFEDES) were discussed. A brief introduction to the special domain and application cases of the PDFEDES are given. A good prospect of artificial intelligence application in petroleum exploration engineering is presented.展开更多
The construction of gas and oil plants include many items such as steel structures, equipments, piping, tanks and vessels at different conditions such as offshore, onshore, above and underground shall be protected aga...The construction of gas and oil plants include many items such as steel structures, equipments, piping, tanks and vessels at different conditions such as offshore, onshore, above and underground shall be protected against corrosion by coating. The protective value of a coating system is proportional to the surface preparation;the objectives of the surface preparation are the surface cleanliness and the surface profile of the substrate. The surface preparation is usually achieved by blast cleaning using different types of abrasive. Due to its high hardness and low cost, silica sand has been used extensively for impact abrasion. It is, however, very brittle with most grain disintegrating on impact, causing excessive levels of siliceous dust which is a major health hazard and causes serious environmental pollution. Consequently, it has been banned as impact abrasive material in most countries around the world. Considerable research has been done in the last twenty years to find an impact abrasive material as hard as silica and that respects. So it was important to search for sand substitution among the local abundant minerals in Egypt. Waste product obtained from ilmenite ore extracted from the mine was found to be the most suitable alternative abrasive. This work shows the abrasive types, the occurrence of the ilmenite ore. The chemical properties, physical properties and microscopic examination of the waste were investigated. The obtained result indicates that, the waste product obtained from ilmenite ore can be utilized for abrasion as sand substitution.展开更多
Although large amounts of data have been collected during the past 30 years in the study of the formation, evolution and dynamics of the Tethys Sea by the use of the theory of plate tectonics, a large volume of geolog...Although large amounts of data have been collected during the past 30 years in the study of the formation, evolution and dynamics of the Tethys Sea by the use of the theory of plate tectonics, a large volume of geological and geophysical information has also been accumulated which cannot be explained by the plate tectonic hypothesis. For example, the QinghaiXizang Plateau is underiain by many thousands of meters of Ordovician through Eocene, gently-dipping, essentially undefoumed, stable platform sequences. Stratigraphic and tectonic investigations reveal that the plateau-wide east-west fracture zones, interpreted as"sutures"展开更多
Petroleum hydrocarbons of surface water were collected from eight loca-tions of from the coasts of north western Suez Gulf,Egypt.The extracted petroleum hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionizat...Petroleum hydrocarbons of surface water were collected from eight loca-tions of from the coasts of north western Suez Gulf,Egypt.The extracted petroleum hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and quantified by integrating the areas of both the resolved and unresolved components.The results confirm that the con-centration is relatively higher than the recommended in the regulations of the Egyptian low of Environment of No.4/1994 of petroleum products.At various locations.The dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 5.639 to 74.8 and 1.868 to 65.698 mg/ml for summer and winter sea-sons,respectively.This indicates that chronic oil pollution,in addition to hydrocarbon concentrations,the diagnostic indices used shows that the hydrocarbons in the area were comes from biogenic,petrogenic and anthropogenic sources.FT-IR spectrometric analysis confirms die petro-genic nature of pollutants.展开更多
This paper aims to analyze, with a linear dynamic programming, the Algerian refining industry development by 2030 in the presence of uncertainties, both on the domestic demand and the exportation of the petroleum prod...This paper aims to analyze, with a linear dynamic programming, the Algerian refining industry development by 2030 in the presence of uncertainties, both on the domestic demand and the exportation of the petroleum products. Currently, the Algerian refining industry has to be adapted to meet demand progress both in terms of volume and also in terms of specifications, in a general context marked by a strong volatility of the oil markets. Commonly, refining operations planning models are based on a deterministic linear programming. However, because of the demand fluctuation, and other conditions for the market, many parameters should be considered as uncertain such as the demand and the exportation. The impact of such uncertainties on the development＇s pattern of refining capacities is analyzed with a stochastic model. Finally, the results of both deterministic and stochastic models are compared.展开更多
