Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)high-entropy alloy(HEA)was reinforced by the small-radius Si.Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Six(x=0 and 0.25)HEAs were fabricated by laser melting deposition.The evolution of microstructure,nanohardness,and w...Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)high-entropy alloy(HEA)was reinforced by the small-radius Si.Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Six(x=0 and 0.25)HEAs were fabricated by laser melting deposition.The evolution of microstructure,nanohardness,and wear properties of Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Six(x=0 and 0.25)HEAs were systematically investigated.Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)HEA exhibits a face-centered cubic(FCC)matrix with Ni3Al-type ordered nanoprecipitates.When Si was doped,σphase and Cr-rich nanoprecipitates existed in the B2 matrix and L12 in the FCC matrix.The nanohardness was increased from 4.67 to 5.45 GPa with doping of Si,which is associated with forming the new phases and improved nanohardness of L12/FCC phases.The coefficient of friction(COF)value was reduced from 0.75 to 0.67 by adding Si.σphase and Cr-rich nanoprecipitates in B2 matrix support a decreased wear rate from 7.87×10^(-4) to 6.82×10^(-4) mm^(3)/(N m).Furthermore,the main wear mechanism of Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)and Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Si0.25 HEAs is abrasive wear.展开更多
As a reliable additive manufacturing technology,the stereolithography(SLA)ceramic core necessitates a tailored sintering process to achieve optimal performance.This study explored the effects of final sintering temper...As a reliable additive manufacturing technology,the stereolithography(SLA)ceramic core necessitates a tailored sintering process to achieve optimal performance.This study explored the effects of final sintering temperatures(specifically 1,150,1,250,and 1,300°C)on the properties of SLA-fabricated SiO_(2)-based ceramic cores reinforced with nano-ZrO_(2)(at concentrations of 1.0wt.%,1.5wt.%,and 2.0wt.%).The results demonstrate that increasing the final sintering temperature and the incorporation of nano-ZrO_(2)enhance the viscous fiow of quartz glass,resulting in a higher sintering degree.As the final sintering temperature rises,the ceramic samples exhibit increased shrinkage rate,decreased apparent porosity,and increased bulk density.Higher final sintering temperatures also promote greater cristobalite precipitation,promoting an increase in the amount and precipitation rate of quartz during investment casting.The formation of a cristobalite and ZrSiO_4 network at elevated temperatures effectively inhibits the viscous flow of quartz glass,thereby significantly improving high-temperature flexural strength and creep resistance of ceramic cores.When the content of nano-ZrO_(2)is between 1.5wt.%and 2.0wt.%,the final sintering temperature of 1,250°C is the best choice.Under these conditions,the shrinkage rate along the Z direction ranges from 3.35%to 3.68%,the porosity lies between 25.57%and 26.03%,the bulk density varies from 1.612 to 1.645 g·cm^(-3),the room temperature fiexural strength is between 26.79 and 27.85 MPa,and the fiexural strength at high temperatures is within the range of 30.77 to 33.02 MPa.The defiection at high-temperatures is 3.37-5.31 mm,while the surface roughness of the upper surface is 3.26-4.79μm,and the surface roughness of the side surface is 4.97-5.79μm.These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the sintering processes of SLA ceramic cores,offering potential for industrial applications.展开更多
High entropy alloys(HEAs) are of great interest in the community of materials science and engineering due to their unique phase structure. They are constructed with five or more principal alloying elements in equimola...High entropy alloys(HEAs) are of great interest in the community of materials science and engineering due to their unique phase structure. They are constructed with five or more principal alloying elements in equimolar or near-equimolar ratio. Therefore, HEAs can derive their performance from multiple principal elements rather than a single element. In this work, solid-state cold spraying(CS) was applied for the first time to produce FeCoNiCrMn HEA coating. The experimental results confirm that CS can be used to produce a thick HEA coating with low porosity. As a low-temperature deposition process, CS completely retained the HEA phase structure in the coating without any phase transformation. The characterization also reveals that the grains in the CSed HEA coating had experienced significant refinement as compared to those in the as-received HEA powder due the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization at the highly deformed interparticle region. Due to the increased dislocation density and grain boundaries,CSed HEA coating was much harder than the as-received powder. The tribological study shows that the CSed FeCoNiCrMn HEA coating resulted in lower wear rate than laser cladded HEA coatings.展开更多
High-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings are of great importance in the fabrication of wear resistance materials.HEA coatings containing ceramic particles as reinforcement phase usually have better wear performance.In this stu...High-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings are of great importance in the fabrication of wear resistance materials.HEA coatings containing ceramic particles as reinforcement phase usually have better wear performance.In this study,AlCoCrFe Ni(TiN)_(x)(x:molar ratio;x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0)HEA coatings were fabricated on Q235 steel by plasma spray first and then subjected to laser remelting.The experimental results confirm that plasma spray together with post laser remelting could result in the in-situ formation of TiN-Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic particles and cuboidal B2 phase in the AlCoCrFeNi(TiN)_(x) HEA coatings.The in-situ TiN-Al_(2)O_(3) and nano-cuboidal B2 precipitation phase strengthened the coatings and improved their wearresistance properties.Due to the dispersion of hard phase and nano-particles resulting from second heating,the microhardness of the Al Co Cr Fe Ni(Ti N)coatings significantly increased from 493 to 851 HV after laser remelting.For the same reasons,the wear-resistance performance was also significantly promoted after laser remelting.展开更多
