The firmness of table grape berries is a crucial quality parameter. Despite extensive research on postharvest fruit softening, its precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. To enhance our comprehension of the under...The firmness of table grape berries is a crucial quality parameter. Despite extensive research on postharvest fruit softening, its precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. To enhance our comprehension of the underlying molecular factors, we initially identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by comparing the transcriptomes of folic acid(FA)-treated and water-treated(CK) berries at different time points. We then analyzed the sequences to detect alternatively spliced(AS) genes associated with postharvest softening. A total of 2,559 DEGs were identified and categorized into four subclusters based on their expression patterns, with subcluster-4 genes exhibiting higher expression in the CK group compared with the FA treatment group. There were 1,045 AS-associated genes specific to FA-treated berries and 1,042 in the CK-treated berries, respectively. Gene Ontology(GO) annotation indicated that the AS-associated genes in CK-treated berries were predominantly enriched in cell wall metabolic processes,particularly cell wall degradation processes. Through a comparison between treatment-associated AS genes and subcluster-4 DEGs, we identified eight genes, including Pectinesterase 2(VvPE2, Vitvi15g00704), which encodes a cell wall-degrading enzyme and was predicted to undergo an A3SS event. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction further confirmed the presence of a truncated transcript variant of VvPE2 in the FA-treated berries.Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of AS events in postharvest grape berries using transcriptome sequencing and underscores the pivotal role of VvPE2 during the postharvest storage of grape berries.展开更多
Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote fruit growth,although often at the expense of dry matter(DM),an important indicator of fruit quality.Actinidia chinensis var.delicios...Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote fruit growth,although often at the expense of dry matter(DM),an important indicator of fruit quality.Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Hayward’fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments,but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear.In this study,we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand,but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM.During fruit development,CPPU effects on physical parameters,metabolites,osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply.We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited.Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure,which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis.Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply.At standard carbohydrate supply,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation.When carbohydrate supply was high,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes.We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited.展开更多
Rubus fruits are high-value crops that are sought after by consumers for their flavor,visual appeal,and health benefits.To meet this demand,production of red and black raspberries(R.idaeus L.and R.occidentalis L.),bla...Rubus fruits are high-value crops that are sought after by consumers for their flavor,visual appeal,and health benefits.To meet this demand,production of red and black raspberries(R.idaeus L.and R.occidentalis L.),blackberries(R.subgenus Rubus),and hybrids,such as Boysenberry and marionberry,is growing worldwide.Rubus breeding programmes are continually striving to improve flavor,texture,machine harvestability,and yield,provide pest and disease resistance,improve storage and processing properties,and optimize fruits and plants for different production and harvest systems.Breeders face numerous challenges,such as polyploidy,the lack of genetic diversity in many of the elite cultivars,and until recently,the relative shortage of genetic and genomic resources available for Rubus.This review will highlight the development of continually improving genetic maps,the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci(QTL)s controlling key traits,draft genomes for red and black raspberry,and efforts to improve gene models.The development of genetic maps and markers,the molecular characterization of wild species and germplasm,and highthroughput genotyping platforms will expedite breeding of improved cultivars.Fully sequenced genomes and accurate gene models facilitate identification of genes underlying traits of interest and enable gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9.展开更多
Apple(Malus)and pear(Pyrus)are economically important fruit crops well known for their unique textures,f lavours,and nutritional qualities.Both genera are characterised by a distinct pattern of secondary metabolites,w...Apple(Malus)and pear(Pyrus)are economically important fruit crops well known for their unique textures,f lavours,and nutritional qualities.Both genera are characterised by a distinct pattern of secondary metabolites,which directly affect not only resistance to certain diseases,but also have significant impacts on the f lavour and nutritional value of the fruit.The identical chromosome numbers,similar genome size,and their recent divergence date,together with DNA markers have shown that apple and pear genomes are highly co-linear.This study utilized comparative genomic approaches,including simple sequence repeats,high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism melting analysis,and single nucleotide polymorphism chip analysis to identify genetic differences among hybrids of Malus and Pyrus,and F2 offspring.This research has demonstrated and validated that these three marker types,along with metabolomics analysis are very powerful tools to detect and confirm hybridity of progeny derived from crosses between apple and pear in both cross directions.Furthermore,this work analysed the genus-specific metabolite patterns and the resistance to fire blight(Erwinia amylovora)in progeny.The findings of this work will enhance and accelerate the breeding of novel tree fruit crops that benefit producers and consumers,by enabling marker assisted selection of desired traits introgressed between pear and apple.展开更多
