BACKGROUND Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous disease associated with gramnegative infection,predominantly by Escherichia coli.It is induced by defective phagolysosomal activity of the macrophages.Malakoplak...BACKGROUND Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous disease associated with gramnegative infection,predominantly by Escherichia coli.It is induced by defective phagolysosomal activity of the macrophages.Malakoplakia commonly affects the urinary bladder but has been shown to affect any solid organ,including the native and transplanted kidney.However,isolated malakoplakia of the kidney allograft is rare.Transplant recipients with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop malakoplakia.CASE SUMMARY We report three cases of kidney allograft parenchymal malakoplakia in kidney transplant recipients on immunosuppression that were successfully managed with good outcomes.We described the clinical characteristics of all the kidney allograft malakoplakia cases documented in the literature.A total of 55 cases of malakoplakia were reported in recipients with a history of kidney transplant.A total of 27 recipients had malakoplakia involving the allograft,and others had malakoplakia in other organs.The common presentations included allograft dysfunction,pyelonephritis,and allograft or systemic mass.Most recipients had favorable outcomes with appropriate management that included prolonged antibiotic therapy and adjustment of immunosuppression.We reviewed the published literature on all the cases of malakoplakia in kidney transplant recipients so far and summarized the etiology,management,and outcomes.CONCLUSION This case series provides an overview of the etiology,presentation,pathogenesis,and management of malakoplakia in kidney transplant recipients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pandemic mitigation policies,such as lockdown,are known to impact on mental health of individuals.Compulsory face covering under relaxed lockdown restrictions gives assurance of less transmission of airborn...BACKGROUND Pandemic mitigation policies,such as lockdown,are known to impact on mental health of individuals.Compulsory face covering under relaxed lockdown restrictions gives assurance of less transmission of airborne infection and has the potential to improve mental health of individuals affected by restrictions.AIM To examine the association of the lockdown relaxation and the implementation of the face covering policy on the mental health of the general population and subgroups in the United Kingdom using interrupted time series model.METHODS Using a web-based cross-sectional survey of 28890 United Kingdom adults carried out during May 1,2020 to July 31,2020,changes in mental health status using generalised anxiety disorder(GAD-7),and impact of events scale-revised(IES-R)scales are examined,at the dates of the first lockdown relaxation(July 4,2020)and the subsequent introduction of face covering(July 24,2020)in United Kingdom.A sharp regression discontinuity design is used to check discontinuities in mental health outcomes at policy-change dates.RESULTS Average GAD-7 scores of participants were 5.6,5.6 and 4.3 during the lockdown period,the lockdown relaxation phase and the phase of compulsory face covering,respectively,with lower scores indicating lower anxiety levels.Corresponding scores for IES-R were 17.3,16.8 and 13.4,with lower scores indicating less distress.Easing lockdown measures and subsequent introduction of face covering,on average,reduced GAD-7 by 0.513(95%CI:0.913-0.112)and 1.148(95%CI:1.800-0.496),respectively.Corresponding reductions in IES-R were 2.620(95%CI:4.279-0.961)and 3.449(95%CI:5.725-1.172).These imply that both lockdown relaxation and compulsory face-covering have a positive association with mental health scores(GAD-7 and IES-R).CONCLUSION The differential impact of lockdown and relaxation on the mental health of population sub-groups is evident in this study with future implications for policy.Introduction of face covering in public places had a stronger positive association with mental health than lockdown relaxation.展开更多