In drilling ultra-deep wells,the drilling fluid circulation usually causes erosion damage to downhole casing and drilling tools.However,the extent and process of this damage to the downhole tools is intricate and less...In drilling ultra-deep wells,the drilling fluid circulation usually causes erosion damage to downhole casing and drilling tools.However,the extent and process of this damage to the downhole tools is intricate and less understood.In order to systematically evaluate and clarify this damage process for different types of drilling fluid contamination,this research uses a high-temperature drilling fluid damage device to simulate the damage caused to the casing/drilling tools by various drilling fluid under a field thermal gradient.The results show that the drilling fluid residues are mainly solid-phase particles and organic components.The degree of casing/tool damage decreases with an increase in bottom hole temperature,and the casing/tool is least damaged within a temperature range of 150–180°C.Moreover,the surface of the casing/tool damaged by different types of drilling fluid shows different roughness,and the wettability of drilling fluid on the casing/tool surface increases with an increase in the degree of roughness.Oil-based drilling fluid have the strongest adhesion contamination on casing/drilling tools.In contrast,polysulfonated potassium drilling fluid and super-micro drilling fluid have the most potent erosion damage on casing/drilling tools.By analyzing the damage mechanism,it was established that the damage was mainly dominated by the abrasive wearing from solid-phase particles in concert with corrosion ions in drilling fluid,with solids producing many abrasion marks and corrosive ions causing a large number of pits.Clarifying drilling fluid's contamination and damage mechanism is significant in guiding the wellbore cleaning process and cutting associated costs.展开更多
Determining the orientation of in-situ stresses is crucial for various geoscience and engineering appli-cations.Conventional methods for estimating these stress orientations often depend on focal mechanism solutions(F...Determining the orientation of in-situ stresses is crucial for various geoscience and engineering appli-cations.Conventional methods for estimating these stress orientations often depend on focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)derived from earthquake data and formation micro-imager(FMI)data from well logs.However,these techniques can be costly,depth-inaccurate,and may lack spatial coverage.To address this issue,we introduce the use of three-dimensional(3D)seismic data(active sources)as a lateral constraint to approximate the 3D stress orientation field.Recognizing that both stress and fracture patterns are closely related to seismic velocity anisotropy,we derive the orientation of azimuthal anisotropy from multi-azimuth 3D seismic data to compensate for the lack of spatial stress orientation information.We apply our proposed workflow to a case study in the Weiyuan area of the Sichuan Basin,China,a region targeted for shale gas production.By integrating diverse datasets,including 3D seismic,earthquakes,and well logs,we develop a comprehensive 3D model of in-situ stress(orientations and magnitudes).Our results demonstrate that the estimated anisotropy orientations from 3D seismic data are consistent with the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress(SHmax)obtained from FMIs.We analyzed 12 earthquakes(magnitude>3)recorded between 2016 and 2020 for their FMSs and compressional axis(P-axis)orientations.The derived SHmax direction from our 3D stress model is 110°ES(East-South),which shows excellent agreement with the FMSs(within 3.96°).This close alignment validates the reliability and precision of our integrated method for predicting 3D SHmax orientations.展开更多
The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of ...The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of cumulative carbon emission reduction.In-situ CO_(2) mineralization sequestration,compared to conventional geological storage methods such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs,unmineable coal seams,and deep saline aquifers,offers the advantage of permanent immobilization of injected carbon.However,uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of geochemical interactions under reservoir pore conditions,as well as the kinetic mechanisms of mineralization reactions.Additionally,geochemical reactions may lead to solid particle transport and deposition,potentially causing pore throat occlusion.Pilot projects in Iceland and the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology,but the field remains in the early deployment stage.In this review,the mechanisms of in-situ mineralization have been elucidated,the primary factors influencing the reaction kinetics have been discussed,and the current research status in this field has been summarized.It is emphasized that establishing a reliable system for evaluating storage capacity and understanding the kinetic mechanisms governing CO_(2) conversion into minerals at multi-phase interfaces are key priorities for future work.展开更多
High-water-cut mature reservoirs typically serve as the“ballast”for ensuring China’s annual crude oil production of 200 million tons.Despite the use of water flooding and chemical methods,over 40%of crude oil remai...High-water-cut mature reservoirs typically serve as the“ballast”for ensuring China’s annual crude oil production of 200 million tons.Despite the use of water flooding and chemical methods,over 40%of crude oil remains unexploited.It is critical to develop efficient revolutionary technologies to further enhance oil recovery(EOR)by a large percentage in high-water-cut mature reservoirs.To address this issue,the potential of vertical remaining oil in Daqing Oilfield is first analyzed from massive monitoring data.Using molecular dynamics simulation to design optimal synthetic routine,a copolymer without flu-orine or silicon is synthesized by modifying vinyl acetate(VAc)with maleic