Petroleum and Natural Gas still represent a considerable share in terms of energy consumption in the current global matrix, so that its exploration/exploitation is present in the market and driving activities in locat...Petroleum and Natural Gas still represent a considerable share in terms of energy consumption in the current global matrix, so that its exploration/exploitation is present in the market and driving activities in locations of specific complexities, as the ones along unconventional hydrocarbon resources from the Brazilian pre-salt. The daily cost of well drilling under harsh conditions can exceed US $1 million a day, turning any type of downtime or necessary maintenance during the activities to be very costly, moment in which processes optimization starts to be a key factor in costs reduction. Thus, new technologies and methods in terms of automating and optimizing the processes may be of great advantages, having its impact in total related project costs. In this context, the goal of this research is to allow a computation tool supporting achieving a more efficient drilling process, by means of drilling mechanics parameters choosiness aiming rate of penetration (ROP) maximization and mechanic specific energy (MSE) minimization. Conceptually, driven by the pre-operational drilling test curve trends, the proposed system allows it to be performed with less human influences and being updateable automatically, allowing more precision and time reduction by selecting optimum parameters. A Web Operating System (Web OS) was designed and implemented, running in online servers, granting accessibility to it with any device that has a browser and internet connection. It allows processing the drilling parameters supplied and feed into it, issuing outcomes with optimum values in a faster and precise way, allowing reducing operating time.展开更多
Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems...Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems have not yet been developed in open literatures and thus require urgent attention. In this work, the first attempt has been made to model phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrates of CH4, CO2 and N2 in aqueous solution of TBAB. A thermodynamic model for gas hydrate system as proposed by Chen and Guo has been extended for semiclathrate hydrates of gases in aqueous solution of TBAB. A correlation for the activity of water relating to the system temperature, concentration of TBAB in the system and the nature of vip gas molecule has been proposed. The model results have been validated against available experimental data on phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrate systems of aqueous TBAB with different gases as vip molecule. The extended Chen and Guo＇s model is found to be suitable to explain the promotion effect of TBAB for the studied gaseous system such as, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen as a vip molecule. Additionally, a correlation for the increase in equilibrium formation temperature （hydrate promotion temperature, ATp） of semiclathrate hydrate system with respect to pure gas hydrate system has been developed and applied to semiclathrate hydrate of TBAB with several gases as vip molecules. The developed correlation is found to predict the promotion effect satisfactorily for the system studied.展开更多
Most of the onshore and offshore oil and gas reservoirs are facing operational challenges due to high temperature and high salinity, thus requiring advanced techniques for realizing the ex- pected oil recovery with th...Most of the onshore and offshore oil and gas reservoirs are facing operational challenges due to high temperature and high salinity, thus requiring advanced techniques for realizing the ex- pected oil recovery with the use of specially designed chemicals. During oil and gas well development, completion fluids, which are solids-free liquids, are used to complete an oil or gas well. Completion flu- ids consisting of brines are primarily used for oil and gas well stabilization and are corrosive in nature. There is a need to develop additives to be added with completion fluids to address the corrosive nature. The present investigation involved the usage of two imidazolium ionic liquids （ILs） as corrosion inhibi- tors for mild steel in various completion brine （CaCI2, HCOOCs and ZnBr2） fluids. The study was per- formed using various techniques, such as, potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss measurements and exposure studies. All the above techniques showed promising results which indicated that the ILs as corrosion inhibitors used were of the mixed-type following both physisorption and chemisorption over the mild steel surface. Among the two inhibitors studied here, l-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium chlo- ride （[OMIM]^＋[CI]^-） with longer alkyl chain exhibited better inhibition efficiency and much lesser cor- rosion rate than 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride （[BMIM]^＋[Ci]^-） with a shorter alkyl chain. The results obtained from various methodologies indicate that ionic liquids can be explored to develop anti-corrosive completion fluids suitable for oil and gas reservoirs.展开更多
