A new approach for prediction of face advance rete (FAR) prior to mining operation and determination of the operation efficiency after mining operation in retreat longwall mining panel is presented based upon the conc...A new approach for prediction of face advance rete (FAR) prior to mining operation and determination of the operation efficiency after mining operation in retreat longwall mining panel is presented based upon the concepts of rock engineering system (RES). For this purpose, six longwall panels considered in Parvadeh-I coal mine. Seven major effective parameters on FAR was selected including coal mine roof rating, gas propagation, safety factor of longwall face, ratio of joint spacing to cutting depth at longwall face, longwall face inclination, panel width, floor rock mass rating. To performance evaluation of the presented model, the relationship between the average vulnerability indexes of advance operation with FAR was determined in considered panels with coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.884 that indicate relatively acceptable correlation and compatibility. Investigations of the research indicated that it is possible to determine the actual operation efficiency under fair conditions by a RES-based model. The inevitable reduction of FAR for each longwall panel was determined by presented model that the difference amount between the maximum possible practical face advance rate (FARmpp) and recorded actual face advance rate (FARa) indicate the operation efficiency. Applied approach in this paper can be used to prediction of FAR in retreat longwall mining panel for same conditions that can have many benefits, including better and more accurate planning for the sales market and mine operation. Also, presented method in this paper can be applied as a useful tool to determination of actual operation efficiency for other sections and extraction methods in coal mines.展开更多
Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightfo...Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.展开更多
The Cretaceous Kazhdumi and Gurpi forma- tions, Ahmadi Member of the Sarvak Formation, and Paleogene Pabdeh Formation are important source rock candidates of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene pet- roleum system in t...The Cretaceous Kazhdumi and Gurpi forma- tions, Ahmadi Member of the Sarvak Formation, and Paleogene Pabdeh Formation are important source rock candidates of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene pet- roleum system in the Persian Gulf. This study characterizes generation potential, type of organic matter, and thermal maturity of 262 cutting samples （marls and argillaceous limestones） from these rock units taken from 16 fields in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the burial and thermal histories of these source rocks were analyzed by one-dimensional basin modeling. Based on the total organic carbon and genetic potential values, fair hydro- carbon generation potential is suggested for the studied samples. Based on Tma~ and vitrinite reflectance values, the studied samples are thermally immature to mature for hydrocarbon generation. The generated models indicate that studied source rocks are immature in central wells. The Gurpi and Pabdeh formations are immature and the Ahmadi Member and Kazhdumi Formation are early mature in the western wells. The Pabdeh Formation is within the main oil window and other source rocks are at the late oil window in the eastern wells. The hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks began after deposition of related caprocks which ensures entrapment and preserva- tion of migrated hydrocarbon.展开更多
Based on the analysis of characteristics and advantages of HSO(harmony search optimization) algorithm, HSO was used in reservoir engineering assisted history matching of Kareem reservoir in Amal field in the Gulf of S...Based on the analysis of characteristics and advantages of HSO(harmony search optimization) algorithm, HSO was used in reservoir engineering assisted history matching of Kareem reservoir in Amal field in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. HSO algorithm has the following advantages:(1) The good balance between exploration and exploitation techniques during searching for optimal solutions makes the HSO algorithm robust and efficient.(2) The diversity of generated solutions is more effectively controlled by two components, making it suitable for highly non-linear problems in reservoir engineering history matching.(3) The integration between the three components(harmony memory values, pitch adjusting and randomization) of the HSO helps in finding unbiased solutions.(4) The implementation process of the HSO algorithm is much easier. The HSO algorithm and two other commonly used algorithms(genetic and particle swarm optimization algorithms) were used in three reservoir engineering history match questions of different complex degrees, which are two material balance history matches of different scales and one reservoir history matching. The results were compared, which proves the superiority and validity of HSO. The results of Kareem reservoir history matching show that using the HSO algorithm as the optimization method in the assisted history matching workflow improves the simulation quality and saves solution time significantly.展开更多