Domestication of cranberry and blueberry began in the United States in the early 1800s and 1900s,respectively,and in part owing to their f lavors and health-promoting benefits are now cultivated and consumed worldwide...Domestication of cranberry and blueberry began in the United States in the early 1800s and 1900s,respectively,and in part owing to their f lavors and health-promoting benefits are now cultivated and consumed worldwide.The industry continues to face a wide variety of production challenges(e.g.disease pressures),as well as a demand for higher-yielding cultivars with improved fruit quality characteristics.Unfortunately,molecular tools to help guide breeding efforts for these species have been relatively limited compared with those for other high-value crops.Here,we describe the construction and analysis of the first pangenome for both blueberry and cranberry.Our analysis of these pangenomes revealed both crops exhibit great genetic diversity,including the presence-absence variation of 48.4%genes in highbush blueberry and 47.0%genes in cranberry.Auxiliary genes,those not shared by all cultivars,are significantly enriched with molecular functions associated with disease resistance and the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites,including compounds previously associated with improving fruit quality traits.The discovery of thousands of genes,not present in the previous reference genomes for blueberry and cranberry,will serve as the basis of future research and as potential targets for future breeding efforts.The pangenome,as a multiple-sequence alignment,as well as individual annotated genomes,are publicly available for analysis on the Genome Database for Vaccinium-a curated and integrated web-based relational database.Lastly,the core-gene predictions from the pangenomes will serve useful to develop a community genotyping platform to guide future molecular breeding efforts across the family.展开更多
Objectives To assess a newly devised procedure of cardiac volume reduction without resection of cardiac muscle and evaluated in experimental settings. Methods Ten beagle dogs underwent a rapid pacing leading to heart ...Objectives To assess a newly devised procedure of cardiac volume reduction without resection of cardiac muscle and evaluated in experimental settings. Methods Ten beagle dogs underwent a rapid pacing leading to heart failure for 3 weeks and received the left ventricular reduction termed overlapping cardiac volume reduction operation (OLCVR) , which consisted of a longitudinal incision in left ventricular (LV) free wall, sutures of the left marginal to the septal wall, and the right marginal to LV free wall. A slope of the linear preload recruitable stroke work relationship ( Mw), with a X - intercept (Vo) were calculated as the precise indicators of left ventricular systolic function. The constant of isovolumic pressure decay (Tau) and a peak filling rate (PFR) were also calculated as the indicators of LV diastolic function. Results LV end- diastolic dimensions was significantly reduced by OLCVR (43 ± 2 to 25 ± 1 ; mm). Fractional shortening was significantly improved by OLCVR (11 ±2 to 30±4;% ). Mw (erg cm^(-3) * 10~3) was also significantly improved (21±2 to 33±3 (p < 0. 001 ) ), whereas Vo, Tau and PFR did not show significant changes. Conclusions The OLCVR significantly increased in the early LV systolic function without detrimental effects on diastolic function. This procedure may become a therapeutic option for end - stage cardiomyopathy.展开更多
Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit.Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit.To better ...Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit.Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit.To better understand the overlapping roles that terpenes may fulfil in plants,a systematic gene,chemical and biochemical analysis of terpenes and terpene synthases(TPS)was undertaken in Red5 kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.).Analysis of the Red5 genome shows it contains only 22 TPS gene models,of which fifteen encode full-length TPS.Thirteen TPS can account for the major terpene volatiles produced in different tissues of Red5 kiwifruit and in response to different stimuli.The small Red5 TPS family displays surprisingly high functional redundancy with five TPS producing linalool/nerolidol.Treatment of leaves and fruit with methyl jasmonate enhanced expression of a subset of defence-related TPS genes and stimulated the release of terpenes.Six TPS genes were induced upon herbivory of leaves by the economically important insect pest Ctenopseustis obliquana(brown-headed leaf roller)and emission,but not accumulation,of(E)-and(Z)-nerolidol was strongly linked to herbivory.Our results provide a framework to understand the overlapping biological and ecological roles of terpenes in Actinidia and other horticultural crops.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202560 and 32302470)the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province+6 种基金China(21IRTSTHN021)the Natural Science Foundation of HenanChina(232300421112)the Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan ProvinceChina(21HASTIT035)the PhD Research Startup Foundation of Henan University of Science and TechnologyChina(13480068 and 13480067)。