Cold spray,as a solid-state additive manufacturing process,has been attracting increasing attention from both scientific and industrial communities.However,cold-sprayed deposits generally have unfavorable mechanical p...Cold spray,as a solid-state additive manufacturing process,has been attracting increasing attention from both scientific and industrial communities.However,cold-sprayed deposits generally have unfavorable mechanical properties in their as-fabricated state compared to conventionally manufactured and fusion-based additive-manufactured counterparts due to the inherent microstructural defects in the deposits(e.g.,porosity and incomplete interparticle bonding).This downside reduces its competitiveness and limits its wide applications as an additive manufacturing process.In the past years,many strengthening technologies have been developed or introduced to adjust the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of cold-sprayed deposits.The term“strengthening”in this work specifically refers to improving the mechanical strength,particularly the tensile strength of the cold-sprayed bulk deposits.According to the stage that the strengthening technologies are used in the cold spray process,they can be classified into three categories:pre-process(e.g.,powder heat treatment),in-process(e.g.,powder heating,in-situ micro-forging,laser-assisted cold spray),and post-process(e.g.,post heat treatment,hot isostatic pressing,hot rolling,friction stir processing).Therefore,a comprehensive review of these strengthening technolo-gies is conducted to illuminate the possible correlations between the strengthening mechanisms and the resultant deposit microstructures and mechanical properties.This review paper aims to help researchers and engineers well understand the different strengthening methods and provide guidance for the cold spray community to develop new strengthening strategies for future high-quality mass production.展开更多
In maritime safety research,risk is assessed usually within the framework of formal safety assessment(FSA),which provides a formal and systematic methodology to improve the safety of lives,assets,and the environment.A...In maritime safety research,risk is assessed usually within the framework of formal safety assessment(FSA),which provides a formal and systematic methodology to improve the safety of lives,assets,and the environment.A bespoke application of FSA to mitigate accidents in marine seismic surveying is put forward in this paper,with the aim of improving the safety of seismic vessel operations,within the context of developing an economically viable strategy.The work herein takes a close look at the hazards in North Sea offshore seismic surveying,in order to identify critical risk factors,leading to marine seismic survey accidents.The risk factors leading to undesirable events are analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively.A risk matrix is introduced to screen the identified undesirable events.Further to the screening,Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)is presented to investigate and analyse the most critical risks of seismic survey operation,taking into account the lack of historical data.The obtained results show that man overboard(MOB)event is a major risk factor in marine seismic survey operation;lack of training on safe work practice,slippery deck as a result of rain,snow or water splash,sea state affecting human judgement,and poor communication are identified as the critical risk contributors to the MOB event.Consequently,the risk control options are focused on the critical risk contributors for decision-making.Lastly,suggestions for the introduction and development of the FSA methodology are highlighted for safer marine and offshore operations in general.展开更多
Cold spraying(CS),or cold gas dynamic spray(CGDS),is an emerging solid-state powder deposition process,allowing fast and mass production and restoration of metallic components.CS of metal matrix composites(MMCs)has at...Cold spraying(CS),or cold gas dynamic spray(CGDS),is an emerging solid-state powder deposition process,allowing fast and mass production and restoration of metallic components.CS of metal matrix composites(MMCs)has attracted increasing attention from academia and industry over the last decades,especially in the area of Al matrix composites(AMCs),which have demonstrated a high potential for applications in aerospace,automotive,and electronics industries.This article aims to summarize the recent development of CS-processed AMCs in terms of composite powder preparation,deposition processing,microstructure evolution,mechanical and corrosion properties.Furthermore,this review also reports the relevant research progress with the focus on post-treatments of the AMCs for CS additive manufacturing applications including heat treatment,hot rolling,and friction stir processing.Finally,the challenges and perspectives on the fabrication of advanced AMCs by CS are addressed.展开更多
Numerical simulation and experimental research on Linear Friction Welding(LFW) for GH4169 superalloy were carried out. Based on the joint microstructure and mechanical properties,a suitable welding process was determi...Numerical simulation and experimental research on Linear Friction Welding(LFW) for GH4169 superalloy were carried out. Based on the joint microstructure and mechanical properties,a suitable welding process was determined, which provided an important theoretical basis for the manufacture and repair of aeroengine components such as the superalloy blisk. The results show that the joint strain rate gradually increases with the increase of welding frequency, and the deformation resistance of the thermoplastic metal increases in the welding process, resulting in the interface thermoplastic metal not being extruded in time to form a flash, so the joint shortening amount gradually decreases. The thermoplastic metal in the center of the welding surface is kept at high welding temperature for a long time, resulting in the decrease of the joint strength. The microhardness of the joint shows a “W” distribution perpendicular to the weld, and most of the joints break in the Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone(TMAZ) with high tensile strength and low elongation.When the welding area is increased without changing the aspect ratio of the welding surface, the interface peak temperature increases gradually, and the joint shortening amount decreases with the increase of the welding interface size.展开更多
In this work,pure Cu with excellent strength and ductility(UTS of 271 MPa,elongation to fracture of 43.5%,uniform elongation of 30%)was prepared using cold spray additive manufacturing(CSAM),realizing a breakthrough i...In this work,pure Cu with excellent strength and ductility(UTS of 271 MPa,elongation to fracture of 43.5%,uniform elongation of 30%)was prepared using cold spray additive manufacturing(CSAM),realizing a breakthrough in the field.An in-depth investigation was conducted to reveal the microstructure evolution,strengthening and ductilization mechanisms of the CSAM Cu,as well as the single splats.The results show that the CSAM Cu possesses a unique heterogeneous microstructure with a bimodal grain structure and extensive infinitely circulating ring-mounted distribution of twinning.Based on the single splat observation,the entire copper particle forms a gradient nano-grained(GNG)structure after high-speed impact deposition.The GNG-structured single splat serves as a unit to build the heterogeneous microstructure with bimodal grain distribution during the successive deposition in CSAM.The results also show that CSAM can achieve synergistic strengthening and ductilization by controlling the grain refinement and dislocation density.This work provides potential for CSAM technique in manufacturing various metallic parts with the desired combination of high strength and good ductility without additional post-treatments.展开更多