Utilization of petroleum coke in the rejuvenating Nigerian metallurgical industry is currently satisfied by importation from more industrialized nations of the world such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela where delayed...Utilization of petroleum coke in the rejuvenating Nigerian metallurgical industry is currently satisfied by importation from more industrialized nations of the world such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela where delayed coking plants operate and grow in number. The sad years of poor planning have revealed lapses in integration and synergic planning of our industrial complex. The sources of petroleum coke feedstock have been identified and confirmed as atmospheric and vacuum residues of Nigerian refineries. Analysis has portrayed a symbiotic relationship between the metallurgical industry as one of the major end users of various petroleum coke grades, the shot coke, the sponge coke and the needle coke, and the petroleum industry on its part benefiting while providing ready market for steel sheet metals for even coke drum manufacture. This effort shall greatly increase the Nigerian content in these key industrial sectors, with the resultant reduction in capital flight through importation, if rethinking, and re-strategizing are injected into our industrial planning, and revamps models. Redesign options of existing refineries and reengineering of newly proposed refineries should contain resid processing units such as Delayed Coking Plant which will deepen conversion of residual petroleum feed stocks and produce various petroleum coke grades for utilization in power generation sector and our growing metallurgical and electrode industries.展开更多
A new nanocomposite polymer gel is synthesized for reduction of excess water production in petroleum reservoirs at real operating conditions.This new nanocomposite gel contains SiO2 nanoparticles,partially hydrolyzed ...A new nanocomposite polymer gel is synthesized for reduction of excess water production in petroleum reservoirs at real operating conditions.This new nanocomposite gel contains SiO2 nanoparticles,partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM)and chromium triacetate.High pressure and high temperature tests using porous carbonate core are carried out to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles on the synthesized polymer gel performance.It is shown that the residual resistance factor ratio of water to oil using the synthesized polymer gel nanocomposite in this work is much higher than that of the ordinary polymer gels.The presented results confirm the high performance of the synthesized nanocomposite polymer gel for decreasing the water flow through porous carbonate bed.A mathematical model for description of oil and water flow behavior in the presence of synthesized nanocomposite polymer gel is also presented.The presented nano polymer gel leads to considerable cost saving in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)processes.展开更多
Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau Formation of the Cretaceous Age,an important source rock in western Iran,to reveal its potential as an oilprone source rock.The C_(28)/C_(29)ste...Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau Formation of the Cretaceous Age,an important source rock in western Iran,to reveal its potential as an oilprone source rock.The C_(28)/C_(29)sterane ratio value range(0.72 to 0.83)of bitumen samples from the formation suggests that they were likely formed during phytoplankton blooms.Sterane,hopane,and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios indicate that the formation's organic matter predominantly consists of algae,and bacteria,accompanied by some reworked material derived from higher plants.Due to the predominance of anoxic conditions and the actions of sulfate-reducing bacteria,the bitumen present is enriched with sulfur compounds.The percentages of saturates,aromatics,and nitrogen-sulfuroxygen(NSO)fractions in the bitumen samples classify them as naphthenic oils.Isotope analysis reveals that biodegradation and water-washing have reduced the concentrations of some volatile saturates and low molecular weight aromatics in the bitumen samples.These actions have resulted in distinctiveδ^(13)C values for the formation's kerogen and bitumen fractions.The formation's organic matter has been subjected to high-temperature thermal regimes and has entered the oil-generation window at the sampled localities,with vitrinite reflectance(%R_(C))varying between 0.7%and 0.75%.展开更多
Immobilization of alcalase on a ZIF-L(A@ZIF-L)support was explored for its potential application in producing hydrolysates of proteins extracted from microalgae.The immobilized enzyme was characterized using FTIR,XRD,...Immobilization of alcalase on a ZIF-L(A@ZIF-L)support was explored for its potential application in producing hydrolysates of proteins extracted from microalgae.The immobilized enzyme was characterized using FTIR,XRD,SEM,and TGA,and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 672.1±5.5 mg g^(-1)at 40℃.Adsorption equilibrium data indicated that alcalase physically adsorbed onto the ZIF-L,with the isotherm well described by the Freundlich model.The adsorption kinetics aligned best with the pseudo-first order model,suggesting that both film and intraparticle diffusion were significant.The hydrolytic activity of the immobilized A@ZIF-L was initially tested using BSA as a substrate.A diffusion-reaction model was developed and numerically solved to describe the reaction,with results confirming the presence of mass transfer limitations in the early stages of hydrolysis.The stability of the immobilized enzyme was demonstrated by retaining over 90%of its initial activity after being stored at 4℃ for 70 days.Furthermore,the immobilized A@ZIF-L was used to hy-drolyze protein extracts derived from Scenedesmus sp.microalgae.The bioactivity of the resulting protein hy-drolysates was characterized,showing a total phenolic content of 29.1±0.6 mg GAE g^(-1)and a radical scavenging activity of 82.75±2.20%.These findings highlight the potential of Alcalase-based biocatalysts for applications in the food industry.展开更多