文摘The firmness of table grape berries is a crucial quality parameter. Despite extensive research on postharvest fruit softening, its precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. To enhance our comprehension of the underlying molecular factors, we initially identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by comparing the transcriptomes of folic acid(FA)-treated and water-treated(CK) berries at different time points. We then analyzed the sequences to detect alternatively spliced(AS) genes associated with postharvest softening. A total of 2,559 DEGs were identified and categorized into four subclusters based on their expression patterns, with subcluster-4 genes exhibiting higher expression in the CK group compared with the FA treatment group. There were 1,045 AS-associated genes specific to FA-treated berries and 1,042 in the CK-treated berries, respectively. Gene Ontology(GO) annotation indicated that the AS-associated genes in CK-treated berries were predominantly enriched in cell wall metabolic processes,particularly cell wall degradation processes. Through a comparison between treatment-associated AS genes and subcluster-4 DEGs, we identified eight genes, including Pectinesterase 2(VvPE2, Vitvi15g00704), which encodes a cell wall-degrading enzyme and was predicted to undergo an A3SS event. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction further confirmed the presence of a truncated transcript variant of VvPE2 in the FA-treated berries.Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of AS events in postharvest grape berries using transcriptome sequencing and underscores the pivotal role of VvPE2 during the postharvest storage of grape berries.
基金This work was supported by Core Premium Kiwifruit funding.
文摘Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote fruit growth,although often at the expense of dry matter(DM),an important indicator of fruit quality.Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Hayward’fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments,but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear.In this study,we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand,but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM.During fruit development,CPPU effects on physical parameters,metabolites,osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply.We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited.Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure,which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis.Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply.At standard carbohydrate supply,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation.When carbohydrate supply was high,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes.We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited.
文摘Rubus fruits are high-value crops that are sought after by consumers for their flavor,visual appeal,and health benefits.To meet this demand,production of red and black raspberries(R.idaeus L.and R.occidentalis L.),blackberries(R.subgenus Rubus),and hybrids,such as Boysenberry and marionberry,is growing worldwide.Rubus breeding programmes are continually striving to improve flavor,texture,machine harvestability,and yield,provide pest and disease resistance,improve storage and processing properties,and optimize fruits and plants for different production and harvest systems.Breeders face numerous challenges,such as polyploidy,the lack of genetic diversity in many of the elite cultivars,and until recently,the relative shortage of genetic and genomic resources available for Rubus.This review will highlight the development of continually improving genetic maps,the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci(QTL)s controlling key traits,draft genomes for red and black raspberry,and efforts to improve gene models.The development of genetic maps and markers,the molecular characterization of wild species and germplasm,and highthroughput genotyping platforms will expedite breeding of improved cultivars.Fully sequenced genomes and accurate gene models facilitate identification of genes underlying traits of interest and enable gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9.
基金This work was funded by The Autonomous Province of Trento,Italy(ADP)a PhD fellowship to GM co-funded by FEM and PFR.We are grateful to Dr Lester Brewer and Richard Volz for performing intergeneric crosses in the field.We thank Dr Diego Micheletti(Fondazione Edmund Mach,Italy)for his assistance with the analysis of the SNP dataset from the array。
文摘Apple(Malus)and pear(Pyrus)are economically important fruit crops well known for their unique textures,f lavours,and nutritional qualities.Both genera are characterised by a distinct pattern of secondary metabolites,which directly affect not only resistance to certain diseases,but also have significant impacts on the f lavour and nutritional value of the fruit.The identical chromosome numbers,similar genome size,and their recent divergence date,together with DNA markers have shown that apple and pear genomes are highly co-linear.This study utilized comparative genomic approaches,including simple sequence repeats,high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism melting analysis,and single nucleotide polymorphism chip analysis to identify genetic differences among hybrids of Malus and Pyrus,and F2 offspring.This research has demonstrated and validated that these three marker types,along with metabolomics analysis are very powerful tools to detect and confirm hybridity of progeny derived from crosses between apple and pear in both cross directions.Furthermore,this work analysed the genus-specific metabolite patterns and the resistance to fire blight(Erwinia amylovora)in progeny.The findings of this work will enhance and accelerate the breeding of novel tree fruit crops that benefit producers and consumers,by enabling marker assisted selection of desired traits introgressed between pear and apple.