About 3 mm thick five-element equimolar high-entropy alloy(HEA) FeCoCrNiMn was successfully deposited by solid-state cold spraying(CS).The high-temperature oxidation behavior of the CSed HEA was investigated at 700-90...About 3 mm thick five-element equimolar high-entropy alloy(HEA) FeCoCrNiMn was successfully deposited by solid-state cold spraying(CS).The high-temperature oxidation behavior of the CSed HEA was investigated at 700-900℃.Heat treatment was performed on the CSed HEA before oxidation to heal the incomplete interfaces between the deposited particles.Results show that the microstructure of the CSed HEA is characterized by grain refinement and abundant interparticle incomplete interfaces.Post-spray heat treatment promotes recrystallization and grain growth in the CSed HEA.After oxidation testing,the oxide scales are composed of multi-layers:a Mn_(2)O_(3)(or Mn_(3)O_(4)) outer layer,a Mn-Cr spinel intermediate layer and a Cr_(2)O_(3) inner layer.The CSed HEA exhibits higher parabolic rate constants and more favorable internal oxidation than the bulk HEAs that have similar compositions in the literature.Such a discrepancy becomes pronounced at higher temperatures.The grain refinement and numerous particle boundaries are responsible for such a distinctive performance of the CSed HEA.展开更多
In recent years,marine pilotage accidents occurring on a worldwide basis as a result of human error have not been ceased to transpire,despite advances in technology and a significant set of international conventions,r...In recent years,marine pilotage accidents occurring on a worldwide basis as a result of human error have not been ceased to transpire,despite advances in technology and a significant set of international conventions,regulations,and recommendations to reduce them.This paper aims to investigate the effect of human factors on the safety of maritime pilotage operations.The human factors that affect the operators who are performing ships’berthing operations have also been examined in detail.In this study,in order to determine the causes of human-related errors occurred in maritime pilotage accidents,a comprehensive literature review is carried out,and a considerable number of real past case examples and an analysis of the maritime accident investigation reports regarding pilotage operations events that occurred between 1995 and 2015 have been reviewed.To validate the identified humanrelated risk factors(HCFs)and explore other contributory factors,survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with domain experts have been conducted.A structural hierarchy diagram for the identified risk factors(HCFs)has been developed and validated through experienced experts belonging to the maritime sector.A questionnaire for pair-wise comparison is carried out and analysed using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)approach to evaluate the weight and rank the importance of the identified human causal factors.The findings of this study will benefit the maritime industry,by identifying a new database on causal factors that are contributing to the occurrence of maritime pilotage disasters.The database can be used as a stand-alone reference or help implement effective risk reduction strategies to reduce the human error,that might occur during pilotage operations.展开更多
Linear Friction Welding(LFW)technology was used to realize the welding of GH4169 superalloy,and the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the joint was anal...Linear Friction Welding(LFW)technology was used to realize the welding of GH4169 superalloy,and the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the joint was analyzed.The results show that there is a positive correlation between the weld hardness and the tensile strength.With the gradual increase of heat input and welding pressure,the joint quality is gradually improved,but the heat affected zone is not significantly increased.The smaller the grain size of the weld,the higher the strength and plasticity of the joint.With the increase of the joint shortening amount,the corrosion resistance of the weld first gradually increases.However,when the shortening reaches a certain level,the corrosion resistance of the joint becomes little changed.With the increase of solution temperature,the corrosion current density increases and the polarization impedance decreases.The higher the corrosion temperature,the worse the corrosion resistance of the joint.There is no significant correlation between the joint strength and the corrosion resistance.The corrosion resistance of the joint can be enhanced without changing the joint mechanical properties by reducing the welding frequency and amplitude or increasing the welding pressure.展开更多
Objective:To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s)from the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of endophytic fungus Colietotrichum gloeosporioides(C.gloeosporioides)isolated from Sonnerati...Objective:To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s)from the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of endophytic fungus Colietotrichum gloeosporioides(C.gloeosporioides)isolated from Sonneratia apetala.Methods:Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus,and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain.Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale.Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound,kojic acid.The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Grampositive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay.Results:The fungus C.gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala.Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope.Subsequently,the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C.gloeosporioides.Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites.Kojic acid(1)was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract,and the structure was confirmed by 1 D,2 D NMR and mass spectrometry.The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms.Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4×10^(-4)mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL,those of kojic acid(1)were between 0.125 mg/mL and1 mg/mL.The EtOAc extract and kojic acid(1)were most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MIC=2.4×10^(-4).mg/mL)and Micrococcus luteus(MIC=0.125 mg/mL),respectively.Conclusions:The results revealed that the endophytic fungus C.gloeosporioides could be a good source of commercially important kojic acid,which exhibited antimicrobial properties.展开更多