The question arises whether organized life (as it exists on the Earth) exists on newly-found planets or not, such as Kepler 186f, in our Galaxy. The Earth’s evolution is defined by three critical factors: 1) Solar lu...The question arises whether organized life (as it exists on the Earth) exists on newly-found planets or not, such as Kepler 186f, in our Galaxy. The Earth’s evolution is defined by three critical factors: 1) Solar luminosity, 2) The distance between the Earth and Sun and 3) The Earth’s mass and chemical compositions. All these variables were favorable for the emergence and development of highly-organized life on our Earth.展开更多
The utilization of supercritical fluids (SCF) in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) further complicates the hydrocarbon products identification and analysis process due to the dilution of hydrocarbon peaks by the pre...The utilization of supercritical fluids (SCF) in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) further complicates the hydrocarbon products identification and analysis process due to the dilution of hydrocarbon peaks by the predominant solvent peak. Therefore, in this project, a custom-made Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis system was designed and implemented to identify and quantify SCF-FTS products. The FTS products were identified using two different methods. The first was through retention time matching by injecting standard solutions, and the second was through the use of the GC/MS system. The quantification of CO and CH4 was achieved by using external standards, where the CO conversion was calculated by relating the peak area of CO to the peak area of an internal standard (argon) while the CH4 selectivity was calculated by relating the peak area of CH4 to that of CO. After setting and calibrating the GC system, two reaction conditions (gas phase: 240°C, 20 bar syngas with 2:1 H2:CO molar feed ratio and for the supercritical fluids FTS (SCF-FTS): 240°C, 65 bar with 20 bar syngas partial pressure and 2:1 H2:CO molar feed ratio) were used to compare the different FTS reaction media. The comparison between the gas phase FTS and the SCF-FTS showed the following: carbon monoxide conversion was improved by 14% in the SCF-FTS, while the hydrocarbon product profile SCF-FTS showed 78% reduction in light hydrocarbons (C1 - C4) products, 35% increase in middle distillates (C11 - C22) products compared to gas phase FTS. These improvements have resulted in higher chain growth probability for the SCF-FTS (α = 0.85) compared to the gas phase FTS (α = 0.76). These results are generally in agreement with previously reported enhancement in the SCF-FTS[1].展开更多
We analyzed two types of crude oil samples: Middle Eastern crude oil and Texas crude oil by using a residual gas analyzer (RGA) based on the linear quadrupole principle. This portable mass analyzer is capable of measu...We analyzed two types of crude oil samples: Middle Eastern crude oil and Texas crude oil by using a residual gas analyzer (RGA) based on the linear quadrupole principle. This portable mass analyzer is capable of measuring hydrocarbons with masses of up to 300 atomic mass units (amu) as well as low mass targets, such as methane and carbon dioxide at ppm level concentrations. The generated mass spectra revealed differences in the composition and signal intensity of hydrocarbons of Middle Eastern and Texas crude oil samples. Even if RGA 300 is manufactured to be served as a detailed gas analysis of vacuum systems, we have shown that it is sensitively capable of detection of hydrocarbons and it enables one to qualitative and quantitative analysis of the composition of the crude oils.展开更多
Imaging with high definition video camera is an important technique to visualize the drilling conditions and to study the physics of complex multiphase flow associated with the hole cleaning process.The main advantage...Imaging with high definition video camera is an important technique to visualize the drilling conditions and to study the physics of complex multiphase flow associated with the hole cleaning process.The main advantage of visualizing multiphase flow in a drilling annulus is that the viewer can easily distinguish fluid phases,flow patterns and thicknesses of cutting beds.In this paper the hole cleaning process which involves the transportation of cuttings through a horizontal annulus was studied.The two-phase(solid-liquid)and the three-phase(solid-liquid-gas)flow conditions involved in this kind of annular transportation were experimentally simulated and images were taken using a high definition camera.Analyzing the captured images,a number of important parameters like velocities of different phases,heights of solid beds and sizes of gas bubbles were determined.Two different techniques based on an image analysis software and MATLAB coding were used for the determinations.The results were compared to validate the image analyzing methodology.The visualization technique developed in this paper has a direct application in investigating the critical conditions required for efficient hole cleaning as well as in optimizing the mud program during both planning and operational phases of drilling.Particularly,it would be useful in predicting the cuttings transport performance,estimating solid bed height,gas bubble size,and mean velocities of bubbles/particles.展开更多