anhydride(MA)and styrene(St),and treated as a supercritical CO_(2)(scCO_(2))thickener.The underlying EOR mechanism of the scCO_(2) thickener is thereafter clarified by high-temperature,high-pressure oil displacement experiments.The EOR effect by thickened scCO_(2) flooding in a typical high-water-cut mature reservoir is predicted,and future technological advancements of the technique are ultimately discussed.Results show that the ver-tical remaining oil enriched in weakly swept zones is a primary target for further EOR in high-water-cut mature reservoirs.The copolymer typically exhibits good solubility,strong dispersion stability,and high thickening effect in scCO_(2).Under an ambient pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 50℃,the disso-lution of copolymer at a mass concentration of 0.2%can effectively increase the viscosity of scCO_(2) by 39.4 times.Due to the synergistic effect between expanding vertical swept volume and inhibiting gas channel-ing,crude oil recovery can be further enhanced by 23.1%for a typical high-water-cut mature reservoir when the scCO_(2) viscosity is increased by 50 times.Our understandings demonstrate that the thickened scCO_(2) flooding technology has significant technical advantages in high-water-cut mature reservoirs,with challenges and future development directions in field-scale applications also highlighted.展开更多
Conversion and capture of carbon pollutants based on carbon dioxide to valuable green oil-field chemicals are target all over the world for controlling the global warming.The present article used new room temperature ...Conversion and capture of carbon pollutants based on carbon dioxide to valuable green oil-field chemicals are target all over the world for controlling the global warming.The present article used new room temperature amphiphilic imidazolium ionic liquids with superior surface activity in the aqueous solutions to convert carbon dioxide gas to superior amphiphilic calcium carbonate nanoparticles.In this respect,tetra-cationic ionic liquids 2-(4-dodecyldimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-dodecyldimethylammnonio)propyl)bromide-1-H-imidazol-3-ium acetate and 2-(4-hexyldimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-hexcyldimethylammnonio)propyl)bromide-1 H-imidazol-3-ium acetate were prepared.Their chemical structures,thermal as well as their carbon dioxide absorption/desorption characteristicswere evaluated.Theywere used as solvent and capping agent to synthesize calcium carbonate nanoparticles with controlled crystalline lattice,sizes,thermal properties and spherical surface morphologies.The prepared calcium carbonate nanoparticles were used as additives for the commercial water based drilling mud to improve their filter lose and rheology.The data confirm that the lower concentrations of 2-(4-dodecyldimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-dodecyldimethylammnonio)propyl)bromide-1-H-imidazol-3-ium acetate achieved lower seawater filter lose and improved viscosities.展开更多
Mahu Sag,located in Junggar Basin,China,is the largest conglomerate oil reservoir in the world(in this paper,conglomerate generally refers to rocks containing gravel,including pebbly sandstone,sand conglomerate,and co...Mahu Sag,located in Junggar Basin,China,is the largest conglomerate oil reservoir in the world(in this paper,conglomerate generally refers to rocks containing gravel,including pebbly sandstone,sand conglomerate,and conglomerate).The reservoir has the characteristics of low porosity and low permeability and needs hydraulic fracturing.The micromechanical properties and rock fracture characteristics are studied to provide a theoretical basis for hydraulic fracturing treatment.In this study,the mechanical properties,micromechanical properties,fracture characteristics,and micromechanical mechanism of conglomerate are studied experimentally.Assuming that the gravel size is constant,conglomerate with the same cementation type has the following rules:When the gravel content(GC)is≤40%,the rock fracture is controlled by Orowan additional stress,and the strength of miscellaneous foundation is the key factor,forming a single fracture with high tortuosity.When the GC is 40%–65%,the GC and cementation strength are the key factors of rock fracture,resulting in the fracture network around the gravel.When the GC is≥65%,the rock fracture is controlled by Hertz contact stress.The GC is the key factor.Surrounding gravel and passing through gravel cracks are developed,resulting in complex fracture network,but the transformation scale of fracture network is small.Through this study,the fracture morphology and key factors of conglomerate fracture are explored,which can provide reference for hydraulic fracturing.展开更多
Hydrogels are widely used in reservoir flow control to enhanced oil recovery.However,challenges such as environmental contamination from conventional crosslinkers,poor solubility of crosslinking agents,and short gelat...Hydrogels are widely used in reservoir flow control to enhanced oil recovery.However,challenges such as environmental contamination from conventional crosslinkers,poor solubility of crosslinking agents,and short gelation times under high-temperature conditions(e.g.,150℃)have hindered their practical application.Herein,we present the synthesis of amine-functionalized carbon quantum dots(NH_(2)-CQDs),which act as both a nano-crosslinker and a nano-reinforcing agent within hydrogel systems.The NH_(2)-CQDs-incorporated hydrogel can remain stability for 300 days under the conditions of a mineralization degree of 2.11×10^(4)mg/mL and 