The formation of balling,porosity and cracking defects is a vital obstacle in selective laser melting of wrought Al alloys.However,it lacks systematic research on the origins of these imperfections.Herein,the formatio...The formation of balling,porosity and cracking defects is a vital obstacle in selective laser melting of wrought Al alloys.However,it lacks systematic research on the origins of these imperfections.Herein,the formation mechanisms and avoidance methods of metallurgical defects in slective laser melting(SLM)-processed Al-Cu-Mg alloy were investigated by numerical simulation and microstructure characterization.Process optimization by altering laser energy density can effectively suppress balling and porosity,thus enhancing relative density.Cracking results from the stress concentration and columnar grains arise due to the rapid cooling process during SLM.The methods that promote the columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition,such as microalloying by Sc/Zr/Ti elements,co-incorporation of ceramic particles and introducing ultrasound,can effectively enhance the cracking resistance and mechanical properties of wrought Al alloys.展开更多
Ni3Al-based alloys are excellent candidates for the structural materials used for turbine engines due to their excellent high-temperature properties.This study aims at laser powder bed fusion and post-hot isostatic pr...Ni3Al-based alloys are excellent candidates for the structural materials used for turbine engines due to their excellent high-temperature properties.This study aims at laser powder bed fusion and post-hot isostatic pressing(HIP)treatment of Ni3Al-based IC^(-2)21 M alloy with a highγ0 volume fraction.The as-built samples exhibits unavoidable solidification cracking and ductility dip cracking,and the laser parameter optimization can reduce the crack density to 1.34 mm/mm^(2).Transmission electron microscope(TEM)analysis reveals ultra-fine nanoscaleγ0 phases in the as-built samples due to the high cooling rate during rapid solidification.After HIP treatment,a fully dense structure without cracking defects is achieved,which exhibits an equiaxed structure with grain size~120-180μm and irregularly shapedγ0 precipitates~1-3μm with a prominently high fraction of 86%.The room-temperature tensile test of as-built samples shows a high ultimate tensile strength(σUTS)of 1039.7 MPa and low fracture elongation of 6.4%.After HIP treatment,a significant improvement in ductility(15.7%)and a slight loss of strength(σUTS of 831.7 MPa)are obtained by eliminating the crack defects.Both the as-built and HIP samples exhibit retained highσUTS values of 589.8 MPa and 786.2 MPa,respectively,at 900C.The HIP samples exhibita slight decrease in ductility to~12.9%,indicating excellent high-temperature mechanical performance.Moreover,the abnormal increase in strength and decrease in ductility suggest the critical role of a highγ0 fraction in cracking formation.The intrinsic heat treatment during repeating thermal cycles can induce brittleness and trigger cracking initiation in the heat-affected zone with notable deteriorating ductility.The results indicate that the combination of LPBF and HIP can effectively reduce the crack density and enhance the mechanical properties of Ni_(3)Al-based alloy,making it a promising material for high-temperature applications.展开更多
LSC(low-strength concrete),which is the majority of everyday concrete used,is relatively inefficient in terms of carbon emissions.Research has shown that evaluating the concrete mix design,reducing the amount of cemen...LSC(low-strength concrete),which is the majority of everyday concrete used,is relatively inefficient in terms of carbon emissions.Research has shown that evaluating the concrete mix design,reducing the amount of cement used,and replacing it with SCMs(supplementary cementitious materials)are more effective than adding superplasticisers and chemical additions.The current research has dealt with the design of LSC by a review method.According to the literature review on the concrete mix and its carbon emissions,113 mix designs with different properties and applications were collected from real industry data,and several data analysis techniques were used to analyse their performance.Examining the data showed that,in general,the use of LSC is inefficient compared to HSC(high-strength concrete).However,several strategies were found that can solve this inefficiency.The results show that the additive cement materials in the binary/ternary combination have a critical effect on reducing the embodied carbon of the composite.Accordingly,it is recommended that the construction industry use the composition of cementitious materials as a key factor in the design of their concretes.The need for more research is felt to identify and critically evaluate other factors that can improve the performance of these concretes.展开更多
he bunker industry has faced negative perception to their trust and credibility in recent times.This is further compounded by the need for the industry to answer new challenges to meet the requirement of the Internati...he bunker industry has faced negative perception to their trust and credibility in recent times.This is further compounded by the need for the industry to answer new challenges to meet the requirement of the International Maritime Organization 2020.The aim of this work is to illustrate how blockchain technology may be adopted for aiding in bunker dispute resolution.To demonstrate how blockchain may aid in disputes within the bunker industry,this paper first examines the existing bunker supply process,which involves the formation of contracts under English law,the Bunker Delivery Notes,the different types of disputes that may arise during a bunker transaction and the methods of dispute resolution utilised by the industry.Furthermore,the current literature in relation to blockchain technology and blockchain smart contracts is examined.Finally,interviews and surveys within the industry have been conducted to identify the benefits and challenges in adopting blockchain technology.The research found that blockchains may benefit the bunker supply chain offering the effective resolution of bunker quality disputes.Furthermore,blockchains may also serve as a verification tool for electronic bunker delivery notes,which may aid quality and quantity bunker disputes as well as compliance with the new International Maritime Organisation 2020 requirements.As a result,despite the research having shown blockchain to be situationally dependent and having an element of legal uncertainty,blockchain does offer a solution to aid in bunker disputes and for improving the trust and credibility within the bunker industry.展开更多
基金supported by the China Scholarship Council(No.202208210253)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2022-MS-272)the Scientific Research Funding Project of the Education Department of Liaoning Province(LJKMZ20220463).