Nanoparticles have already gained attentions for their countless potential applications in enhanced oil recovery.Nano-sized particles would help to recover trapped oil by several mechanisms including interfacial tensi...Nanoparticles have already gained attentions for their countless potential applications in enhanced oil recovery.Nano-sized particles would help to recover trapped oil by several mechanisms including interfacial tension reduction, impulsive emulsion formation and wettability alteration of porous media. The presence of dispersed nanoparticles in injected fluids would enhance the recovery process through their movement towards oil–water interface. This would cause the interfacial tension to be reduced. In this research, the effects of different types of nanoparticles and different nanoparticle concentrations on EOR processes were investigated. Different flooding experiments were investigated to reveal enhancing oil recovery mechanisms. The results showed that nanoparticles have the ability to reduce the IFT as well as contact angle, making the solid surface to more water wet. As nanoparticle concentration increases more trapped oil was produced mainly due to wettability alteration to water wet and IFT reduction. However, pore blockage was also observed due to adsorption of nanoparticles, a phenomenon which caused the injection pressure to increase. Nonetheless, such higher injection pressure could displace some trapped oil in the small pore channels out of the model. The investigated results gave a clear indication that the EOR potential of nanoparticle fluid is significant.展开更多
In this work, the rheological changes of several crude oil samples exposed to ultrasonic waves for different time intervals in addition to the effect of temperature on viscosity behavior of heavy crude oils were inves...In this work, the rheological changes of several crude oil samples exposed to ultrasonic waves for different time intervals in addition to the effect of temperature on viscosity behavior of heavy crude oils were investigated using a series of steady shear flow and oscillatory tests. The colloidal structural evolutions of flocs in oil samples were illustrated by analysis of the size distribution of flocculated asphaltene particles （confocal microscopy tests）. The rheological investigations indicate that the ultrasonic irradiation dissolved heavy components in crude oil. After ultrasonic treatment, the Kouh-e-Mond crude oil was found to be pseudoplastic. In addition, confocal microscopy confirms that there was an optimum duration for ultrasonic irradiation, at which the viscosity and flocculation rate of asphaltenic crude oils reduced to the minimum values. The optimum was found to be approximately 40 min for the Kouh-e-Mond crude oil. Experimental results illustrate that the ultrasonic irradiation could disaggregate heavy colloid components in crude oil, and breakdown of asphaltene molecules would only occur in a specific time interval of irradiation. Also according to the temperature sweep test, the oil temperature rise caused by ultrasonic irradiation was not the main reason for theological changes of the crude oil and this alteration may be due to physical and chemical phenomena induced by sonication in crude oil.展开更多
The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eu...The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches of the ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software.To study the droplet size distribution(DSD),the Eulerian formulation incorporating a population balance model(PBM)was employed.For the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach,a discrete phase model(DPM)in conjunction with the Eulerian approach for continuous phase simulation was used to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of droplets.In both approaches,a shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model was used.For validation purposes,the simulated results were compared with the experimental data and theoretical values for the Fanning friction factor,Sauter mean diameter and the mean residence time.The reliability of the computational model was further assessed by comparing the results with the available empirical correlations for Fanning friction factor and Sauter mean diameter.In addition,the influence of important geometrical and operational parameters,including the number of mixing elements and Weber number,was studied.It was found that the proposed models are capable of predicting the performance of the Kenics static mixer reasonably well.展开更多