170℃,and has high tensile strength(371 kPa),good toughness(49.6 kJ/m^(3)),excellent viscoelasticity(G'=960 Pa,G"=460 Pa)and shear resistance.In addition,NH_(2)-CQDs adds many hydroxyl groups to the hydrogel,which can be attached to the surface of various substances.At the same time,micro-nano capsules containing NH_(2)-CQDs were formed by self-assembly of hydrophobic SiO_(2)on water droplets,the NH_(2)-CQDs solution is encapsulated in a capsule,and when stimulated by external conditions(temperature,pH,surfactant),the capsule releases the NH_(2)-CQDs solution,this method greatly delays the crosslinking time between polymer and crosslinker at high temperature.Under the condition of 170℃and pH=7,the gelation time of 10%hydrophobic SiO_(2)coated hydrogel is 44 times that of uncoated hydrogel,which can be effectively used for deep formation flow control,and CQD give hydrogels fluorescence properties that can be used for underground signal tracking.展开更多
文摘Polymer nanocomposite coatings(PNCCs)are unprecedented generation of coatings engineered for displaying inexpensive and brilliant functional surface coatings with eminent corrosion guard,mechanical resistance,antimicrobial,chemical durability,electrical insulation,and UV aging features.Due to their widely anticipation in petroleum,applications in building,conveyance,aerospace,electronics,automobiles and energy,these multi-functional coatings have a tremendous leverage in human life,all technological and scientific subjects.Numerous applications have been made for multilateral polymers like polyurethane(PU),epoxy(EP),polyaniline(PANI)conductive polymer,polypyrrole(PPy),and etc,on various metallic surfaces especially,carbon steel substrate owing to their excellent resistance properties.Practically,nanomaterials can possess potential in the all-interdisciplinary domains of materials science and engineering,chemical and physical sciences,biological and health sciences.As known,the designed polymer nanocomposite coating paradigm is fundamentally constituted from polymer or resin as a vehicle and inorganic nanofillers(nanoparticles and nanocomposites).Some commercialized and excessively employed nanocontainers in polymer nanocomposite coating formulations,like ZnO,TiO_(2),carbon nanotubes(CNTs),clay,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),graphene,GO,CeO_(2),ZrO_(2),FeTiO_(3),etc were discussed.The current review covered the chemistry and potential applications of the largest utilized multifunctional polymer nanocomposite coatings such as EP,PU and other considerable PNCCs.Lately,a titanic attention was made for epoxy nanocomposites because of their distinct physicochemical characteristics,which result from the combined qualities of the nanoparticles and polymer material unity.In addition,the author incorporated some of his scientific contributions in this area represented in construction of innovative functional polymer nanocomposites for a variety of uses with high economic,industrial impacts and future orientation.Furthermore,some newly published applications of polymer nanocomposite coatings were incorporated and discussed.
文摘This paper establishes an evaluation model of the customer satisfaction index for the wellhead blowout preventers of China＇s petroleum industry based on evaluation models of the customer satisfaction index at home and aboard, and by considering the consuming situation in China and the features of the China＇s petroleum industry. For the existence of： （1） multiple correlations among the factors in the model; （2） the variables need to be explained, but that are hard to observe; （3） the customer satisfaction degree of observation variables appears the shape of skewness or two or three peaks, the correlations between the satisfaction index and its factors cannot be described by common multiple regression. This paper uses a partial least squares （PLS） method based on principal components and typical correlative analysis to solve the problem. When PLS is used in the model of the customer satisfaction index of the wellhead blowout preventers, the latent variables and the explanation degree coefficient of the manifest variable to the corresponding latent variables are estimated by PLS path analysis, and the influencing coefficient among the latent variables in the model is estimated by PLS regression analysis. PLS is also be used to calculate and analyze the model and disclose the correlations among the structural variables as well as the correlation between structural variables and its corresponding observation variables, evaluating results of which provide useful information for petroleum industry to improve the product quality and to the enhancement of the customer satisfaction to the product.
基金Supported by the Science Foundation of China National Petroleum Corporation (990407 - 06 - 02)
文摘Percussive-rotary drilling technology was considered many years ago as one of the best approaches for hard rock drilling. It is a key for popularizing this technology on a large scale to design and make an impactor with excellent performance. This paper presents a suit of method to design the percussive parameters for the oil or gas field by introducing the working principle of back-pressurod impactor, dividing the working periods of impaetor into three phases and establishing the computer emuiational model of percussive parameters. It draws a comparison between the results of model calenlation and experiment on the basis of analyzing the experiment results of impactor. The conclude provides credible foundation for designing and further ameliorating the impactor.