文摘Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)high-entropy alloy(HEA)was reinforced by the small-radius Si.Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Six(x=0 and 0.25)HEAs were fabricated by laser melting deposition.The evolution of microstructure,nanohardness,and wear properties of Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Six(x=0 and 0.25)HEAs were systematically investigated.Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)HEA exhibits a face-centered cubic(FCC)matrix with Ni3Al-type ordered nanoprecipitates.When Si was doped,σphase and Cr-rich nanoprecipitates existed in the B2 matrix and L12 in the FCC matrix.The nanohardness was increased from 4.67 to 5.45 GPa with doping of Si,which is associated with forming the new phases and improved nanohardness of L12/FCC phases.The coefficient of friction(COF)value was reduced from 0.75 to 0.67 by adding Si.σphase and Cr-rich nanoprecipitates in B2 matrix support a decreased wear rate from 7.87×10^(-4) to 6.82×10^(-4) mm^(3)/(N m).Furthermore,the main wear mechanism of Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)and Al_(0.5)CrFeNi_(2.5)Si0.25 HEAs is abrasive wear.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23ZR1421500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52474412,52127807,52271035)+3 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Informatization(No.GYOJ2022-2-02)the United Innovation Program of Shanghai Commercial Aircraft Engine(No.AR966)the SPMI Project from Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology(No.SPMI2022-06)the Ningbo International Science and Technology Cooperation Program(No.2023H004)。
文摘As a reliable additive manufacturing technology,the stereolithography(SLA)ceramic core necessitates a tailored sintering process to achieve optimal performance.This study explored the effects of final sintering temperatures(specifically 1,150,1,250,and 1,300°C)on the properties of SLA-fabricated SiO_(2)-based ceramic cores reinforced with nano-ZrO_(2)(at concentrations of 1.0wt.%,1.5wt.%,and 2.0wt.%).The results demonstrate that increasing the final sintering temperature and the incorporation of nano-ZrO_(2)enhance the viscous fiow of quartz glass,resulting in a higher sintering degree.As the final sintering temperature rises,the ceramic samples exhibit increased shrinkage rate,decreased apparent porosity,and increased bulk density.Higher final sintering temperatures also promote greater cristobalite precipitation,promoting an increase in the amount and precipitation rate of quartz during investment casting.The formation of a cristobalite and ZrSiO_4 network at elevated temperatures effectively inhibits the viscous flow of quartz glass,thereby significantly improving high-temperature flexural strength and creep resistance of ceramic cores.When the content of nano-ZrO_(2)is between 1.5wt.%and 2.0wt.%,the final sintering temperature of 1,250°C is the best choice.Under these conditions,the shrinkage rate along the Z direction ranges from 3.35%to 3.68%,the porosity lies between 25.57%and 26.03%,the bulk density varies from 1.612 to 1.645 g·cm^(-3),the room temperature fiexural strength is between 26.79 and 27.85 MPa,and the fiexural strength at high temperatures is within the range of 30.77 to 33.02 MPa.The defiection at high-temperatures is 3.37-5.31 mm,while the surface roughness of the upper surface is 3.26-4.79μm,and the surface roughness of the side surface is 4.97-5.79μm.These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the sintering processes of SLA ceramic cores,offering potential for industrial applications.
基金the financial support from Irish Research Council Project(GOIPD-2017-912)European Space Agency(4000112844/14/NL/FE)
文摘High entropy alloys(HEAs) are of great interest in the community of materials science and engineering due to their unique phase structure. They are constructed with five or more principal alloying elements in equimolar or near-equimolar ratio. Therefore, HEAs can derive their performance from multiple principal elements rather than a single element. In this work, solid-state cold spraying(CS) was applied for the first time to produce FeCoNiCrMn HEA coating. The experimental results confirm that CS can be used to produce a thick HEA coating with low porosity. As a low-temperature deposition process, CS completely retained the HEA phase structure in the coating without any phase transformation. The characterization also reveals that the grains in the CSed HEA coating had experienced significant refinement as compared to those in the as-received HEA powder due the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization at the highly deformed interparticle region. Due to the increased dislocation density and grain boundaries,CSed HEA coating was much harder than the as-received powder. The tribological study shows that the CSed FeCoNiCrMn HEA coating resulted in lower wear rate than laser cladded HEA coatings.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2019-MS-247)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807178)+1 种基金Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(No.SKLSP202011)International Cooperation Project of Guangdong Province(No.2021A0505030052)。
文摘High-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings are of great importance in the fabrication of wear resistance materials.HEA coatings containing ceramic particles as reinforcement phase usually have better wear performance.In this study,AlCoCrFe Ni(TiN)_(x)(x:molar ratio;x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0)HEA coatings were fabricated on Q235 steel by plasma spray first and then subjected to laser remelting.The experimental results confirm that plasma spray together with post laser remelting could result in the in-situ formation of TiN-Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic particles and cuboidal B2 phase in the AlCoCrFeNi(TiN)_(x) HEA coatings.The in-situ TiN-Al_(2)O_(3) and nano-cuboidal B2 precipitation phase strengthened the coatings and improved their wearresistance properties.Due to the dispersion of hard phase and nano-particles resulting from second heating,the microhardness of the Al Co Cr Fe Ni(Ti N)coatings significantly increased from 493 to 851 HV after laser remelting.For the same reasons,the wear-resistance performance was also significantly promoted after laser remelting.