The aim of this study is to enhance the recycled PVC （polyvinyl chloride） related material property by formulation technology and develop the recycling product processing technology furthermore develop the chemical ...The aim of this study is to enhance the recycled PVC （polyvinyl chloride） related material property by formulation technology and develop the recycling product processing technology furthermore develop the chemical recycling technology for last stage of PVC wastes. The formulation technology is composed of pre-treatment （crushing, separation etc.） and post-treatment （material ratio, additives, stabilizer etc.） to enhance the recyclate property. The formulation for recycled PVC by application basis and processing technology is applied to produce the structural product for civil and construction application such as pipe fittings and water drainage cap for environmental waterway. Also chemical recycling technology for end life PVC scrap which causes environmental pollution by incineration or landfill is studied for producing hydrocarbon and hydrogen chloride for VCM.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous disease associated with gramnegative infection,predominantly by Escherichia coli.It is induced by defective phagolysosomal activity of the macrophages.Malakoplakia commonly affects the urinary bladder but has been shown to affect any solid organ,including the native and transplanted kidney.However,isolated malakoplakia of the kidney allograft is rare.Transplant recipients with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop malakoplakia.CASE SUMMARY We report three cases of kidney allograft parenchymal malakoplakia in kidney transplant recipients on immunosuppression that were successfully managed with good outcomes.We described the clinical characteristics of all the kidney allograft malakoplakia cases documented in the literature.A total of 55 cases of malakoplakia were reported in recipients with a history of kidney transplant.A total of 27 recipients had malakoplakia involving the allograft,and others had malakoplakia in other organs.The common presentations included allograft dysfunction,pyelonephritis,and allograft or systemic mass.Most recipients had favorable outcomes with appropriate management that included prolonged antibiotic therapy and adjustment of immunosuppression.We reviewed the published literature on all the cases of malakoplakia in kidney transplant recipients so far and summarized the etiology,management,and outcomes.CONCLUSION This case series provides an overview of the etiology,presentation,pathogenesis,and management of malakoplakia in kidney transplant recipients.
文摘BACKGROUND Pandemic mitigation policies,such as lockdown,are known to impact on mental health of individuals.Compulsory face covering under relaxed lockdown restrictions gives assurance of less transmission of airborne infection and has the potential to improve mental health of individuals affected by restrictions.AIM To examine the association of the lockdown relaxation and the implementation of the face covering policy on the mental health of the general population and subgroups in the United Kingdom using interrupted time series model.METHODS Using a web-based cross-sectional survey of 28890 United Kingdom adults carried out during May 1,2020 to July 31,2020,changes in mental health status using generalised anxiety disorder(GAD-7),and impact of events scale-revised(IES-R)scales are examined,at the dates of the first lockdown relaxation(July 4,2020)and the subsequent introduction of face covering(July 24,2020)in United Kingdom.A sharp regression discontinuity design is used to check discontinuities in mental health outcomes at policy-change dates.RESULTS Average GAD-7 scores of participants were 5.6,5.6 and 4.3 during the lockdown period,the lockdown relaxation phase and the phase of compulsory face covering,respectively,with lower scores indicating lower anxiety levels.Corresponding scores for IES-R were 17.3,16.8 and 13.4,with lower scores indicating less distress.Easing lockdown measures and subsequent introduction of face covering,on average,reduced GAD-7 by 0.513(95%CI:0.913-0.112)and 1.148(95%CI:1.800-0.496),respectively.Corresponding reductions in IES-R were 2.620(95%CI:4.279-0.961)and 3.449(95%CI:5.725-1.172).These imply that both lockdown relaxation and compulsory face-covering have a positive association with mental health scores(GAD-7 and IES-R).CONCLUSION The differential impact of lockdown and relaxation on the mental health of population sub-groups is evident in this study with future implications for policy.Introduction of face covering in public places had a stronger positive association with mental health than lockdown relaxation.
文摘The aim of this study is to enhance the recycled PVC （polyvinyl chloride） related material property by formulation technology and develop the recycling product processing technology furthermore develop the chemical recycling technology for last stage of PVC wastes. The formulation technology is composed of pre-treatment （crushing, separation etc.） and post-treatment （material ratio, additives, stabilizer etc.） to enhance the recyclate property. The formulation for recycled PVC by application basis and processing technology is applied to produce the structural product for civil and construction application such as pipe fittings and water drainage cap for environmental waterway. Also chemical recycling technology for end life PVC scrap which causes environmental pollution by incineration or landfill is studied for producing hydrocarbon and hydrogen chloride for VCM.