文摘Surfactants are used for formulation metal working fluids. These fluids are applied to the interface between a cutting tool and the metal working piece to provide friction reduction. In the present paper, poly aromatic ammonium sulphonate and polyaromatic benzyl triethanolamsonium ethoxylate with 6 ethylene oxide units were synthesized and blended with coupling agent like dodecyl alcohol and oleic acid to produce cutting fluid and evaluate as antiwear. Values of surface tension of these additives were measured in oil phase and consequently CMC was determined for all additives and their mixtures in oil phase. The efficiency of these additives depends on their chemical structure and the presence of ether oxygen brings about the association of the surfactant with metal surface, hence very good wetting properties. The antiwear characteristic of surfactants increases with increasing polar linkages in the aromatic moieties forming chelated and coordinated layer. This is due to the increase in the number of sites to chemisorption on the metal surface. The films formed are highly condensed ring aromatic layered structures. These films provide lower wear and depend on the type of surfactants concentration and sliding speed. The surface of metal was analyzed by SEM/EDX techniques. These studies have led to much clear evidence of the intimate relationship between the chemical structure of the surfactants and their film forming. More confirmation for suggested mechanism was investigated by measuring the area occupied per molecule of the surfactant in oil phase. The results indicate that the sulphonate group is less efficient than ethoxylate group. At the same time, the micelle of surfactants acts as oil dispersant and improves adsorption of oil on the metal surface.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(42202133,42072174,42130803,41872148)PetroChina Science and Technology Innovation Fund(2023DQ02-0106)PetroChina Basic Technology Project(2021DJ0101).
文摘Taking the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation shale in Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin,NW China,as an example,core observation,test analysis,geological analysis and numerical simulation were applied to identify the shale oil micro-migration phenomenon.The hydrocarbon micro-migration in shale oil was quantitatively evaluated and verified by a self-created hydrocarbon expulsion potential method,and the petroleum geological significance of shale oil micro-migration evaluation was determined.Results show that significant micro-migration can be recognized between the organic-rich lamina and organic-poor lamina.The organic-rich lamina has strong hydrocarbon generation ability.The heavy components of hydrocarbon preferentially retained by kerogen swelling or adsorption,while the light components of hydrocarbon were migrated and accumulated to the interbedded felsic or carbonate organic-poor laminae as free oil.About 69% of the Fengcheng Formation shale samples in Well MY1 exhibit hydrocarbon charging phenomenon,while 31% of those exhibit hydrocarbon expulsion phenomenon.The reliability of the micro-migration evaluation results was verified by combining the group components based on the geochromatography effect,two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,and the geochemical behavior of inorganic manganese elements in the process of hydrocarbon migration.Micro-migration is a bridge connecting the hydrocarbon accumulation elements in shale formations,which reflects the whole process of shale oil generation,expulsion and accumulation,and controls the content and composition of shale oil.The identification and evaluation of shale oil micro-migration will provide new perspectives for dynamically differential enrichment mechanism of shale oil and establishing a“multi-peak model in oil generation”of shale.
文摘Preparation and process optimization of porous carbons using different carbon sources and activating agents are frequently and commonly reported in open literature. However, only scanty references are made on utilization of petroleum coke for conversion to high surface area porous carbon using KOH as the activating agent. Hence, the present work attempts a process optimization exercise to prepare high surface area porous carbon from Petroleum coke using chemical activation (KOH) utilizing design of experiments. The effect of activation temperature, petroleum coke to KOH ratio (KPR) and activation duration were assessed on the surface area and yield of the porous carbon. The process optimization was performed covering experimental parameters in the range of 500?C - 800?C, 2 - 5 and 30 - 120 min. The optimal process conditions for maximizing the yield and BET surface area was identified to be an activation temperature of 639?C, KPR of 4.5 and activation duration of 43 min, having BET surface area 1765 m2/g and yield of 89.8%. However, an attempt to maximize only the BET surface area, ignoring yield has resulted with a porous carbon with maximum surface area of 2061 m2/g, with the optimal process conditions being an activation temperature of 688?C, KPR of 3.8 and activation duration of 74 min, with the corresponding yield of only 77%. The characterization of porous carbon was performed using nitrogen adsorption isotherm, FT-IR and SEM analysis.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2021DJ0101)。
文摘Traditional petroleum system theories emphasize the restoration of the accumulation process from“source”to“trap”.The main oil and gas resources in the concept are conventional oil and gas,lacking the concept and research of unconventional oil and gas enrichment mechanism.The whole petroleum system is developed from the traditional petroleum system.Combined with unconventional oil and gas exploration practices and discoveries such as shale oil and gas,the whole petroleum system adds the research content of unconventional oil and gas.Although the study of the whole petroleum system is still in three aspects:geological elements,dynamic evolution and oil and gas distribution,its research ideas and research contents are very different,including the following three aspects.(1)In terms of geological elements,the traditional petroleum system studies the characteristics of source rocks and hydrocarbon generation evolution,and the reservoir properties,traps,migration and preservation conditions of conventional oil and gas.On the basis of the above research,the whole petroleum system has increased the quantitative evaluation of retained hydrocarbons,unconventional reservoir characterization,source reservoir configuration and other research contents.(2)In terms of dynamic evolution,the petroleum system studies the matching between the evolution of conventional oil and gas source rocks and the formation period of traps,while the whole petroleum system has increased the research content of the matching of unconventional reservoir densification and oil and gas charging,and the later transformation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.(3)In terms of oil and gas distribution,the petroleum system takes buoyancy-drived accumulation mechanism as the core to study the migration,accumulation and distribution of conventional oil and gas.The whole petroleum system adds unconventional oil and gas self-sealing accumulation mechanism and conventional-unconventional oil and gas distribution sequence,so as to determine the oil and gas distribution characteristics of the whole petroleum system.