基金the financial support from the following funding agency and projects:Science Foundation Ireland Frontiers for the Future Project(No.20/FFP-P/8815)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51875471,52001078,and 52061135101)+2 种基金China Scholarship Council-Trinity College Dublin Joint Scholarship Programme(No.201906460020)International Cooperation Project of Guangdong Province(No.2021A0505030052)Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
文摘Cold spray,as a solid-state additive manufacturing process,has been attracting increasing attention from both scientific and industrial communities.However,cold-sprayed deposits generally have unfavorable mechanical properties in their as-fabricated state compared to conventionally manufactured and fusion-based additive-manufactured counterparts due to the inherent microstructural defects in the deposits(e.g.,porosity and incomplete interparticle bonding).This downside reduces its competitiveness and limits its wide applications as an additive manufacturing process.In the past years,many strengthening technologies have been developed or introduced to adjust the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of cold-sprayed deposits.The term“strengthening”in this work specifically refers to improving the mechanical strength,particularly the tensile strength of the cold-sprayed bulk deposits.According to the stage that the strengthening technologies are used in the cold spray process,they can be classified into three categories:pre-process(e.g.,powder heat treatment),in-process(e.g.,powder heating,in-situ micro-forging,laser-assisted cold spray),and post-process(e.g.,post heat treatment,hot isostatic pressing,hot rolling,friction stir processing).Therefore,a comprehensive review of these strengthening technolo-gies is conducted to illuminate the possible correlations between the strengthening mechanisms and the resultant deposit microstructures and mechanical properties.This review paper aims to help researchers and engineers well understand the different strengthening methods and provide guidance for the cold spray community to develop new strengthening strategies for future high-quality mass production.
基金This project"Formal Safety Assessment of a Marine Seismic Survey Vessel Operation,Incorporating Risk Matrix and Fault Tree Analysis"has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 730888.
文摘In maritime safety research,risk is assessed usually within the framework of formal safety assessment(FSA),which provides a formal and systematic methodology to improve the safety of lives,assets,and the environment.A bespoke application of FSA to mitigate accidents in marine seismic surveying is put forward in this paper,with the aim of improving the safety of seismic vessel operations,within the context of developing an economically viable strategy.The work herein takes a close look at the hazards in North Sea offshore seismic surveying,in order to identify critical risk factors,leading to marine seismic survey accidents.The risk factors leading to undesirable events are analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively.A risk matrix is introduced to screen the identified undesirable events.Further to the screening,Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)is presented to investigate and analyse the most critical risks of seismic survey operation,taking into account the lack of historical data.The obtained results show that man overboard(MOB)event is a major risk factor in marine seismic survey operation;lack of training on safe work practice,slippery deck as a result of rain,snow or water splash,sea state affecting human judgement,and poor communication are identified as the critical risk contributors to the MOB event.Consequently,the risk control options are focused on the critical risk contributors for decision-making.Lastly,suggestions for the introduction and development of the FSA methodology are highlighted for safer marine and offshore operations in general.
基金financial support of the Chinese Scholarship Council(No.201604490100)UniversitéBourgogne-Franche-Comté,and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)+2 种基金supported by the Conseil Régional du Nord-Pas de Calaisthe European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51875471)。
文摘Cold spraying(CS),or cold gas dynamic spray(CGDS),is an emerging solid-state powder deposition process,allowing fast and mass production and restoration of metallic components.CS of metal matrix composites(MMCs)has attracted increasing attention from academia and industry over the last decades,especially in the area of Al matrix composites(AMCs),which have demonstrated a high potential for applications in aerospace,automotive,and electronics industries.This article aims to summarize the recent development of CS-processed AMCs in terms of composite powder preparation,deposition processing,microstructure evolution,mechanical and corrosion properties.Furthermore,this review also reports the relevant research progress with the focus on post-treatments of the AMCs for CS additive manufacturing applications including heat treatment,hot rolling,and friction stir processing.Finally,the challenges and perspectives on the fabrication of advanced AMCs by CS are addressed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52305420, 52074228 and 51875470)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M742830)the Xi’an Beilin District Science and Technology Planning Project, China (No. GX2349)。
文摘Numerical simulation and experimental research on Linear Friction Welding(LFW) for GH4169 superalloy were carried out. Based on the joint microstructure and mechanical properties,a suitable welding process was determined, which provided an important theoretical basis for the manufacture and repair of aeroengine components such as the superalloy blisk. The results show that the joint strain rate gradually increases with the increase of welding frequency, and the deformation resistance of the thermoplastic metal increases in the welding process, resulting in the interface thermoplastic metal not being extruded in time to form a flash, so the joint shortening amount gradually decreases. The thermoplastic metal in the center of the welding surface is kept at high welding temperature for a long time, resulting in the decrease of the joint strength. The microhardness of the joint shows a “W” distribution perpendicular to the weld, and most of the joints break in the Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone(TMAZ) with high tensile strength and low elongation.When the welding area is increased without changing the aspect ratio of the welding surface, the interface peak temperature increases gradually, and the joint shortening amount decreases with the increase of the welding interface size.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52001191,52001078,52061135101)the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(No.20511107700)+5 种基金Shanghai“Shuguang Program”(No.20SG42)Shanghai Rising-Star Program(No.20QA1403800)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province of China(No.2020B0101330001)Guangzhou Science and Technology Program of China(No.202007020008)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NPU,China)(No.2022-TZ-01)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Surface Engineering Technology and the Institute of New Materials,Guangdong Academy of Sciences(No.2020B1212060049).