Pure aluminum samples were processed by equal channel angular pressing（ECAP） up to 10 passes at room temperature. The effects of the ECAP number of passes on the microstructure evolution, the mechanical properties, ...Pure aluminum samples were processed by equal channel angular pressing（ECAP） up to 10 passes at room temperature. The effects of the ECAP number of passes on the microstructure evolution, the mechanical properties, deformation homogeneity and corrosion behavior of the processed samples were fully investigated. The imposed strain resulted in an obvious reduction in the grain size from 390 μm before ECAP down to 1.8, 0.4, and 0.3 μm after ECAP up to 2, 4 and 10 passes, respectively. The microhardness, deformation homogeneity and tensile strength were increased while the elongation decreased with the increase of ECAP number of passes. Immersion tests, open circuit potential, Tafel polarization, cyclic polarization and potentiostatic measurements in 3.5% Na Cl solution revealed an obvious improvement in the corrosion resistance of ECAP processed samples compared with the as-cast sample. The increase of the number of passes can be used successfully in producing ultra-fine grained（UFG） bulk pure aluminum sample with a high misorientation angle, reasonably high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.展开更多
In coal mining industry,with the depth growing of coal mines,the creep behaviours of coal and rock can extensively affect the mining safety,coalbed methane recovery and geo-sequestration.To acquire a better insight in...In coal mining industry,with the depth growing of coal mines,the creep behaviours of coal and rock can extensively affect the mining safety,coalbed methane recovery and geo-sequestration.To acquire a better insight into their creep characteristics,an efficient and robust researching technique,nanoindentation,was applied to investigate the creep performances of coal and rock samples obtained from two coal mines in the east of China.Creep characteristics were reflected by evaluating the curves of creep depth versus creep time of nanoindentation tests during the load-holding period at the peak load of 30 mN.These curves can be divided into two stages:transient stage and steady stage;and the time of load-holding period of 5 s,which is the dividing point between two stages,can efficiently avoid the influence of creep displacement on the unloading curves.The exponential function can perfectly fit creep curves and Kelvin model can be used to calculate the rheological parameters of coal and rock samples.Calculated results yield values for the creep modulus and viscosity terms of coal and rock.This study also settled a particular emphasis on the selection of the positions of indentations to obtain the rheological properties of mineralogical constituents in heterogonous coal and rock samples and their elastic aftereffect.展开更多
Gas compressibility factor （z-Factor） is one of the most important parameters in upstream and downstream calculations of petroleum industries.The importance of z-Factor cannot be overemphasized in oil and gas engine...Gas compressibility factor （z-Factor） is one of the most important parameters in upstream and downstream calculations of petroleum industries.The importance of z-Factor cannot be overemphasized in oil and gas engineering calculations.The experimental measurements,Equations of State （EoS） and empirical correlations are the most common sources of z-Factor calculations.There are more than twenty correlations available with two variables for calculating the z-Factor from fitting in an EoS or just through fitting techniques.However,these correlations are too complex,which require initial value and more complicated and longer computations or have magnitude error.The purpose of this study is to develop a new accurate correlation to rapidly estimate z-Factor.Result of this correlation is compared with large scale of database and experimental data also.Proposed correlation has 1.660 of Absolute Percent Relative Error （EABS） versus Standing and Katz chart and has also 3.221 of EABS versus experimental data.The output of this correlation can be directly assumed or be used as an initial value of other implicit correlations.This correlation is valid for gas coefficient of isothermal compressibility （cg） calculations also.展开更多
Gas hydrates have recently emerged as a better alternative for the production,storage,and transportation of natural gases.However,factors like slow formation rate and limited storage capacity obstruct the possible ind...Gas hydrates have recently emerged as a better alternative for the production,storage,and transportation of natural gases.However,factors like slow formation rate and limited storage capacity obstruct the possible industrial application of this technique.Different types of promoters and synergists have been developed that can improve the kinetics and storage capacity of gas hydrates.This review focuses on different kinetic promoters and synergists that can be utilized to enhance the storage capacity of hydrates.The main characteristics,structure and the possible limitations of the use of these promoters are likewise portrayed in detail.The relationship between structure and storage capacity of hydrates have also been discussed in the review.Current status of production of gas from hydrates,their restrictions,and future difficulties have additionally been addressed in the ensuing areas of the review.展开更多