文摘The targets, importance, difficulties, strategies, general function frame and technology frame of Petroleum DrillingFluid Engineering Design Expert Ssytem(PDFEDES) were discussed. A brief introduction to the special domain and application cases of the PDFEDES are given. A good prospect of artificial intelligence application in petroleum exploration engineering is presented.
文摘The construction of gas and oil plants include many items such as steel structures, equipments, piping, tanks and vessels at different conditions such as offshore, onshore, above and underground shall be protected against corrosion by coating. The protective value of a coating system is proportional to the surface preparation;the objectives of the surface preparation are the surface cleanliness and the surface profile of the substrate. The surface preparation is usually achieved by blast cleaning using different types of abrasive. Due to its high hardness and low cost, silica sand has been used extensively for impact abrasion. It is, however, very brittle with most grain disintegrating on impact, causing excessive levels of siliceous dust which is a major health hazard and causes serious environmental pollution. Consequently, it has been banned as impact abrasive material in most countries around the world. Considerable research has been done in the last twenty years to find an impact abrasive material as hard as silica and that respects. So it was important to search for sand substitution among the local abundant minerals in Egypt. Waste product obtained from ilmenite ore extracted from the mine was found to be the most suitable alternative abrasive. This work shows the abrasive types, the occurrence of the ilmenite ore. The chemical properties, physical properties and microscopic examination of the waste were investigated. The obtained result indicates that, the waste product obtained from ilmenite ore can be utilized for abrasion as sand substitution.
文摘Although large amounts of data have been collected during the past 30 years in the study of the formation, evolution and dynamics of the Tethys Sea by the use of the theory of plate tectonics, a large volume of geological and geophysical information has also been accumulated which cannot be explained by the plate tectonic hypothesis. For example, the QinghaiXizang Plateau is underiain by many thousands of meters of Ordovician through Eocene, gently-dipping, essentially undefoumed, stable platform sequences. Stratigraphic and tectonic investigations reveal that the plateau-wide east-west fracture zones, interpreted as"sutures"
文摘Petroleum hydrocarbons of surface water were collected from eight loca-tions of from the coasts of north western Suez Gulf,Egypt.The extracted petroleum hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and quantified by integrating the areas of both the resolved and unresolved components.The results confirm that the con-centration is relatively higher than the recommended in the regulations of the Egyptian low of Environment of No.4/1994 of petroleum products.At various locations.The dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 5.639 to 74.8 and 1.868 to 65.698 mg/ml for summer and winter sea-sons,respectively.This indicates that chronic oil pollution,in addition to hydrocarbon concentrations,the diagnostic indices used shows that the hydrocarbons in the area were comes from biogenic,petrogenic and anthropogenic sources.FT-IR spectrometric analysis confirms die petro-genic nature of pollutants.
文摘This paper aims to analyze, with a linear dynamic programming, the Algerian refining industry development by 2030 in the presence of uncertainties, both on the domestic demand and the exportation of the petroleum products. Currently, the Algerian refining industry has to be adapted to meet demand progress both in terms of volume and also in terms of specifications, in a general context marked by a strong volatility of the oil markets. Commonly, refining operations planning models are based on a deterministic linear programming. However, because of the demand fluctuation, and other conditions for the market, many parameters should be considered as uncertain such as the demand and the exportation. The impact of such uncertainties on the development＇s pattern of refining capacities is analyzed with a stochastic model. Finally, the results of both deterministic and stochastic models are compared.
基金support and funding from the CNPC Project(2021ZG10)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174047)Sinopec Project(No.P23138).