文摘In this work,pure Cu with excellent strength and ductility(UTS of 271 MPa,elongation to fracture of 43.5%,uniform elongation of 30%)was prepared using cold spray additive manufacturing(CSAM),realizing a breakthrough in the field.An in-depth investigation was conducted to reveal the microstructure evolution,strengthening and ductilization mechanisms of the CSAM Cu,as well as the single splats.The results show that the CSAM Cu possesses a unique heterogeneous microstructure with a bimodal grain structure and extensive infinitely circulating ring-mounted distribution of twinning.Based on the single splat observation,the entire copper particle forms a gradient nano-grained(GNG)structure after high-speed impact deposition.The GNG-structured single splat serves as a unit to build the heterogeneous microstructure with bimodal grain distribution during the successive deposition in CSAM.The results also show that CSAM can achieve synergistic strengthening and ductilization by controlling the grain refinement and dislocation density.This work provides potential for CSAM technique in manufacturing various metallic parts with the desired combination of high strength and good ductility without additional post-treatments.
基金financial support of the project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 51701161)。
文摘About 3 mm thick five-element equimolar high-entropy alloy(HEA) FeCoCrNiMn was successfully deposited by solid-state cold spraying(CS).The high-temperature oxidation behavior of the CSed HEA was investigated at 700-900℃.Heat treatment was performed on the CSed HEA before oxidation to heal the incomplete interfaces between the deposited particles.Results show that the microstructure of the CSed HEA is characterized by grain refinement and abundant interparticle incomplete interfaces.Post-spray heat treatment promotes recrystallization and grain growth in the CSed HEA.After oxidation testing,the oxide scales are composed of multi-layers:a Mn_(2)O_(3)(or Mn_(3)O_(4)) outer layer,a Mn-Cr spinel intermediate layer and a Cr_(2)O_(3) inner layer.The CSed HEA exhibits higher parabolic rate constants and more favorable internal oxidation than the bulk HEAs that have similar compositions in the literature.Such a discrepancy becomes pronounced at higher temperatures.The grain refinement and numerous particle boundaries are responsible for such a distinctive performance of the CSed HEA.
文摘In recent years,marine pilotage accidents occurring on a worldwide basis as a result of human error have not been ceased to transpire,despite advances in technology and a significant set of international conventions,regulations,and recommendations to reduce them.This paper aims to investigate the effect of human factors on the safety of maritime pilotage operations.The human factors that affect the operators who are performing ships’berthing operations have also been examined in detail.In this study,in order to determine the causes of human-related errors occurred in maritime pilotage accidents,a comprehensive literature review is carried out,and a considerable number of real past case examples and an analysis of the maritime accident investigation reports regarding pilotage operations events that occurred between 1995 and 2015 have been reviewed.To validate the identified humanrelated risk factors(HCFs)and explore other contributory factors,survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with domain experts have been conducted.A structural hierarchy diagram for the identified risk factors(HCFs)has been developed and validated through experienced experts belonging to the maritime sector.A questionnaire for pair-wise comparison is carried out and analysed using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)approach to evaluate the weight and rank the importance of the identified human causal factors.The findings of this study will benefit the maritime industry,by identifying a new database on causal factors that are contributing to the occurrence of maritime pilotage disasters.The database can be used as a stand-alone reference or help implement effective risk reduction strategies to reduce the human error,that might occur during pilotage operations.
基金supported by the research fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52305420,52074228,51875470)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M742830)the Xi’an Beilin District Science and Technology Planning Project,China(No.GX2349).
文摘Linear Friction Welding(LFW)technology was used to realize the welding of GH4169 superalloy,and the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the joint was analyzed.The results show that there is a positive correlation between the weld hardness and the tensile strength.With the gradual increase of heat input and welding pressure,the joint quality is gradually improved,but the heat affected zone is not significantly increased.The smaller the grain size of the weld,the higher the strength and plasticity of the joint.With the increase of the joint shortening amount,the corrosion resistance of the weld first gradually increases.However,when the shortening reaches a certain level,the corrosion resistance of the joint becomes little changed.With the increase of solution temperature,the corrosion current density increases and the polarization impedance decreases.The higher the corrosion temperature,the worse the corrosion resistance of the joint.There is no significant correlation between the joint strength and the corrosion resistance.The corrosion resistance of the joint can be enhanced without changing the joint mechanical properties by reducing the welding frequency and amplitude or increasing the welding pressure.
基金financially supported by the Robert S McNamara Fellowship Programme from the World Bank offered to Tauhidur Rahman Nurunnabi
文摘Objective:To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s)from the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of endophytic fungus Colietotrichum gloeosporioides(C.gloeosporioides)isolated from Sonneratia apetala.Methods:Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus,and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain.Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale.Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound,kojic acid.The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Grampositive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay.Results:The fungus C.gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala.Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope.Subsequently,the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C.gloeosporioides.Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites.Kojic acid(1)was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract,and the structure was confirmed by 1 D,2 D NMR and mass spectrometry.The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms.Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4×10^(-4)mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL,those of kojic acid(1)were between 0.125 mg/mL and1 mg/mL.The EtOAc extract and kojic acid(1)were most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MIC=2.4×10^(-4).mg/mL)and Micrococcus luteus(MIC=0.125 mg/mL),respectively.Conclusions:The results revealed that the endophytic fungus C.gloeosporioides could be a good source of commercially important kojic acid,which exhibited antimicrobial properties.