Casing collapse is one of the costly incidents in the oil industry. In the oil fields of southwest Iran, most casing collapses have occurred in Gachsaran formation, and the halite rock salt layer in this formation may...Casing collapse is one of the costly incidents in the oil industry. In the oil fields of southwest Iran, most casing collapses have occurred in Gachsaran formation, and the halite rock salt layer in this formation may be the main cause for these incidents because of its peculiar creep behavior. In this research, triaxial creep experiments have been conducted on Gachsaran salt samples under various temperatures and differential stresses. The main purpose was to determine the creep characteristics of Gachsaran rock salt,and to examine the role of creep in several casing collapses that occurred in this formation. Results indicated that the halite rock salt of Gachsaran formation basically obeys the power law;however, its creep parameters are quite different from other halite rocks elsewhere. The time-dependent creep of Gachsaran rock salt exhibits strong sensitivity to temperature change;however, its sensitivity to variation of differential stress is rather low. The numerical simulation of the rock salt creep in a real oil well demonstrated the importance of creep and reservoir conditions on the safety factor of the tubing related to casing collapse.展开更多
文摘A new approach for prediction of face advance rete (FAR) prior to mining operation and determination of the operation efficiency after mining operation in retreat longwall mining panel is presented based upon the concepts of rock engineering system (RES). For this purpose, six longwall panels considered in Parvadeh-I coal mine. Seven major effective parameters on FAR was selected including coal mine roof rating, gas propagation, safety factor of longwall face, ratio of joint spacing to cutting depth at longwall face, longwall face inclination, panel width, floor rock mass rating. To performance evaluation of the presented model, the relationship between the average vulnerability indexes of advance operation with FAR was determined in considered panels with coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.884 that indicate relatively acceptable correlation and compatibility. Investigations of the research indicated that it is possible to determine the actual operation efficiency under fair conditions by a RES-based model. The inevitable reduction of FAR for each longwall panel was determined by presented model that the difference amount between the maximum possible practical face advance rate (FARmpp) and recorded actual face advance rate (FARa) indicate the operation efficiency. Applied approach in this paper can be used to prediction of FAR in retreat longwall mining panel for same conditions that can have many benefits, including better and more accurate planning for the sales market and mine operation. Also, presented method in this paper can be applied as a useful tool to determination of actual operation efficiency for other sections and extraction methods in coal mines.
基金United Arab Emirates University (UAE) for providing funding of this research undergrant # 12N097。
文摘Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.
文摘The Cretaceous Kazhdumi and Gurpi forma- tions, Ahmadi Member of the Sarvak Formation, and Paleogene Pabdeh Formation are important source rock candidates of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene pet- roleum system in the Persian Gulf. This study characterizes generation potential, type of organic matter, and thermal maturity of 262 cutting samples （marls and argillaceous limestones） from these rock units taken from 16 fields in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the burial and thermal histories of these source rocks were analyzed by one-dimensional basin modeling. Based on the total organic carbon and genetic potential values, fair hydro- carbon generation potential is suggested for the studied samples. Based on Tma~ and vitrinite reflectance values, the studied samples are thermally immature to mature for hydrocarbon generation. The generated models indicate that studied source rocks are immature in central wells. The Gurpi and Pabdeh formations are immature and the Ahmadi Member and Kazhdumi Formation are early mature in the western wells. The Pabdeh Formation is within the main oil window and other source rocks are at the late oil window in the eastern wells. The hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks began after deposition of related caprocks which ensures entrapment and preserva- tion of migrated hydrocarbon.
文摘Based on the analysis of characteristics and advantages of HSO(harmony search optimization) algorithm, HSO was used in reservoir engineering assisted history matching of Kareem reservoir in Amal field in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. HSO algorithm has the following advantages:(1) The good balance between exploration and exploitation techniques during searching for optimal solutions makes the HSO algorithm robust and efficient.(2) The diversity of generated solutions is more effectively controlled by two components, making it suitable for highly non-linear problems in reservoir engineering history matching.(3) The integration between the three components(harmony memory values, pitch adjusting and randomization) of the HSO helps in finding unbiased solutions.(4) The implementation process of the HSO algorithm is much easier. The HSO algorithm and two other commonly used algorithms(genetic and particle swarm optimization algorithms) were used in three reservoir engineering history match questions of different complex degrees, which are two material balance history matches of different scales and one reservoir history matching. The results were compared, which proves the superiority and validity of HSO. The results of Kareem reservoir history matching show that using the HSO algorithm as the optimization method in the assisted history matching workflow improves the simulation quality and saves solution time significantly.