Heavy crude oil(HCO)production,processing,and transportation forms several practical challenges to the oil and gas industry,due to its higher viscosity.Understanding the shear rheology of this HCO is highly important ...Heavy crude oil(HCO)production,processing,and transportation forms several practical challenges to the oil and gas industry,due to its higher viscosity.Understanding the shear rheology of this HCO is highly important to tackle production and flow assurance.The environmental and economic viability of the conventional methods(thermal or dilution with organic solvents),force the industry to find an alternative.The present study was constructed to investigate the effect of eco-friendly ionic liquids(ILs)on the HCO's rheology,at high temperature and high pressure.Eight different alkyl ammonium ILs were screened for HCO's shear rheology at the temperatures of 25-100℃ and for pressures 0.1e10 MPa.The addition of ILs reduced the HCO's viscosity substantially from 25 to 33%from their original HCO viscosity.Also,it aids to reduce the yield stress to about 15-20%at all the studied experimental conditions.Furthermore,the viscoelastic property of the HCO was studied for both strain-sweep and frequencysweep and noticed the ILs helps to increase HCO's loss modulus(G00)by reducing storage modulus(G0),it leads to the reduction of the crossover point around 25-32%than the standard HCO.Mean the ILs addition with HCO converts its solid-like nature into liquid-like material.Besides,the effect ILs chain length was also studied and found the ILs which has lengthier chain length shows better efficiency on the flow-ability.Finally,the microscopic investigation of the HCO sample was analyzed with and without ILs and witnessed that these ILs help to fragment the flocculated HCO into smaller fractions.These findings indicate that the ILs could be considered as the better alternative for efficient oil production,processing,and transportation.展开更多
Magnesium alloys containing biocompatible components show tremendous promise for applications as temporary biomedical devices. However, to ensure their safe use as biodegradeable implants, it is essential to control t...Magnesium alloys containing biocompatible components show tremendous promise for applications as temporary biomedical devices. However, to ensure their safe use as biodegradeable implants, it is essential to control their corrosion rates. In concentrated Mg alloys, a microgalvanic coupling between the α-Mg matrix and secondary precipitates exists which results in increased corrosion rate. To address this challenge, we engineered the microstructure of a biodegradable Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy by friction stir processing (FSP), improving its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties simultaneously. The FS processed alloy with refined grains and broken and uniformly distributed secondary precipitates showed a relatively uniform corrosion morphology accompanied with the formation of a stable passive layer on the alloy surface. In vivo corrosion evaluation of the processed alloy in a small animal model showed that the material was well-tolerated with no signs of inflammation or harmful by-products. Remarkably, the processed alloy supported bone until it healed till eight weeks with a low in vivo corrosion rate of 0.7 mm/year. Moreover, we analyzed blood and histology of the critical organs such as liver and kidney, which showed normal functionality and consistent ion and enzyme levels, throughout the 12- week study period. These results demonstrate that the processed Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy offers promising potential for osseointegration in bone tissue healing while also exhibiting controlled biodegradability due to its engineered microstructure. The results from the present study will have profound benefit for bone fracture management, particularly in pediatric and elderly patients.展开更多
文摘Petroleum and Natural Gas still represent a considerable share in terms of energy consumption in the current global matrix, so that its exploration/exploitation is present in the market and driving activities in locations of specific complexities, as the ones along unconventional hydrocarbon resources from the Brazilian pre-salt. The daily cost of well drilling under harsh conditions can exceed US $1 million a day, turning any type of downtime or necessary maintenance during the activities to be very costly, moment in which processes optimization starts to be a key factor in costs reduction. Thus, new technologies and methods in terms of automating and optimizing the processes may be of great advantages, having its impact in total related project costs. In this context, the goal of this research is to allow a computation tool supporting achieving a more efficient drilling process, by means of drilling mechanics parameters choosiness aiming rate of penetration (ROP) maximization and mechanic specific energy (MSE) minimization. Conceptually, driven by the pre-operational drilling test curve trends, the proposed system allows it to be performed with less human influences and being updateable automatically, allowing more precision and time reduction by selecting optimum parameters. A Web Operating System (Web OS) was designed and implemented, running in online servers, granting accessibility to it with any device that has a browser and internet connection. It allows processing the drilling parameters supplied and feed into it, issuing outcomes with optimum values in a faster and precise way, allowing reducing operating time.