文摘In drilling ultra-deep wells,the drilling fluid circulation usually causes erosion damage to downhole casing and drilling tools.However,the extent and process of this damage to the downhole tools is intricate and less understood.In order to systematically evaluate and clarify this damage process for different types of drilling fluid contamination,this research uses a high-temperature drilling fluid damage device to simulate the damage caused to the casing/drilling tools by various drilling fluid under a field thermal gradient.The results show that the drilling fluid residues are mainly solid-phase particles and organic components.The degree of casing/tool damage decreases with an increase in bottom hole temperature,and the casing/tool is least damaged within a temperature range of 150–180°C.Moreover,the surface of the casing/tool damaged by different types of drilling fluid shows different roughness,and the wettability of drilling fluid on the casing/tool surface increases with an increase in the degree of roughness.Oil-based drilling fluid have the strongest adhesion contamination on casing/drilling tools.In contrast,polysulfonated potassium drilling fluid and super-micro drilling fluid have the most potent erosion damage on casing/drilling tools.By analyzing the damage mechanism,it was established that the damage was mainly dominated by the abrasive wearing from solid-phase particles in concert with corrosion ions in drilling fluid,with solids producing many abrasion marks and corrosive ions causing a large number of pits.Clarifying drilling fluid's contamination and damage mechanism is significant in guiding the wellbore cleaning process and cutting associated costs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0710604)NSFC(Grant No.42374064).
文摘Determining the orientation of in-situ stresses is crucial for various geoscience and engineering appli-cations.Conventional methods for estimating these stress orientations often depend on focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)derived from earthquake data and formation micro-imager(FMI)data from well logs.However,these techniques can be costly,depth-inaccurate,and may lack spatial coverage.To address this issue,we introduce the use of three-dimensional(3D)seismic data(active sources)as a lateral constraint to approximate the 3D stress orientation field.Recognizing that both stress and fracture patterns are closely related to seismic velocity anisotropy,we derive the orientation of azimuthal anisotropy from multi-azimuth 3D seismic data to compensate for the lack of spatial stress orientation information.We apply our proposed workflow to a case study in the Weiyuan area of the Sichuan Basin,China,a region targeted for shale gas production.By integrating diverse datasets,including 3D seismic,earthquakes,and well logs,we develop a comprehensive 3D model of in-situ stress(orientations and magnitudes).Our results demonstrate that the estimated anisotropy orientations from 3D seismic data are consistent with the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress(SHmax)obtained from FMIs.We analyzed 12 earthquakes(magnitude>3)recorded between 2016 and 2020 for their FMSs and compressional axis(P-axis)orientations.The derived SHmax direction from our 3D stress model is 110°ES(East-South),which shows excellent agreement with the FMSs(within 3.96°).This close alignment validates the reliability and precision of our integrated method for predicting 3D SHmax orientations.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604288)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23043)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing(ZX20200133)the Research and Development Fund of China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Technology Research Institute(QNYJJ22-21).
文摘The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of cumulative carbon emission reduction.In-situ CO_(2) mineralization sequestration,compared to conventional geological storage methods such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs,unmineable coal seams,and deep saline aquifers,offers the advantage of permanent immobilization of injected carbon.However,uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of geochemical interactions under reservoir pore conditions,as well as the kinetic mechanisms of mineralization reactions.Additionally,geochemical reactions may lead to solid particle transport and deposition,potentially causing pore throat occlusion.Pilot projects in Iceland and the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology,but the field remains in the early deployment stage.In this review,the mechanisms of in-situ mineralization have been elucidated,the primary factors influencing the reaction kinetics have been discussed,and the current research status in this field has been summarized.It is emphasized that establishing a reliable system for evaluating storage capacity and understanding the kinetic mechanisms governing CO_(2) conversion into minerals at multi-phase interfaces are key priorities for future work.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B6005,52174043,52474035)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(3242019)the China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)Innovation Foundation(2022DQ02-0208 and 2024DQ02-0114).
文摘High-water-cut mature reservoirs typically serve as the“ballast”for ensuring China’s annual crude oil production of 200 million tons.Despite the use of water flooding and chemical methods,over 40%of crude oil remains unexploited.It is critical to develop efficient revolutionary technologies to further enhance oil recovery(EOR)by a large percentage in high-water-cut mature reservoirs.To address this issue,the potential of vertical remaining oil in Daqing Oilfield is first analyzed from massive monitoring data.Using molecular dynamics simulation to design optimal synthetic routine,a copolymer without flu-orine or silicon is synthesized by modifying vinyl acetate(VAc)with maleic anhydride(MA)and styrene(St),and treated as a supercritical CO_(2)(scCO_(2))thickener.The underlying EOR mechanism of the scCO_(2) thickener is thereafter clarified by high-temperature,high-pressure oil displacement experiments.The EOR effect by thickened scCO_(2) flooding in a typical high-water-cut mature reservoir is predicted,and future technological advancements of the technique are ultimately discussed.Results show that the ver-tical remaining oil enriched in weakly swept zones is a primary target for further EOR in high-water-cut mature reservoirs.The copolymer typically exhibits good solubility,strong dispersion stability,and high thickening effect in scCO_(2).Under an ambient pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 50℃,the disso-lution of copolymer at a mass concentration of 0.2%can effectively increase the viscosity of scCO_(2) by 39.4 times.Due to the synergistic effect between expanding vertical swept volume and inhibiting gas channel-ing,crude oil recovery can be further enhanced by 23.1%for a typical high-water-cut mature reservoir when the scCO_(2) viscosity is increased by 50 times.Our understandings demonstrate that the thickened scCO_(2) flooding technology has significant technical advantages in high-water-cut mature reservoirs,with challenges and future development directions in field-scale applications also highlighted.