文摘Utilization of petroleum coke in the rejuvenating Nigerian metallurgical industry is currently satisfied by importation from more industrialized nations of the world such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela where delayed coking plants operate and grow in number. The sad years of poor planning have revealed lapses in integration and synergic planning of our industrial complex. The sources of petroleum coke feedstock have been identified and confirmed as atmospheric and vacuum residues of Nigerian refineries. Analysis has portrayed a symbiotic relationship between the metallurgical industry as one of the major end users of various petroleum coke grades, the shot coke, the sponge coke and the needle coke, and the petroleum industry on its part benefiting while providing ready market for steel sheet metals for even coke drum manufacture. This effort shall greatly increase the Nigerian content in these key industrial sectors, with the resultant reduction in capital flight through importation, if rethinking, and re-strategizing are injected into our industrial planning, and revamps models. Redesign options of existing refineries and reengineering of newly proposed refineries should contain resid processing units such as Delayed Coking Plant which will deepen conversion of residual petroleum feed stocks and produce various petroleum coke grades for utilization in power generation sector and our growing metallurgical and electrode industries.
文摘A new nanocomposite polymer gel is synthesized for reduction of excess water production in petroleum reservoirs at real operating conditions.This new nanocomposite gel contains SiO2 nanoparticles,partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM)and chromium triacetate.High pressure and high temperature tests using porous carbonate core are carried out to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles on the synthesized polymer gel performance.It is shown that the residual resistance factor ratio of water to oil using the synthesized polymer gel nanocomposite in this work is much higher than that of the ordinary polymer gels.The presented results confirm the high performance of the synthesized nanocomposite polymer gel for decreasing the water flow through porous carbonate bed.A mathematical model for description of oil and water flow behavior in the presence of synthesized nanocomposite polymer gel is also presented.The presented nano polymer gel leads to considerable cost saving in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)processes.
文摘Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau Formation of the Cretaceous Age,an important source rock in western Iran,to reveal its potential as an oilprone source rock.The C_(28)/C_(29)sterane ratio value range(0.72 to 0.83)of bitumen samples from the formation suggests that they were likely formed during phytoplankton blooms.Sterane,hopane,and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios indicate that the formation's organic matter predominantly consists of algae,and bacteria,accompanied by some reworked material derived from higher plants.Due to the predominance of anoxic conditions and the actions of sulfate-reducing bacteria,the bitumen present is enriched with sulfur compounds.The percentages of saturates,aromatics,and nitrogen-sulfuroxygen(NSO)fractions in the bitumen samples classify them as naphthenic oils.Isotope analysis reveals that biodegradation and water-washing have reduced the concentrations of some volatile saturates and low molecular weight aromatics in the bitumen samples.These actions have resulted in distinctiveδ^(13)C values for the formation's kerogen and bitumen fractions.The formation's organic matter has been subjected to high-temperature thermal regimes and has entered the oil-generation window at the sampled localities,with vitrinite reflectance(%R_(C))varying between 0.7%and 0.75%.
文摘Immobilization of alcalase on a ZIF-L(A@ZIF-L)support was explored for its potential application in producing hydrolysates of proteins extracted from microalgae.The immobilized enzyme was characterized using FTIR,XRD,SEM,and TGA,and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 672.1±5.5 mg g^(-1)at 40℃.Adsorption equilibrium data indicated that alcalase physically adsorbed onto the ZIF-L,with the isotherm well described by the Freundlich model.The adsorption kinetics aligned best with the pseudo-first order model,suggesting that both film and intraparticle diffusion were significant.The hydrolytic activity of the immobilized A@ZIF-L was initially tested using BSA as a substrate.A diffusion-reaction model was developed and numerically solved to describe the reaction,with results confirming the presence of mass transfer limitations in the early stages of hydrolysis.The stability of the immobilized enzyme was demonstrated by retaining over 90%of its initial activity after being stored at 4℃ for 70 days.Furthermore,the immobilized A@ZIF-L was used to hy-drolyze protein extracts derived from Scenedesmus sp.microalgae.The bioactivity of the resulting protein hy-drolysates was characterized,showing a total phenolic content of 29.1±0.6 mg GAE g^(-1)and a radical scavenging activity of 82.75±2.20%.These findings highlight the potential of Alcalase-based biocatalysts for applications in the food industry.