基金supported by the the Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research (ICSR),Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Chennai (Project Number OEC/10 11/530/NFSC/JITE)the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT),Chennai,India (Project Number OEC/10-11/105/NIOT/JITE)
文摘Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems have not yet been developed in open literatures and thus require urgent attention. In this work, the first attempt has been made to model phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrates of CH4, CO2 and N2 in aqueous solution of TBAB. A thermodynamic model for gas hydrate system as proposed by Chen and Guo has been extended for semiclathrate hydrates of gases in aqueous solution of TBAB. A correlation for the activity of water relating to the system temperature, concentration of TBAB in the system and the nature of vip gas molecule has been proposed. The model results have been validated against available experimental data on phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrate systems of aqueous TBAB with different gases as vip molecule. The extended Chen and Guo＇s model is found to be suitable to explain the promotion effect of TBAB for the studied gaseous system such as, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen as a vip molecule. Additionally, a correlation for the increase in equilibrium formation temperature （hydrate promotion temperature, ATp） of semiclathrate hydrate system with respect to pure gas hydrate system has been developed and applied to semiclathrate hydrate of TBAB with several gases as vip molecules. The developed correlation is found to predict the promotion effect satisfactorily for the system studied.
文摘Most of the onshore and offshore oil and gas reservoirs are facing operational challenges due to high temperature and high salinity, thus requiring advanced techniques for realizing the ex- pected oil recovery with the use of specially designed chemicals. During oil and gas well development, completion fluids, which are solids-free liquids, are used to complete an oil or gas well. Completion flu- ids consisting of brines are primarily used for oil and gas well stabilization and are corrosive in nature. There is a need to develop additives to be added with completion fluids to address the corrosive nature. The present investigation involved the usage of two imidazolium ionic liquids （ILs） as corrosion inhibi- tors for mild steel in various completion brine （CaCI2, HCOOCs and ZnBr2） fluids. The study was per- formed using various techniques, such as, potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss measurements and exposure studies. All the above techniques showed promising results which indicated that the ILs as corrosion inhibitors used were of the mixed-type following both physisorption and chemisorption over the mild steel surface. Among the two inhibitors studied here, l-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium chlo- ride （[OMIM]^＋[CI]^-） with longer alkyl chain exhibited better inhibition efficiency and much lesser cor- rosion rate than 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride （[BMIM]^＋[Ci]^-） with a shorter alkyl chain. The results obtained from various methodologies indicate that ionic liquids can be explored to develop anti-corrosive completion fluids suitable for oil and gas reservoirs.
文摘The question arises whether organized life (as it exists on the Earth) exists on newly-found planets or not, such as Kepler 186f, in our Galaxy. The Earth’s evolution is defined by three critical factors: 1) Solar luminosity, 2) The distance between the Earth and Sun and 3) The Earth’s mass and chemical compositions. All these variables were favorable for the emergence and development of highly-organized life on our Earth.
文摘The utilization of supercritical fluids (SCF) in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) further complicates the hydrocarbon products identification and analysis process due to the dilution of hydrocarbon peaks by the predominant solvent peak. Therefore, in this project, a custom-made Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis system was designed and implemented to identify and quantify SCF-FTS products. The FTS products were identified using two different methods. The first was through retention time matching by injecting standard solutions, and the second was through the use of the GC/MS system. The quantification of CO and CH4 was achieved by using external standards, where the CO conversion was calculated by relating the peak area of CO to the peak area of an internal standard (argon) while the CH4 selectivity was calculated by relating the peak area of CH4 to that of CO. After setting and calibrating the GC system, two reaction conditions (gas phase: 240°C, 20 bar syngas with 2:1 H2:CO molar feed ratio and for the supercritical fluids FTS (SCF-FTS): 240°C, 65 bar with 20 bar syngas partial pressure and 2:1 H2:CO molar feed ratio) were used to compare the different FTS reaction media. The comparison between the gas phase FTS and the SCF-FTS showed the following: carbon monoxide conversion was improved by 14% in the SCF-FTS, while the hydrocarbon product profile SCF-FTS showed 78% reduction in light hydrocarbons (C1 - C4) products, 35% increase in middle distillates (C11 - C22) products compared to gas phase FTS. These improvements have resulted in higher chain growth probability for the SCF-FTS (α = 0.85) compared to the gas phase FTS (α = 0.76). These results are generally in agreement with previously reported enhancement in the SCF-FTS[1].
文摘We analyzed two types of crude oil samples: Middle Eastern crude oil and Texas crude oil by using a residual gas analyzer (RGA) based on the linear quadrupole principle. This portable mass analyzer is capable of measuring hydrocarbons with masses of up to 300 atomic mass units (amu) as well as low mass targets, such as methane and carbon dioxide at ppm level concentrations. The generated mass spectra revealed differences in the composition and signal intensity of hydrocarbons of Middle Eastern and Texas crude oil samples. Even if RGA 300 is manufactured to be served as a detailed gas analysis of vacuum systems, we have shown that it is sensitively capable of detection of hydrocarbons and it enables one to qualitative and quantitative analysis of the composition of the crude oils.