基金supported by Michigan State University AgBioResearch,Michigan State University Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research,NIH 5T32GM110523-10,NSF NRT-HDR 1828149 USDANIFA HATCH MICL02742,USDA-NIFA AFRI 1015241,and USDANIFA SCRI award 2019-51181-30015supported in part by the National Science Foundation Research Traineeship Program(DGE-1828149)to M.J.
文摘Domestication of cranberry and blueberry began in the United States in the early 1800s and 1900s,respectively,and in part owing to their f lavors and health-promoting benefits are now cultivated and consumed worldwide.The industry continues to face a wide variety of production challenges(e.g.disease pressures),as well as a demand for higher-yielding cultivars with improved fruit quality characteristics.Unfortunately,molecular tools to help guide breeding efforts for these species have been relatively limited compared with those for other high-value crops.Here,we describe the construction and analysis of the first pangenome for both blueberry and cranberry.Our analysis of these pangenomes revealed both crops exhibit great genetic diversity,including the presence-absence variation of 48.4%genes in highbush blueberry and 47.0%genes in cranberry.Auxiliary genes,those not shared by all cultivars,are significantly enriched with molecular functions associated with disease resistance and the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites,including compounds previously associated with improving fruit quality traits.The discovery of thousands of genes,not present in the previous reference genomes for blueberry and cranberry,will serve as the basis of future research and as potential targets for future breeding efforts.The pangenome,as a multiple-sequence alignment,as well as individual annotated genomes,are publicly available for analysis on the Genome Database for Vaccinium-a curated and integrated web-based relational database.Lastly,the core-gene predictions from the pangenomes will serve useful to develop a community genotyping platform to guide future molecular breeding efforts across the family.
文摘Objectives To assess a newly devised procedure of cardiac volume reduction without resection of cardiac muscle and evaluated in experimental settings. Methods Ten beagle dogs underwent a rapid pacing leading to heart failure for 3 weeks and received the left ventricular reduction termed overlapping cardiac volume reduction operation (OLCVR) , which consisted of a longitudinal incision in left ventricular (LV) free wall, sutures of the left marginal to the septal wall, and the right marginal to LV free wall. A slope of the linear preload recruitable stroke work relationship ( Mw), with a X - intercept (Vo) were calculated as the precise indicators of left ventricular systolic function. The constant of isovolumic pressure decay (Tau) and a peak filling rate (PFR) were also calculated as the indicators of LV diastolic function. Results LV end- diastolic dimensions was significantly reduced by OLCVR (43 ± 2 to 25 ± 1 ; mm). Fractional shortening was significantly improved by OLCVR (11 ±2 to 30±4;% ). Mw (erg cm^(-3) * 10~3) was also significantly improved (21±2 to 33±3 (p < 0. 001 ) ), whereas Vo, Tau and PFR did not show significant changes. Conclusions The OLCVR significantly increased in the early LV systolic function without detrimental effects on diastolic function. This procedure may become a therapeutic option for end - stage cardiomyopathy.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityfunded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment and internal PFR funding derived in part from kiwifruit variety and royalty income+2 种基金WW’s visit to New Zealand was funded by China Scholarship Council(CSC)(no.201906850030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Program(ID:31972384)the work was supported by the Jiangsu Institute of Botany Talent Fund(JIBTF202204).
文摘Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit.Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit.To better understand the overlapping roles that terpenes may fulfil in plants,a systematic gene,chemical and biochemical analysis of terpenes and terpene synthases(TPS)was undertaken in Red5 kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.).Analysis of the Red5 genome shows it contains only 22 TPS gene models,of which fifteen encode full-length TPS.Thirteen TPS can account for the major terpene volatiles produced in different tissues of Red5 kiwifruit and in response to different stimuli.The small Red5 TPS family displays surprisingly high functional redundancy with five TPS producing linalool/nerolidol.Treatment of leaves and fruit with methyl jasmonate enhanced expression of a subset of defence-related TPS genes and stimulated the release of terpenes.Six TPS genes were induced upon herbivory of leaves by the economically important insect pest Ctenopseustis obliquana(brown-headed leaf roller)and emission,but not accumulation,of(E)-and(Z)-nerolidol was strongly linked to herbivory.Our results provide a framework to understand the overlapping biological and ecological roles of terpenes in Actinidia and other horticultural crops.