基金sponsored by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(No.2021M701293,2021M690061)Natural and Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51922044)the Academic frontier youth team(2018QYTD04)at Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST)。
文摘The formation of balling,porosity and cracking defects is a vital obstacle in selective laser melting of wrought Al alloys.However,it lacks systematic research on the origins of these imperfections.Herein,the formation mechanisms and avoidance methods of metallurgical defects in slective laser melting(SLM)-processed Al-Cu-Mg alloy were investigated by numerical simulation and microstructure characterization.Process optimization by altering laser energy density can effectively suppress balling and porosity,thus enhancing relative density.Cracking results from the stress concentration and columnar grains arise due to the rapid cooling process during SLM.The methods that promote the columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition,such as microalloying by Sc/Zr/Ti elements,co-incorporation of ceramic particles and introducing ultrasound,can effectively enhance the cracking resistance and mechanical properties of wrought Al alloys.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant numbers 2019YFA0705300,2021YFB3702502]National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 52001191,52127807,52271035]+3 种基金Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced FerrometallurgyShanghai University,China[grant numbers SKLASS 2022-Z10]the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China[grant.23ZR1421500]SPMI Project from Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology,China[grant.SPMI2022-06].
文摘Ni3Al-based alloys are excellent candidates for the structural materials used for turbine engines due to their excellent high-temperature properties.This study aims at laser powder bed fusion and post-hot isostatic pressing(HIP)treatment of Ni3Al-based IC^(-2)21 M alloy with a highγ0 volume fraction.The as-built samples exhibits unavoidable solidification cracking and ductility dip cracking,and the laser parameter optimization can reduce the crack density to 1.34 mm/mm^(2).Transmission electron microscope(TEM)analysis reveals ultra-fine nanoscaleγ0 phases in the as-built samples due to the high cooling rate during rapid solidification.After HIP treatment,a fully dense structure without cracking defects is achieved,which exhibits an equiaxed structure with grain size~120-180μm and irregularly shapedγ0 precipitates~1-3μm with a prominently high fraction of 86%.The room-temperature tensile test of as-built samples shows a high ultimate tensile strength(σUTS)of 1039.7 MPa and low fracture elongation of 6.4%.After HIP treatment,a significant improvement in ductility(15.7%)and a slight loss of strength(σUTS of 831.7 MPa)are obtained by eliminating the crack defects.Both the as-built and HIP samples exhibit retained highσUTS values of 589.8 MPa and 786.2 MPa,respectively,at 900C.The HIP samples exhibita slight decrease in ductility to~12.9%,indicating excellent high-temperature mechanical performance.Moreover,the abnormal increase in strength and decrease in ductility suggest the critical role of a highγ0 fraction in cracking formation.The intrinsic heat treatment during repeating thermal cycles can induce brittleness and trigger cracking initiation in the heat-affected zone with notable deteriorating ductility.The results indicate that the combination of LPBF and HIP can effectively reduce the crack density and enhance the mechanical properties of Ni_(3)Al-based alloy,making it a promising material for high-temperature applications.
文摘LSC(low-strength concrete),which is the majority of everyday concrete used,is relatively inefficient in terms of carbon emissions.Research has shown that evaluating the concrete mix design,reducing the amount of cement used,and replacing it with SCMs(supplementary cementitious materials)are more effective than adding superplasticisers and chemical additions.The current research has dealt with the design of LSC by a review method.According to the literature review on the concrete mix and its carbon emissions,113 mix designs with different properties and applications were collected from real industry data,and several data analysis techniques were used to analyse their performance.Examining the data showed that,in general,the use of LSC is inefficient compared to HSC(high-strength concrete).However,several strategies were found that can solve this inefficiency.The results show that the additive cement materials in the binary/ternary combination have a critical effect on reducing the embodied carbon of the composite.Accordingly,it is recommended that the construction industry use the composition of cementitious materials as a key factor in the design of their concretes.The need for more research is felt to identify and critically evaluate other factors that can improve the performance of these concretes.
文摘he bunker industry has faced negative perception to their trust and credibility in recent times.This is further compounded by the need for the industry to answer new challenges to meet the requirement of the International Maritime Organization 2020.The aim of this work is to illustrate how blockchain technology may be adopted for aiding in bunker dispute resolution.To demonstrate how blockchain may aid in disputes within the bunker industry,this paper first examines the existing bunker supply process,which involves the formation of contracts under English law,the Bunker Delivery Notes,the different types of disputes that may arise during a bunker transaction and the methods of dispute resolution utilised by the industry.Furthermore,the current literature in relation to blockchain technology and blockchain smart contracts is examined.Finally,interviews and surveys within the industry have been conducted to identify the benefits and challenges in adopting blockchain technology.The research found that blockchains may benefit the bunker supply chain offering the effective resolution of bunker quality disputes.Furthermore,blockchains may also serve as a verification tool for electronic bunker delivery notes,which may aid quality and quantity bunker disputes as well as compliance with the new International Maritime Organisation 2020 requirements.As a result,despite the research having shown blockchain to be situationally dependent and having an element of legal uncertainty,blockchain does offer a solution to aid in bunker disputes and for improving the trust and credibility within the bunker industry.