文摘Nanoparticles have already gained attentions for their countless potential applications in enhanced oil recovery.Nano-sized particles would help to recover trapped oil by several mechanisms including interfacial tension reduction, impulsive emulsion formation and wettability alteration of porous media. The presence of dispersed nanoparticles in injected fluids would enhance the recovery process through their movement towards oil–water interface. This would cause the interfacial tension to be reduced. In this research, the effects of different types of nanoparticles and different nanoparticle concentrations on EOR processes were investigated. Different flooding experiments were investigated to reveal enhancing oil recovery mechanisms. The results showed that nanoparticles have the ability to reduce the IFT as well as contact angle, making the solid surface to more water wet. As nanoparticle concentration increases more trapped oil was produced mainly due to wettability alteration to water wet and IFT reduction. However, pore blockage was also observed due to adsorption of nanoparticles, a phenomenon which caused the injection pressure to increase. Nonetheless, such higher injection pressure could displace some trapped oil in the small pore channels out of the model. The investigated results gave a clear indication that the EOR potential of nanoparticle fluid is significant.
文摘In this work, the rheological changes of several crude oil samples exposed to ultrasonic waves for different time intervals in addition to the effect of temperature on viscosity behavior of heavy crude oils were investigated using a series of steady shear flow and oscillatory tests. The colloidal structural evolutions of flocs in oil samples were illustrated by analysis of the size distribution of flocculated asphaltene particles （confocal microscopy tests）. The rheological investigations indicate that the ultrasonic irradiation dissolved heavy components in crude oil. After ultrasonic treatment, the Kouh-e-Mond crude oil was found to be pseudoplastic. In addition, confocal microscopy confirms that there was an optimum duration for ultrasonic irradiation, at which the viscosity and flocculation rate of asphaltenic crude oils reduced to the minimum values. The optimum was found to be approximately 40 min for the Kouh-e-Mond crude oil. Experimental results illustrate that the ultrasonic irradiation could disaggregate heavy colloid components in crude oil, and breakdown of asphaltene molecules would only occur in a specific time interval of irradiation. Also according to the temperature sweep test, the oil temperature rise caused by ultrasonic irradiation was not the main reason for theological changes of the crude oil and this alteration may be due to physical and chemical phenomena induced by sonication in crude oil.
文摘The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches of the ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software.To study the droplet size distribution(DSD),the Eulerian formulation incorporating a population balance model(PBM)was employed.For the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach,a discrete phase model(DPM)in conjunction with the Eulerian approach for continuous phase simulation was used to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of droplets.In both approaches,a shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model was used.For validation purposes,the simulated results were compared with the experimental data and theoretical values for the Fanning friction factor,Sauter mean diameter and the mean residence time.The reliability of the computational model was further assessed by comparing the results with the available empirical correlations for Fanning friction factor and Sauter mean diameter.In addition,the influence of important geometrical and operational parameters,including the number of mixing elements and Weber number,was studied.It was found that the proposed models are capable of predicting the performance of the Kenics static mixer reasonably well.