基金supported by Science,Technology&Innovation Funding Authority(STDF)under grant(No.47062).
文摘Conversion and capture of carbon pollutants based on carbon dioxide to valuable green oil-field chemicals are target all over the world for controlling the global warming.The present article used new room temperature amphiphilic imidazolium ionic liquids with superior surface activity in the aqueous solutions to convert carbon dioxide gas to superior amphiphilic calcium carbonate nanoparticles.In this respect,tetra-cationic ionic liquids 2-(4-dodecyldimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-dodecyldimethylammnonio)propyl)bromide-1-H-imidazol-3-ium acetate and 2-(4-hexyldimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-hexcyldimethylammnonio)propyl)bromide-1 H-imidazol-3-ium acetate were prepared.Their chemical structures,thermal as well as their carbon dioxide absorption/desorption characteristicswere evaluated.Theywere used as solvent and capping agent to synthesize calcium carbonate nanoparticles with controlled crystalline lattice,sizes,thermal properties and spherical surface morphologies.The prepared calcium carbonate nanoparticles were used as additives for the commercial water based drilling mud to improve their filter lose and rheology.The data confirm that the lower concentrations of 2-(4-dodecyldimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-bis(3-dodecyldimethylammnonio)propyl)bromide-1-H-imidazol-3-ium acetate achieved lower seawater filter lose and improved viscosities.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2024B01013)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFE0129800).
文摘Mahu Sag,located in Junggar Basin,China,is the largest conglomerate oil reservoir in the world(in this paper,conglomerate generally refers to rocks containing gravel,including pebbly sandstone,sand conglomerate,and conglomerate).The reservoir has the characteristics of low porosity and low permeability and needs hydraulic fracturing.The micromechanical properties and rock fracture characteristics are studied to provide a theoretical basis for hydraulic fracturing treatment.In this study,the mechanical properties,micromechanical properties,fracture characteristics,and micromechanical mechanism of conglomerate are studied experimentally.Assuming that the gravel size is constant,conglomerate with the same cementation type has the following rules:When the gravel content(GC)is≤40%,the rock fracture is controlled by Orowan additional stress,and the strength of miscellaneous foundation is the key factor,forming a single fracture with high tortuosity.When the GC is 40%–65%,the GC and cementation strength are the key factors of rock fracture,resulting in the fracture network around the gravel.When the GC is≥65%,the rock fracture is controlled by Hertz contact stress.The GC is the key factor.Surrounding gravel and passing through gravel cracks are developed,resulting in complex fracture network,but the transformation scale of fracture network is small.Through this study,the fracture morphology and key factors of conglomerate fracture are explored,which can provide reference for hydraulic fracturing.
基金support and funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174047)。
文摘Hydrogels are widely used in reservoir flow control to enhanced oil recovery.However,challenges such as environmental contamination from conventional crosslinkers,poor solubility of crosslinking agents,and short gelation times under high-temperature conditions(e.g.,150℃)have hindered their practical application.Herein,we present the synthesis of amine-functionalized carbon quantum dots(NH_(2)-CQDs),which act as both a nano-crosslinker and a nano-reinforcing agent within hydrogel systems.The NH_(2)-CQDs-incorporated hydrogel can remain stability for 300 days under the conditions of a mineralization degree of 2.11×10^(4)mg/mL and 170℃,and has high tensile strength(371 kPa),good toughness(49.6 kJ/m^(3)),excellent viscoelasticity(G'=960 Pa,G"=460 Pa)and shear resistance.In addition,NH_(2)-CQDs adds many hydroxyl groups to the hydrogel,which can be attached to the surface of various substances.At the same time,micro-nano capsules containing NH_(2)-CQDs were formed by self-assembly of hydrophobic SiO_(2)on water droplets,the NH_(2)-CQDs solution is encapsulated in a capsule,and when stimulated by external conditions(temperature,pH,surfactant),the capsule releases the NH_(2)-CQDs solution,this method greatly delays the crosslinking time between polymer and crosslinker at high temperature.Under the condition of 170℃and pH=7,the gelation time of 10%hydrophobic SiO_(2)coated hydrogel is 44 times that of uncoated hydrogel,which can be effectively used for deep formation flow control,and CQD give hydrogels fluorescence properties that can be used for underground signal tracking.