基金The authors are grateful to the Qatar Foundation,Texas A&M University at Qatar,and Qatar University.The authors would also like to acknowledge the start-up fund provided by Texas A&M University,Qatar.
文摘Imaging with high definition video camera is an important technique to visualize the drilling conditions and to study the physics of complex multiphase flow associated with the hole cleaning process.The main advantage of visualizing multiphase flow in a drilling annulus is that the viewer can easily distinguish fluid phases,flow patterns and thicknesses of cutting beds.In this paper the hole cleaning process which involves the transportation of cuttings through a horizontal annulus was studied.The two-phase(solid-liquid)and the three-phase(solid-liquid-gas)flow conditions involved in this kind of annular transportation were experimentally simulated and images were taken using a high definition camera.Analyzing the captured images,a number of important parameters like velocities of different phases,heights of solid beds and sizes of gas bubbles were determined.Two different techniques based on an image analysis software and MATLAB coding were used for the determinations.The results were compared to validate the image analyzing methodology.The visualization technique developed in this paper has a direct application in investigating the critical conditions required for efficient hole cleaning as well as in optimizing the mud program during both planning and operational phases of drilling.Particularly,it would be useful in predicting the cuttings transport performance,estimating solid bed height,gas bubble size,and mean velocities of bubbles/particles.
文摘Heavy crude oil(HCO)production,processing,and transportation forms several practical challenges to the oil and gas industry,due to its higher viscosity.Understanding the shear rheology of this HCO is highly important to tackle production and flow assurance.The environmental and economic viability of the conventional methods(thermal or dilution with organic solvents),force the industry to find an alternative.The present study was constructed to investigate the effect of eco-friendly ionic liquids(ILs)on the HCO's rheology,at high temperature and high pressure.Eight different alkyl ammonium ILs were screened for HCO's shear rheology at the temperatures of 25-100℃ and for pressures 0.1e10 MPa.The addition of ILs reduced the HCO's viscosity substantially from 25 to 33%from their original HCO viscosity.Also,it aids to reduce the yield stress to about 15-20%at all the studied experimental conditions.Furthermore,the viscoelastic property of the HCO was studied for both strain-sweep and frequencysweep and noticed the ILs helps to increase HCO's loss modulus(G00)by reducing storage modulus(G0),it leads to the reduction of the crossover point around 25-32%than the standard HCO.Mean the ILs addition with HCO converts its solid-like nature into liquid-like material.Besides,the effect ILs chain length was also studied and found the ILs which has lengthier chain length shows better efficiency on the flow-ability.Finally,the microscopic investigation of the HCO sample was analyzed with and without ILs and witnessed that these ILs help to fragment the flocculated HCO into smaller fractions.These findings indicate that the ILs could be considered as the better alternative for efficient oil production,processing,and transportation.
文摘Magnesium alloys containing biocompatible components show tremendous promise for applications as temporary biomedical devices. However, to ensure their safe use as biodegradeable implants, it is essential to control their corrosion rates. In concentrated Mg alloys, a microgalvanic coupling between the α-Mg matrix and secondary precipitates exists which results in increased corrosion rate. To address this challenge, we engineered the microstructure of a biodegradable Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy by friction stir processing (FSP), improving its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties simultaneously. The FS processed alloy with refined grains and broken and uniformly distributed secondary precipitates showed a relatively uniform corrosion morphology accompanied with the formation of a stable passive layer on the alloy surface. In vivo corrosion evaluation of the processed alloy in a small animal model showed that the material was well-tolerated with no signs of inflammation or harmful by-products. Remarkably, the processed alloy supported bone until it healed till eight weeks with a low in vivo corrosion rate of 0.7 mm/year. Moreover, we analyzed blood and histology of the critical organs such as liver and kidney, which showed normal functionality and consistent ion and enzyme levels, throughout the 12- week study period. These results demonstrate that the processed Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy offers promising potential for osseointegration in bone tissue healing while also exhibiting controlled biodegradability due to its engineered microstructure. The results from the present study will have profound benefit for bone fracture management, particularly in pediatric and elderly patients.