文摘Pure aluminum samples were processed by equal channel angular pressing（ECAP） up to 10 passes at room temperature. The effects of the ECAP number of passes on the microstructure evolution, the mechanical properties, deformation homogeneity and corrosion behavior of the processed samples were fully investigated. The imposed strain resulted in an obvious reduction in the grain size from 390 μm before ECAP down to 1.8, 0.4, and 0.3 μm after ECAP up to 2, 4 and 10 passes, respectively. The microhardness, deformation homogeneity and tensile strength were increased while the elongation decreased with the increase of ECAP number of passes. Immersion tests, open circuit potential, Tafel polarization, cyclic polarization and potentiostatic measurements in 3.5% Na Cl solution revealed an obvious improvement in the corrosion resistance of ECAP processed samples compared with the as-cast sample. The increase of the number of passes can be used successfully in producing ultra-fine grained（UFG） bulk pure aluminum sample with a high misorientation angle, reasonably high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
基金the projects of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020ZDPY0221)the Guizhou Science and Technology Department([2020]2Y026)。
文摘In coal mining industry,with the depth growing of coal mines,the creep behaviours of coal and rock can extensively affect the mining safety,coalbed methane recovery and geo-sequestration.To acquire a better insight into their creep characteristics,an efficient and robust researching technique,nanoindentation,was applied to investigate the creep performances of coal and rock samples obtained from two coal mines in the east of China.Creep characteristics were reflected by evaluating the curves of creep depth versus creep time of nanoindentation tests during the load-holding period at the peak load of 30 mN.These curves can be divided into two stages:transient stage and steady stage;and the time of load-holding period of 5 s,which is the dividing point between two stages,can efficiently avoid the influence of creep displacement on the unloading curves.The exponential function can perfectly fit creep curves and Kelvin model can be used to calculate the rheological parameters of coal and rock samples.Calculated results yield values for the creep modulus and viscosity terms of coal and rock.This study also settled a particular emphasis on the selection of the positions of indentations to obtain the rheological properties of mineralogical constituents in heterogonous coal and rock samples and their elastic aftereffect.
基金supported by Research Institute of Petroleum Industry-Kermanshah Campus
文摘Gas compressibility factor （z-Factor） is one of the most important parameters in upstream and downstream calculations of petroleum industries.The importance of z-Factor cannot be overemphasized in oil and gas engineering calculations.The experimental measurements,Equations of State （EoS） and empirical correlations are the most common sources of z-Factor calculations.There are more than twenty correlations available with two variables for calculating the z-Factor from fitting in an EoS or just through fitting techniques.However,these correlations are too complex,which require initial value and more complicated and longer computations or have magnitude error.The purpose of this study is to develop a new accurate correlation to rapidly estimate z-Factor.Result of this correlation is compared with large scale of database and experimental data also.Proposed correlation has 1.660 of Absolute Percent Relative Error （EABS） versus Standing and Katz chart and has also 3.221 of EABS versus experimental data.The output of this correlation can be directly assumed or be used as an initial value of other implicit correlations.This correlation is valid for gas coefficient of isothermal compressibility （cg） calculations also.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)under the Department of Science and Technology(DST)New Delhi,India,and Ministry of Earth Sciences(MoES)Government of India,New Delhi to the Department of Petroleum Engineering,Indian Institute of Techology(ISM),Dhanbad,India.
文摘Gas hydrates have recently emerged as a better alternative for the production,storage,and transportation of natural gases.However,factors like slow formation rate and limited storage capacity obstruct the possible industrial application of this technique.Different types of promoters and synergists have been developed that can improve the kinetics and storage capacity of gas hydrates.This review focuses on different kinetic promoters and synergists that can be utilized to enhance the storage capacity of hydrates.The main characteristics,structure and the possible limitations of the use of these promoters are likewise portrayed in detail.The relationship between structure and storage capacity of hydrates have also been discussed in the review.Current status of production of gas from hydrates,their restrictions,and future difficulties have additionally been addressed in the ensuing areas of the review.
基金funded by Iran National Science Foundation (Grant No. 96001589 and contract No. 96002219)
文摘Casing collapse is one of the costly incidents in the oil industry. In the oil fields of southwest Iran, most casing collapses have occurred in Gachsaran formation, and the halite rock salt layer in this formation may be the main cause for these incidents because of its peculiar creep behavior. In this research, triaxial creep experiments have been conducted on Gachsaran salt samples under various temperatures and differential stresses. The main purpose was to determine the creep characteristics of Gachsaran rock salt,and to examine the role of creep in several casing collapses that occurred in this formation. Results indicated that the halite rock salt of Gachsaran formation basically obeys the power law;however, its creep parameters are quite different from other halite rocks elsewhere. The time-dependent creep of Gachsaran rock salt exhibits strong sensitivity to temperature change;however, its sensitivity to variation of differential stress is rather low. The numerical simulation of the rock salt creep in a real oil well demonstrated the importance of creep and reservoir conditions on the safety factor of the tubing related to casing collapse.
